The maximum speed bmd. Bmd - airborne combat vehicles. Equipment of the amphibious assault vehicle

27.10.2019

Since the birth of the airborne troops, the thought of designers has been occupied by the problem of creating effective weapons and military equipment for them. The experience of the Second World War showed that "winged infantry" in terms of protection, firepower and mobility should not be inferior to ground infantry. However, the solution to this problem in the early years of the creation of airborne troops was held back by the level of development of military transport aviation, as a means of delivering them to the landing site. With the advent of specially created military transport aircraft An-8 and An-12 and new directions in the development of military-theoretical thought, the increased capabilities of industry, there appeared material and technical prerequisites for creating models of weapons and equipment capable of landing not only by landing, but also by parachute.

Work on the creation of the world's first BMD was started by the design bureau of the Volgograd Tractor Plant in 1965. The designers had to create a high-speed, lightly armored, tracked, floating, airborne combat vehicle with the combat capabilities of a land-based BMP-1. In 1969, such a machine was created, adopted by the Soviet Army and put into serial production at the Volgograd Tractor Plant under the designation BMD-1. Currently, in addition to the airborne troops of Russia and some other CIS countries, this machine is in service with India and Iraq.

The BMD-1 is built according to a design scheme that is classic for tanks, but unusual for infantry fighting vehicles: the fighting compartment is located in the middle part of the hull, and the engine compartment is in the stern. The body is welded from relatively thin armor plates - for the first time in the practice of Soviet engineering, aluminum armor was used. This made it possible to significantly lighten the car, but at the expense of the protection of the reserved space.

The armor protects the crew only from 7.62 mm small arms fire and shell fragments. The upper frontal plate is very strongly deviated from the vertical - by 78", but the angle of inclination of the lower one is much smaller and is only 50". This decision is dictated by the desire to increase the volume of internal space, as well as the buoyancy of the machine. The wave-reflecting shield, which lies on the front frontal plate when driving on land, serves as additional protection.

On the right side of the driver is the place of the gunner, who serves two machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber installed in ball mounts on both sides of the bow of the BMD and, for this reason, having limited firing angles.

In the middle part of the hull there is a fighting compartment with a single turret. The tower is made in a combined way, its main part is made by casting, after which the rest of the fragments are welded to it. The gunner's seat is located inside the turret. It serves a semi-automatic 2A28 smoothbore gun of 73 mm caliber and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun coaxial with it. Ammunition for the cannon - 40 rounds - is in the store, located around the circumference of the tower, as in the BMP-1. The cannon is fired with cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation shells. Since one of the most important requirements for the vehicle was its low weight, the designers had to simplify (compared to the BMP) the automatic loader. The transporter delivered the projectile selected by the gunner to the loading point, after which the gunner had to manually move it and insert it into the breech. The armament of the tower was supplemented by a launcher for launching 9M14M Malyutka anti-tank guided missiles. In addition to one ATGM on the launcher, two more were transported in the car. The launcher, ATGMs, control devices and, finally, the way they are installed on the BMD-1 are exactly the same as on the BMP-1.

Like on the BMP-1, the armament of the tower is not stabilized. Guidance in the horizontal and vertical planes is carried out using fully electric drives. In the event of their failure, the gunner can use a manual drive.

To monitor the terrain and fire, the gunner has at his disposal a monocular periscope sight-rangefinder 1PN22M1. The window of this device is located on the left side of the tower, in front of the gunner's hatch. The sight-rangefinder can operate in two modes: day and night. Surveillance at night is provided by an active night vision device (the searchlight is located on the tower, to the right of the hatch). Depending on weather conditions, the maximum visibility ranges from 400 m to 900 m. The eyepiece has a rangefinder scale, the base for which is the target height of 2.7 m. Places for three paratroopers are provided directly behind the tower. Two are operating an RPG-7 anti-tank grenade launcher, the third is armed with his standard weapon, a 7.62-mm AKM assault rifle. In the sides and cover of the aft hatch there are three periscopes and three ball mounts for firing from personal weapons of combat crew.

In the aft part of the hull there is an engine-transmission compartment, in which a six-cylinder four-stroke liquid-cooled diesel engine 5D20 is installed, developing a power of 176 kW at 2600 rpm. The engine is interlocked with the transmission, which consists of a single-disk dry friction clutch, a five-speed gearbox (one reverse gear), two side clutches with brakes and two single-stage planetary final drives. All these nodes form a single power unit. In addition to it, gearboxes are installed in the engine compartment, which actuate water jets.

Above the gearbox is a radiator of the engine cooling system. Air circulation through the radiator is ensured by louvers in the top plate of the case. Two additional fuel tanks are installed on both sides of the air intake on the wings of the car.

The chassis of the BMD-1, in relation to one side, includes five rubber-coated dual ribbed road wheels made of light alloy. The role of elastic suspension elements is performed by hydropneumatic units, combined into a single system. All elements of the suspension and clearance adjustment are located inside the body. Tension wheels are located in front of the body. Track tension is changed hydraulically. The process of tensioning and loosening the tracks is controlled by the BMD driver from his place, without leaving the car. On the BMD-1, small-linked tracks are used, in which adjacent tracks are interconnected by means of common fingers. In the middle part of the tracks, on their inner surface there are guide ridges. The upper branches of the caterpillars rest on four supporting rollers, two of them (middle ones) are located outside the ridges, and the extreme ones are behind them. The caterpillar track is not covered by protective screens.

BMD-1 is able to swim through water obstacles. Movement on water is carried out by water-jet propulsion located in the engine compartment. The drive guns are mounted in tunnels, the inlets of which are arranged in the bottom of the machine, and the outlets are in its stern. The inlet and outlet openings are closed with special sliding flaps that perform the functions of both protection and steering when swimming. Closing the shutters of one of the water jets causes the machine to turn. The BMD-1 floats perfectly on the water, while having a good swimming speed - up to 10 km / h - and maneuverability. During swimming, a wave-reflective shield rises in front of the hull, which prevents the front of the machine from being flooded with water.

The additional equipment that the BMD-1 is equipped with includes a filter-ventilation unit, an automatic fire extinguishing system, and smoke-generating equipment. In addition, a radio beacon is installed on the BMD-1, the signals of which indicate to the crew members the location of the vehicle dropped by parachute system from a transport aircraft. All paratroopers - crew members, dropped with parachutes separately from the BMD-1, have radio sensors that receive beacon signals. This greatly facilitates and speeds up the search for a car, which is often quite a difficult task.

To provide external communications, the R-123M radio station was installed on the airborne combat vehicle. Communication inside the vehicle is provided by the R-124 tank intercom.

Successful design solutions laid down during the creation of the BMD-1 made it possible to use it as a base vehicle in the development of other types of weapons for the airborne troops. In 1971, on the basis of the BMD-1, the command airborne combat vehicle BMD-1K was created. In this car, unlike the BMD-1, two radio stations and a gas-powered unit for autonomous power supply were installed.

In 1974, the BTR-D tracked armored personnel carrier, created on the BMD-1 units and assemblies, was adopted by the airborne troops. It differed from the BMD-1 by a hull lengthened by almost 400 mm, the presence of an additional pair of road wheels and the absence of a turret with weapons. The armament of the BTR-D depended on its purpose, however, most often it consisted of two 7.62-mm machine guns mounted in the nose of the vehicle, an automatic 30-mm AGS-17 grenade launcher, one or two machine guns and four smoke grenade launchers. BTR-Ds were used as control vehicles, artillery tractors and auxiliary vehicles (for example, sanitary evacuation and communications). The permanent crew of the BTR-D consisted of three people, ten soldiers were housed in the troop compartment.

Since the birth of the airborne troops, the thought of designers has been occupied by the problem of creating effective weapons and military equipment for them. The experience of the Second World War showed that "winged infantry" in terms of protection, firepower and mobility should not be inferior to ground infantry. However, the solution to this problem in the early years of the creation of the airborne troops was held back by the level of development of military transport aviation, as a means of delivering them to the landing site. With the advent of specially created military transport aircraft An-8 and An-12 and new directions in the development of military-theoretical thought, the increased capabilities of industry, the material and technical prerequisites appeared for creating models of weapons and equipment capable of landing not only by landing, but also by parachute methods.

The BMD is built according to a design scheme that is classic for tanks, but unusual for infantry fighting vehicles: the fighting compartment is located in the middle part of the hull, and the engine compartment is in the stern. The body is welded from relatively thin armor plates - for the first time in the practice of Soviet engineering, aluminum armor was used. This made it possible to significantly lighten the car, but at the expense of the protection of the reserved space.

The armor protects the crew only from small arms fire of 7.62 mm caliber and shell fragments. The upper frontal plate is very strongly deviated from the vertical - by 78", but the angle of inclination of the lower one is much smaller and is only 50". This decision is dictated by the desire to increase the volume of internal space, as well as the buoyancy of the machine. The wave-reflecting shield, which lies on the front frontal plate when driving on land, serves as additional protection.

On the right side of the driver is the place of the gunner, who serves two machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber, installed in ball mounts on both sides of the bow of the BMD and, for this reason, having limited firing angles.

In the middle part of the hull there is a fighting compartment with a single turret. The tower is made in a combined way: its main part is made by casting, after which the rest of the fragments are welded to it. The gunner's seat is located inside the turret. It serves a semi-automatic 73 mm 2A28 smoothbore gun and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun coaxial with it. Ammunition for the gun - 40 shots are in the store, located around the circumference of the tower, as in the BMP-1. The gun is fired with cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation shells. Since one of the most important requirements for the vehicle was its low weight, the designers had to simplify (compared to the BMP) the automatic loader. The transporter delivered the projectile selected by the gunner to the loading point, after which the gunner had to manually transfer it and insert it into the breech. The simultaneous solution of such tasks as searching for targets, pointing the gun, loading it and firing, is a rather difficult problem for one person, therefore, the psychophysical data of the gunner noticeably worsened depending on the duration of the hostilities and the number of shots fired. The armament of the tower was supplemented by a launcher for launching 9M14M Malyutka anti-tank guided missiles. In addition to one ATGM, two more were transported on the launcher in the car. ATGM launcher, control devices and finally the way they are installed on the BMD are exactly the same as on the BMP

To monitor the terrain and fire, the gunner has at his disposal a monocular periscope sight-rangefinder 1PN22M1. The window of this device is located on the left side of the tower in front of the gunner's hatch. The sight-rangefinder can work in two modes day and night. Surveillance at night is provided by an active night vision device (a searchlight is located on the tower to the right of the gun). Depending on the weather conditions, the maximum visibility limit ranges from 400 m to 900 m. The eyepiece has a rangefinder scale, the base for which is the target height of 27m.

Communications and navigation

The R-123 radio station was installed on the linear BMD-1 for external communication, and from the middle of 1973 - its modernized version R-123M "Magnolia". The radio station is installed on the left in the frontal end of the control compartment and is serviced by the vehicle commander. R-123M is a short-wave tube transceiver radio station with frequency modulation, providing telephone communication in simplex mode. The radio station has an operating range of 20-51.5 MHz, consisting of 1261 fixed frequencies with a step of 25 kHz, four of which, pre-configured, can be switched with one operator manipulation, after which the radio station provides searchless entry into communication and non-tuning communication. The operation of the radio station in the BMD is carried out on a 4-meter whip antenna, providing a communication range with the same type of radio station at a distance of up to 28 km, while driving in medium-rough terrain at a speed of up to 40 km / h - up to 20 km, with the noise suppressor turned on - up to 13 km. If the main antenna fails, communication can be carried out through an emergency antenna, which is a piece of insulated wire 3 m long, the communication range with which is limited to 4 km, or 1 km if the second radio station also works on an emergency antenna.

The BMD-1K is equipped with a second R-123 or R-123M radio station installed in the left wing liner, which was operated by the commander or the left submachine gunner, an antenna filter to ensure simultaneous operation of two radio stations on one antenna, as well as a remote R-105M radio station . R-105M is a backpack portable ultra-shortwave lamp radio station of transceiver circuit with frequency modulation, providing telephone communication in simplex mode. The radio station has an operating range of 36-46.1 MHz, consisting of 405 fixed frequencies in 25 kHz steps. R-105M provides communication with the same type of radio station when operating from a place to a combined antenna with a height of 2.7 m - up to 8 km, to a directional beam antenna 40 m long, suspended at a height of 1 m above the ground - up to 15 km, to a beam antenna , raised to a height of 5-6 m - up to 25 km. To ensure the operation of communication equipment with the engine turned off, the BMD-1K is equipped with an AB-0.5-P / 30 gasoline-electric unit stored in the stowed position in place of the gunner's seat, and in the working position mounted on the roof of the engine compartment.

On the BMD-1P and BMD-1PK, since 1984, instead of the R-123M radio stations, a more modern Abzats communications complex began to be installed, consisting of the R-173 Paragraph-R radio station and the R-173P Paragraph-P receiver. R-173 is an ultra-short-wave semiconductor analog-digital radio station with frequency modulation telephone communication in simplex mode. The radio station has an operating range of 30-75.999 MHz with a frequency grid step of 1 kHz. The number of pre-prepared frequencies R-173 has been increased to 10. When working on a standard whip antenna 2 m long, the R-173 provides a communication range of up to 20 km on the move, a greater communication range can be provided in the range of 30-52 MHz when working on an antenna with a length of 3 m.

For internal communication, the BMD-1 is equipped with a tank intercom (TPU) integrated with a radio station R-124 for five subscribers, on the BMD-1K TPU was expanded to six subscribers. Together with the R-173 radio station, a modernized TPU was installed on the BMD-1P and BMD-1PK since 1984 R-174.

Engine and transmission

The BMD-1 is equipped with a V-shaped 6-cylinder four-stroke liquid-cooled diesel engine of the model 5D20-240. The engine has a displacement of 15,900 cm³ and develops a maximum power of 240 hp (176 kW) at 2400 rpm. Starting the engine on the BMD-1 of early releases is carried out using the main electric starter or a backup air intake system; with the introduction of the engine-driven compressor in 1973, the air intake system became the mainstay. To facilitate starting at low temperatures, the engine is equipped with an electric injector heater included in the cooling system.

The engine runs on diesel fuel grades DL, DZ and YES[SN 6], the fuel system includes three tanks with a total capacity of 280 liters, located in the engine compartment. The air cleaning system is two-stage, with a block of cyclones in the first stage, filter cassettes in the second and automatic ejection dust removal. To improve the safety of movement afloat, two associated valves are included in the engine air intake system, which ensure air intake afloat through the middle compartment. The engine has an ejector-type cooling system, which also provides ventilation of the engine compartment and dust extraction from the air cleaning system.

The BMD-1 transmission includes:

single-disk main clutch of dry friction (steel on asbestos);
four-speed (4 + 1) manual gearbox with constant meshing of gears and synchronizers in 3rd and 4th gears, having a power take-off shaft to drive a water propulsion unit;
turning mechanism consisting of two onboard multi-disk friction clutches of dry friction (steel on steel) with floating band brakes with cast-iron linings;
two single-stage planetary final drives;
jet propulsion gearboxes.

The transmission of the BMD-1 was not subjected to changes during mass production, with the exception of replacing the single-disk main clutch with a double-disk one since 1970. All transmission control drives are mechanical. The main clutch, gearbox and steering mechanism are combined with the engine in one power unit.

Specifications

Video

Over the years, R & D was launched to create a number of military and special vehicles on the basis of the BMD-3, however, for various reasons, most of them stopped at the stages of preparing working design documentation and manufacturing prototypes for preliminary tests.

Among the vehicles on the BMD-3 chassis put into serial production, we can mention the BMD-4 airborne combat vehicle, the 125-mm Sprut-SD 2S25 self-propelled anti-tank gun and the RHM-5 reconnaissance chemical vehicle. The development of the amphibious multi-purpose armored personnel carrier BTR-MD has also been completed.

Commander BMD-ZK

Preliminary tests of the Bakhcha-K command modification took place in 1993, state tests - in 1994, and in 1996, under the designation BMD-ZK, it was put into service. The combat crew of the BMD-ZK was reduced to five people, radio stations and navigation equipment were additionally mounted on the vehicle. However, the BMD-ZK was not mass-produced.

BMD-4

Even at the stage of forming the appearance of a family of military and special vehicles for the Airborne Forces on the basis of the "airborne combat vehicle of the 90s", the designers on their own initiative proposed to include in it "an airborne combat vehicle with enhanced armament and protection characteristics." The complex of its main armament would be similar to the BMP-3 being developed at the same time (100-mm gun, 30-mm automatic cannon and 7.62-mm machine gun in a single unit in a double turret) with a combat weight of 14-15 tons. perform a promising BMD on a six- or seven-roller chassis - depending on the planned capacity. The project was never implemented, however, the issue of strengthening the weapons of the BMD and its unification with the weapons of the serial BMP-3 returned already in the second half of the 1990s.

The BMD-4 has a single BO "Bakhcha-U" manufactured by KBP

This time it was about a significant modernization of the BMD-3 with the preservation of the five-roller chassis and the installation of a two-seat fighting compartment with an armament complex similar to the BMP-3. A new fighting compartment (combat module) was developed in the Tula Instrument Design Bureau (KBP) as part of the BMP-3 modernization program. ROC on the airborne combat vehicle with a new unified fighting compartment received the code "Bakhcha-U" (which is often referred to as the fighting compartment). KBP turned out to be the leading enterprise in this R&D. The co-contractor on the chassis was, of course, VgTZ, where the work was carried out under the guidance of the chief designer V.V. Khanakina. Joint work of KBP and VgTZ on this vehicle began in 1997. An experimental fighting compartment was manufactured by KBP and Tulamashzavod in 2001 and was tested on the BMD-3 chassis.

The new airborne combat vehicle was adopted on December 31, 2004 under the designation BMD-4. In May 2005, in Tula, on the territory of the State Unitary Enterprise "KBP", its General Designer A.G. Shipunov solemnly handed over to the commander of the Airborne Forces, Colonel-General A.P. Kolmakov received four BMD-4s, and in August of the same year, the 137th Separate Airborne Regiment (Ryazan) received new vehicles. It was supposed to organize mass production of BMD-4 with the manufacture of new chassis at VgTZ and the gradual modernization of previously issued BMD-3 to the level of BMD-4 during the overhaul.

One of the first airborne combat vehicles BMD-4 ("Object 960"). The loophole of the automatic grenade launcher in the frontal hull plate has not yet been muffled

BMD-4 afloat

Airborne combat vehicles BMD-4. The built-in weapons installation and the combined sights of the gunner and commander are clearly visible.

Of course, there were some frictions. Against the background of generally positive feedback from the command of the Airborne Forces, there were complaints about the excess of the BMD-4 mass limit of 13.2 tons, which had previously been agreed with great difficulty for the BMD-3 (although such a radical increase in armament could have given a much greater increase in mass). The intensive operation of the first three BMD-4s in the 137th regiment made it possible to identify a number of problems. In particular, claims were also made about the "docking of the turret and chassis" - mainly to the compatibility of the electrical equipment of the vehicle body and the fighting compartment, to the narrow temperature range of limit switches, etc. The workmanship of some parts caused criticism, which required improvements. If the paratroopers who operated the first BMD-4s even joked that in the car “one more place needs to be provided - for a representative of the plant” (and representatives of the KBP and VgTZ were all the time in the unit during trial operation), then to the machines of the next serial the parties were treated much better. From Ryazan, the BMD-4 was transferred to the 76th Airborne Assault Division (Pskov).

The BMD-4 retained the chassis and general layout of the base BMD-3. In the control compartment along the axis of the machine there is a driver, to the right and left of him - two paratroopers, as well as two universal seats, on which the commander and gunner are placed during landing. Behind the control compartment is a fighting compartment with the main armament and two crew members in a rotating turret. Behind the tower is a troop compartment with three places for paratroopers to land and disembark through the aft landing hatch. The engine compartment (MTO) occupies the rear of the hull.

In the turret, a 100-mm 2A70 gun-launcher is assembled in a single block, to the right of it is a 30-mm automatic gun 2A72, to the left is a 7.62-mm PKT or PKTM machine gun. The designers of the KBP managed to make the built-in installation of various-caliber weapons quite compact; the block has a length of 3943 mm, a width along the trunnions of 655 mm, and a mass of 583 kg. Vertical pointing angles of the weapon block - from -6 to + 60 °.

2A70 is a rifled 100-mm low-ballistics gun with a vertical wedge breech, capable of launching an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) through the barrel, equipped with a single automatic loader for high-explosive fragmentation shells and ATGMs. The machine delivers shots from storage areas to the loading plane of the gun-launcher, sends them into the chamber and removes the spent cartridge case outside the fighting compartment. Accordingly, the automatic loader includes a conveyor, mechanisms for loading, loading and opening the ejection hatch. The frame of the conveyor, in which the shots are placed in trays, is placed under the floor of the fighting compartment and can rotate relative to the latter using an electromechanical or manual (emergency) drive. The automatic loader reduces the gas contamination inside the vehicle and ensures that the gun is loaded within 4-6 s.

The ATGM, together with the gun and control equipment, constitutes a complex of guided weapons. It can include ZUBK23-3 shots with 9M117M1 ATGM or ZUBK10-3 with 9M117 ATGM. The control system of both ATGMs is semi-automatic according to the laser beam. ATGM 9M117M1 "Arkan" with armor penetration of 750 mm with overcoming dynamic protection allows at ranges up to 5500 m to hit modern main battle tanks, including M1A1 "Abrams", "Leopard-2" and others (armor penetration of the warhead of ATGM 9M117 - 550 mm without overcoming remote sensing, the maximum firing range is 4000 m). The gun ammunition includes 100-mm rounds with high-explosive fragmentation projectiles: 3UOF19 with a 3OF70 projectile and 3UOF17 with a 3OF32 projectile. The optimized shape of the projectile, some of its relief with an increase in the propellant charge in the ZUOF19 shot made it possible to fire at a distance of up to 7000 m versus 4000 m with the ZUOF17, while the power of the ZOF70 projectile of the ZUOF19 shot was increased due to a larger filling factor, and the accuracy of fire was also improved.

The 2A72 automatic gun has a double-sided belt feed with automated and manual feed switching. The ammunition load includes ZUBR6 cartridges with armor-piercing tracer, ZUBR8 cartridges with armor-piercing sub-caliber and ZUOF8 cartridges with high-explosive fragmentation-incendiary shells. The firing range of the 30-mm gun is up to 4000 m with high-explosive fragmentation and up to 2500 m with armor-piercing sub-caliber projectiles. Used links of cannon and machine gun belts, spent machine gun cartridges are retracted inside the fighting compartment. The armament complex is designed to destroy not only ground targets (main battle tanks, armored vehicles, manpower openly and in shelters, firing structures, ATGM launchers, etc.), but also low-flying air targets of the enemy (the possibility of hitting helicopters with fire from a 30-mm cannon or ATGM ).

Ammunition for the mechanized ammo rack is 34 unitary 100-mm rounds (including four rounds from ATGMs), 350 rounds for a 30-mm automatic cannon and 2,000 rounds for a 7.62-mm machine gun. In addition, there are six spare 81 mm ZD6 (ZD6M) smoke grenades for smoke grenade launchers. During air transportation and parachute landing of the BMD-4, a decrease in the ammunition load was established. This is one of the forced measures to “remove” excess mass, since for landing it is necessary to reduce the mass of the vehicle from 13.6 to 13.2 tons.

A significant innovation and advantage of the new fighting compartment was an automated all-day fire control system (FCS), including:
- high-precision combined (day / night) gunner's sight with independent two-plane stabilization of the field of view, optical, thermal imaging and rangefinder channels, an ATGM control information channel. The magnification factor of the day channel is 12x, the range of the measured range along the rangefinder channel is up to 10,000 m;
- commander's panoramic sight with day/night and rangefinding channels, allowing the commander to give target designation to the gunner, as well as to conduct aimed fire with all types of weapons, except for ATGMs;
- target tracking machine, combined with thermal imaging and television channels of sights;
- a two-plane armament stabilizer that provides a minimum guidance speed of 0.02 degrees / s and a maximum transfer speed of 60 degrees / s;
- digital ballistic computer;
- external information sensors;
- gunner's and commander's consoles, commander's and gunner's monitors, control panel.

The combined gunner's sight and the commander's panoramic sight were developed by the Design Bureau together with Temp-Avia ANPP (Arzamas), FSUE Polyus Research Institute (Moscow), VOMZ OJSC (Vologda). JSC NKB VS (Taganrog), a ballistic computer, control panels, navigation equipment - MIET (Zelenograd), a stabilizer - JSC SKB PA (Kovrov) were involved in the creation of the target tracking machine. So the KBP did not exaggerate, saying that the components for the assembly of the BMD-4 "are brought from all over Russia." The components of the OMS are connected by a single information and control system. The SLA allows the commander and gunner to conduct effective fire from a place and on the move (including afloat), day and night, and significantly increases the reconnaissance capabilities of the BMD-4. The ability to conduct aimed fire on the move for a lightly armored vehicle is probably even more important than for vehicles of a heavy category, since it helps to reduce vulnerability to enemy fire. On the other hand, an increase in the firing range of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile makes it possible for the BMD-4 to support the actions of paratroopers with fire from closed positions.

The performance characteristics of the BMD-4

Gross weight, t .............................................. .13.6
Crew + landing, people .............................. 2 + 5

Air transportation ..................... by aircraft of the Il-76 (M, MD), An-22 type

Height on the working clearance, mm .................... 2227
Length with cannon forward, mm .............................. 6780
Body length, mm.......................................6000
Width, mm ............................................... .....3256
Clearance, mm .............. 100-500 (working - 420)

Armament:
launcher weapon:
- brand ................................................ ........2А70
-caliber (mm), type .........................100, rifled
- loading ............................ automatic loader
- rate of fire (OFS), rds / min .... 10-12 gun:
- brand ................................................ ........2A72
-caliber (mm), type .............................30, rifled

automatic
- rate of fire, rds / min .............................. 200-300 or 550

machine gun:
- brand ................................................ .......PKTM
- caliber, mm ............................................... ...7.62

Weapon aiming angles:
- on the horizon ............................................... ..360"
- vertically forward......................from -6" to +60"

Ammunition:
- shots to 100 mm
gun-launcher with anti-tank guided missiles .................. 4
- shots for a 100-mm gun-launcher with OFS .............................................. .......34
- cartridges for the 30-mm gun .............................. 464
- cartridges for 7.62 mm machine gun ....................... 2000

Armor protection ......................... bulletproof

Engine:
- type.................................................four-stroke 6- cylinder diesel with gas-turbine turbocharging, direct fuel injection, liquid cooling
- brand ................................................ .....2B-06-2
- power, h.p. (kW).......................450(331) at 2000 rpm
Specific power, hp / t .............................. 33

Transmission ...............................hydromechanical with differential rotation mechanism, with hydrostatic transmission
Suspension of track rollers ...............individual pneumatic
Caterpillar................................................. steel, double-ridged, lantern gearing, with successive rubber-metal hinges

Track width
main caterpillar, mm .............................. 380

water mover,
type.................................................hydrojet

Maximum speed, km/h:
- on the highway ............................................... ......67.5
- afloat................................................ ..........ten

Average dry speed
dirt road, km / h ............................... 45-50

Power reserve:
- on the highway, km .............................................. ....500
- on a dirt road, km ............................... 350
- afloat, h .............................................. ............eight

Specific ground pressure, kg/cm2 .................................................. ......0.51

The fighting compartment also has a gunner's sight-understudy PPB-2, manual backups for weapon triggers. All-round visibility is provided by TNPT-2 periscope surveillance devices.

It is not for nothing that the unified fighting compartment is called a “module” - in addition to the BMP-3 and BMD-3, it was supposed to be installed on the chassis of the BMP-2, Sprut-SD SPTP (this vehicle will be discussed below) and BTR-90.

In front of the BMD-4 hull, the right mount for the RPKS74 light machine gun was retained, the left mount for the AGS-17 grenade launcher was removed. Onboard and aft installations for individual landing weapons are preserved.

The hull and turret of the BMD-4, welded from aluminum armor alloy, remained at the level of the BMD-3 in terms of bullet resistance and mine resistance. The tower is made in the form of a ten-sided truncated pyramid; its frontal projections are reinforced with steel armor plates installed spaced apart from the main armor. On both sides of the armament installation on the tower, 81-mm grenade launchers of the 902V Tucha system were mounted to launch smoke and lighting grenades. Specialists from the All-Russian Research Institute of Steel took an active part in the development of the armored cap of the fighting compartment, and its mechanical part - from Tulamashzavod.

The installation of a new fighting compartment (module) required a number of improvements in the structural groups of the body of the base vehicle. In particular, new pillars (pillars) were welded in, and a new fitting ring was installed in the roof of the hull. In addition, during the modernization, the driver's seat, the fastening elements of the paratroopers' seats, the universal seats for the commander and gunner's landing were improved. Some changes have been made to the fastening elements of the personal kit, ventilation means, personnel equipment, communications equipment, spare parts, and the electric seat heating circuit.

The BMD-4 is equipped with a collective system of protection against weapons of mass destruction with a filter-ventilation unit and high-speed fire-fighting equipment.

The power unit, transmission, chassis, hydraulic and pneumatic systems of the chassis are similar to the BMD-3.

The machine is equipped with VHF radios R-168-25U (“Akveduk-25U”) and R-168-5UV (“Akveduk-5UV”), providing a radio communication range in motion, respectively, up to 20 and up to 10 km, intercom and communication equipment R-168 AVSK-B, GLONASS/GPS satellite navigation system receiver with data display on the commander's monitor. In the commander's version of the BMD-4K, an additional radio station and specially equipped workplaces are provided.

The transportation and landing of the BMD-4 was supposed to be from the same military transport aircraft as the BMD-3. Changes in the weight and size characteristics and the overall configuration of the BMD-4 compared to the BMD-3 required the refinement of landing equipment. On October 31, 2005, TTZ was issued for the development of landing equipment for the BMD-4. This R & D was carried out as part of the creation of unified parachute landing equipment for combat and special vehicles of the Airborne Forces with a crew and combat crew inside the vehicle. - the degree of unification exceeded 90%.

In 2007, run tests of the BMD-4 with landing aids in the marching position and tests afloat, without flight preliminary tests, took place, in 2008 - static, pile driver technical tests and physiological tests with two testers inside the machine. Underfunding of work, the haste of state tests of the vehicle without landing equipment, the late issuance of the TTZ gave rise to a situation where the BMD-4 was put into service with the actual absence of its landing equipment and without experimental loading into the cargo compartment of the aircraft. The system of developing and adopting a single complex "object - landing means - military transport aircraft" that had developed in Soviet times and justified itself was destroyed. However, the production of BMD-4 was limited.

To the question, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE OR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BMP AND BMD, OR DO THEY HAVE 1 SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS? given by the author Rex-Leo & *Starry* Sails the best answer is Below I have quoted excerpts from Wikipedia. After reviewing them, I came to the conclusion: the BMD is suitable for landing and for independent combat (after all, there is a missile weapon system)
Airborne combat vehicle (BMD, airborne combat vehicle) is a combat tracked amphibious vehicle airborne by parachute, parachute-jet or landing method. BMD is designed to transport personnel of the airborne troops, increase their mobility, armament and security on the battlefield.
BMD-1 - landing from An-12, An-22 aircraft, and BMD-2 - from An-22 and Il-76 aircraft.
BMD armed with:
a 73 mm cannon (BMD-1) or an automatic 30 mm cannon (BMD-2, BMD-3) and a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun in a circular turret;
one (BMD-2) or two (BMD-1) machine gun mounts in front of the hull;
a complex of anti-tank missile weapons (except for the commander's version of the BMD-2K).
A special hydraulic suspension system allows you to quickly change the ground clearance without leaving the car.
BMDs have been used in the airborne troops of the USSR since 1969 (BMD-1), are now in service with Russia and a number of former Soviet republics.
Infantry fighting vehicle, BMP - armored tracked combat vehicle designed to transport personnel to the front line, increase its mobility, armament and security on the battlefield in the conditions of the use of nuclear weapons and joint operations with tanks in battle.
It first appeared in the USSR in the early 1960s. (BMP-1).
Unlike armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles are always tracked (armored personnel carriers can be both tracked and wheeled). In other respects, the BMP differs from the BTR in better protection and higher firepower, although recently tracked armored personnel carriers based on tanks with anti-ballistic armor have been developed, so that the differences between tracked armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles in their combat properties have practically disappeared. It is possible to distinguish such an armored personnel carrier from an infantry fighting vehicle by the main armament, which, as a rule, is a machine gun for an armored personnel carrier, and a cannon from 20 mm and higher for an infantry fighting vehicle, but this difference is not fundamental, and many variants of modern armored personnel carriers with new combat modules confirm this. Also, the fundamental difference between the BMP and the armored personnel carrier can be considered adaptability to the conduct of hostilities in the conditions of the use of nuclear weapons.
The main characteristics of the BMP-3 (1987):
weight 18.7 t,
crew (landing) 3 (7) people. ,
engine power 500 l. with. ,
weapons:
100 mm gun-launcher 2A70,
30 mm automatic gun 2A72,
ATGM 9M117,
three 7.62 mm PKT machine guns.

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE OR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BMP AND BMD, OR DO THEY HAVE THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS?

Answer from Alik[guru]
BMP - infantry fighting vehicle

BMD - airborne combat vehicle
The BMD is designed with the possibility of landing from an aircraft, which imposes restrictions on the weight of the vehicle - hence the lower armor protection and caliber of weapons. That is, these are combat vehicles of a completely different purpose.

The development of a new combat vehicle - "object 915" - began in 1965 at the Design Bureau of the Volgograd Tractor Plant (VgTZ), headed by I.V. Gavalov. The designers had to create a high-speed, lightly armored, tracked, amphibious airborne combat vehicle with combat capabilities similar to the land-based BMP-1 developed at that time. The original plan involved the creation of a conventional landing unit, which consisted of the machine itself, the MKS-5-128R multi-dome parachute system and the P-7 serial landing platform. The platform was designed to roll the block into the aircraft, ensured its exit from the aircraft using a pilot chute and cushioned the landing. However, the required landing weight, which was determined by the carrying capacity of the An-12 aircraft for a given number of simultaneously loaded combat vehicles, did not allow creating a vehicle with an own weight corresponding to the TTZ. In order to eventually meet the mass limit, the idea was proposed to use a hydropneumatic suspension with variable ground clearance on the machine. This suggested the possibility of implementing the following scheme: a block (car with a parachute system) independently enters the aircraft, then lowers to the bottom and moored for the duration of the flight; when ejected, the block on the bottom moves along the roller table of the cargo deck of the aircraft and leaves the side. In addition, it was assumed that during the flight to the ground, the road wheels of the machine would automatically lower to maximum ground clearance. Then the suspension, brought into working condition, will play the role of a shock absorber upon landing. However, it soon became clear that such a decision would lead after landing to an unpredictable bouncing of the car and to its possible overturning. In this case, the machine inevitably had to get tangled in the lines of the parachute system. This problem was solved with the help of special disposable shock-absorbing skis, but the track rollers had to be fixed for the time of landing in a special upper position “D”, up to the unmooring operation, which was already carried out on the ground.

In 1969, the airborne combat vehicle "object 915" was adopted by the airborne troops of the Soviet Army under the designation BMD-1. Since 1968, it has been mass-produced at VgTZ.

1 and 21 - inserts with loopholes; 2 - upper front sheet; 3 - the base of the driver's hatch; 4 and 6 - roof sheets; 5 - ring; 7 and 8 - stops for installing the platform of the parachute-reactive system; 9,14 and 20 - rear, middle and front upper side sheets; 10 - ring for installation and fastening of the final drive; 11 - a hatch for a ball mount for an AKMS assault rifle; 12 - hole for air spring support; 13 - holes for the axis of the supporting roller; 15 - arm stop balancer; 16 - lower side sheet; 17 - balancer bracket; 18 - hole for the guide wheel crank bracket; 19 - towing hook; 22 - lower front sheet; 23 - flaps of wave-reflective shield loops

1 - flaps of wave-reflective shield loops; 2 - hatch of the commander of the machine; 3 - clip for the surveillance device; 4 - hole for the device TNPP-220; 5 - machine gunner's hatch; 6 - aft hatch cover; 7 - hole for installing the valves of the supercharger of the collective protection system; 8 - hole for the MK-4s device; 9 - removable cover-pipe of the engine air intake; 10 and 27 - hatches for access to the fuel fillers of the fuel tanks; 11 and 24 - removable covers for access to water and oil pipelines; 12 and 16 - removable roof sheets for access to the power compartment; 13 - protective grille with mesh; 14 - outlet of the drain pipe; 15 - rear inclined sheet; 17 - hole for water pipe; 18 - hole for installing a jet damper cup; 19 - towing device; 20 - feed sheet; 21 - bracket for installing a removable ski bracket; 22 - overlay (shock fist); 23 - a hatch for a ball mount for an AKMS assault rifle; 25 - hole for the glass of the antenna input; 26 - hatch for access to the filler neck of the oil tank; 28 - hatch for access to the filler neck of the cooling system; 29 - flaps of loops for parachute systems; 30 - hole for the exhaust fan valve; 31 - hole for installing the VZU equipment PRHR

The BMD-1 has a layout scheme that is classic for tanks, but unusual for infantry fighting vehicles: the fighting compartment is located in the middle part of the hull, and the engine compartment is in the stern. The hull is welded from relatively thin armor plates - for the first time in the practice of Soviet engineering, aluminum armor was used. This made it possible to significantly lighten the car, but at the expense of security. The armor could protect the crew only from small arms fire of 7.62 mm caliber and shell fragments. The upper front plate is very strongly inclined to the vertical - by 78 °, the angle of inclination of the lower one is much smaller and amounts to 50 °. This decision was dictated by the desire to increase the volume of internal space, as well as the buoyancy of the machine. The wave-reflecting shield, which lies on the front frontal plate when driving on land, serves as additional protection. The hull tapers in the bow, its cross section has a T-shape with developed fender niches. The tower is welded from steel armor, borrowed from the BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicle. Its frontal parts protect against 12.7 mm armor-piercing bullets.

In front of the body along the axis of the machine is the workplace of the driver. To enter and exit the car, it has an individual hatch, the cover of which rises and moves to the right. In the process of driving a car, the driver can observe the terrain in the 60 ° sector using three TNPO-170 prism observation devices. For observation during the movement of the BMD afloat, instead of the average TNPO-170 device, the TNP-350B device with increased periscope is installed. To drive a car at night, instead of the average daytime observation device, a TVNE-4 night non-illuminated binocular observation device is installed. To the left of the driver is the place of the BMD commander, who gets into the car and exits it also through his hatch. The commander has a periscopic heated observation device - the TNPP-220 sight, in which the sight branch has a 1.5-fold increase and a field of view angle of 10 °, and the observation device branch has vertical viewing angles of 21 °, 87 ° along the horizon. The same TNPP-220 device is installed at the machine gunner sitting to the right of the driver. At night, the commander uses the TVNE-4 device. Paratrooper gunners stationed behind the fighting compartment at the aft MTO partition use two TNPO-170 heated prism devices and an MK-4S periscope device (in the aft hatch).

1 - bracket for connecting the pilot chute lock; 2 - bracket for mounting depreciation skis; 3 - pad for fastening the PRS probe; 4 - emphasis for depreciation skis; 5 - hole for the release of gases from the heater boiler; 6 - hatch for draining oil from the tank; 7 - protective grille of the water cannon; 8 - brackets for fastening the probe of the PRS; 9 - hatch for access to the pressure reducing valve of the engine oil pump; 10 - hatch for draining oil from the gearbox; 11 - grip for installing removable brackets for mounting depreciation skis; 12 - rear towing hook; 13 - hatch for draining oil from the engine; 14 - hatch for draining fuel from tanks; 15 - hole for draining the coolant; 16 - hatch for access to the tension mechanism of the mechanized ammo box conveyor

In the middle part of the hull there is a fighting compartment with a single-seat turret borrowed from the BMP-1, inside of which there is a gunner's seat. It serves a semi-automatic smoothbore gun 2A28 "Grom" caliber 73 mm with concentrically located recoil devices and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun coaxial with it. The gun has a wedge gate and a sector lifting mechanism. The height of the firing line is from 1245 to 1595 mm, depending on the set clearance. The range of a direct shot at a target with a height of 2 m is 765 m. The maximum aiming range is 1300 m. Ammunition for the gun - 40 rounds of PG-15V with cumulative anti-tank grenades is in a mechanized (conveyor) stowage, located around the circumference of the tower on a rotating platform, as in the BMP-1. Since one of the most important requirements for the vehicle was its low weight, the designers had to simplify (compared to the BMP-1) the automatic loader. The transporter delivered the projectile chosen by the gunner to the loading point, after which the gunner had to manually transfer it and insert it into the breech. The simultaneous solution of such tasks as searching for targets, aiming a gun, loading it and firing, for one person is a rather difficult problem, so the gunner's psychophysical data noticeably worsened depending on the duration of the hostilities and the number of shots fired. The armament of the tower was supplemented by a launcher of anti-tank guided missiles - ATGMs (according to the then terminology: rockets - ATGMs) 9M14M "Baby", which is accessed through a special hatch in the roof. The missile is controlled by wires of a single-channel system, in which the control forces in the pitch and heading planes are created by one executive body. Separation of control over two mutually perpendicular planes occurs due to the forced rotation of the rocket in flight with a frequency of 8.5 rpm. In total, three ATGMs are placed in the vehicle (two in the turret and one in the hull) and 2000 rounds for the coaxial machine gun. The latter are equipped with tapes, which fit into two magazines of 1000 rounds each, placed in a cartridge case. After installing the stores in place, the tapes are interconnected by a cartridge.

1 - commander's hatch cover; 2 - stopper; 3 and 16 - screens; 4 - driver's hatch cover; 5 - machine gunner's hatch cover; 6 - belt handle; 7 and 15 - leaf hinges; 8 - hole for the observation device; 9 - hole for the ball device; 10 - aft hatch cover; 11 - bracket; 12 - torsion bar; 13 - finger; 14 - locking screw; 17 - emphasis; 18 - loop

Like on the BMP-1, the armament of the tower is not stabilized. Guidance in the horizontal and vertical planes is carried out using electric drives. In the event of their failure, the gunner can use a manual drive.

To monitor the terrain and fire, the gunner has at his disposal a combined (day and non-illuminated night) monocular periscope sight 1PN22M1.

1 - 73 mm smoothbore gun; 2 - driver's seat; 3 - battery; 4 - switchboard; 5 - 7.62 mm machine gun coaxial with a gun; 6 - machine gunner's seat; 7 - supercharger of the collective protection system; 8,9 and 31 - shooters' seats; 10 - ball installation for firing from machine guns; 11 - relay-regulator; 12 - manual pump of the hydraulic system; 13 - fan blowing the generator; 14 - hydraulic pump drive clutch; 15 - removable cover-pipe of the engine air intake; 16 - filling neck of the right lower fuel tank; 17.28 - fuel tanks; 18 - reservoir of the hydraulic system; 19 - water radiator; 20 - protective cover over the outlet valve of the bilge pump; 21 - bilge pump; 22 - rear position lamp; 23 - protective grille with mesh; 24 - water pipe; 25 - antenna input; 26 - power block; 27 - oil tank assembled with heater boiler; 29 - coarse fuel filter; 30 - hydraulic pump; 32 - rotating tower; 33 - gunner's seat; 34 - exhaust fan; 35 - sight; 36 - commander's seat; 37 - PRHR sensor; 38 - power supply; 39 - control panel PRHR; 40 - switching unit; 41 - device A-1 tank intercom; 42 - installation of a 7.62-mm course machine gun; 43 - box for machine-gun belt; 44 - radio station; 45 - heading indicator power supply; 46 - air balloon

1 - gyro semi-compass; 2 - power supply of the radio station; 3 - machine gun installation; 4 - driver's seat; 5 - radio station; 6 - observation device with a built-in sighting tube; 7 - the central shield of the driver; 8 - driver's hatch; 9 - observation devices of the driver; 10 - power supply unit for the driver's night observation device; 11 - battery; 12 - shop-box; 13 - battery switch; 14 - crane-reducer of the engine air intake system

The sight embrasure is located on the left side of the turret roof in front of the gunner's hatch. In night mode, the visibility range depends on the background of the terrain, the transparency of the atmosphere and the amount of natural light and averages 400 m. The angle of view is 6 °, the magnification factor is 6.7. In day mode, the scope has a 6x magnification and a 15° field of view. In the eyepiece to the right of the reticle is a rangefinder scale, calculated for a target height of 2.7 m. In addition to the sight, the gunner uses four TNPO-170 periscope devices to monitor the terrain.

In the embrasures along the edges of the frontal part of the hull, two PKT machine guns are installed in ball bearings. The fire from them is carried out by the commander of the vehicle and the machine gunner. The ammunition load of each machine gun consists of 1000 cartridges placed in four regular boxes. The maximum effective range of fire with the help of the TNPP-220 sight is 800 - 1000 m.

In the middle part of the vehicle hull, on both sides and in the aft hatch cover, there is one ball mount for firing from AKMS assault rifles. Ball mounts located on the sides are closed by armored shutters, which are opened manually from the shooters' workplaces.

In the aft part of the hull there is an engine-transmission compartment, in which a 6-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke compressorless liquid-cooled diesel engine 5D20 is installed, developing a power of 240 hp. (176 kW) at 2400 rpm. Taking into account the low weight of the machine - only 6700 kg - this gives a very high value of specific power - 32 hp / t, which, in turn, allows the machine to reach a maximum speed of more than 60 km / h. Engine displacement - 15,900 cm 3, weight - 665 kg. Power is taken from the engine to the transmission from the flywheel side, and to the hydraulic pump drive - HLU-39 from the opposite side.

Fuel - diesel DL, DZ or YES. The total capacity of the fuel tanks is 280 liters. Fuel supply is carried out using a high-pressure six-plunger block pump.

A feature of the air supply system is the air intake device, which consists of two kinematically connected valves that alternately block the air intake from the outside of the vehicle and from the fighting compartment, which increases the safety of movement afloat. The air intake by the engine is heated.

The ejection cooling system also provides dust extraction from the air cleaner and MTO ventilation. It includes a calorifier-type heater for heating the fighting compartment.

1 - cheek of the loophole; 2 - gun embrasure; 3 - holes for wedges; 4 - cutout for a machine gun; 5 - hatch for installation 9M14M; 6 - eye; 7 - hole for the fan; 8 - operator's hatch; 9 - ring; 10 - tower roof; 11 - clips for surveillance devices; 12 - hole for mounting the sight

1 - sleeve link collector; 2 - roller; 3 - sleeve sleeve cover; 4 - PKT store; 5 - lock; 6 - rib; 7 - lifting mechanism; 8 - gun 2A28; 9 - starting bracket; 10 - bracket for mounting the lifting mechanism; 11 - sector; 12 - eccentric handle; 13 - bracket; 14 - observation device; 15 - guide; 16 - drive roller; 17 - intermediate roller; 18 - conveyor drive; 19 - sight 1PN22M1; 20 - front support of the turret rotation mechanism; 21 - thrust; 22 - ATGM control panel; 23 - seat gunner-operator; 24 - conveyor frame; 25 - guide mounting bracket; 26 - roller bracket; 27 - centering roller; 28 - platform suspension bracket in the tower; 29 - rear hinged support of the turret rotation mechanism; 30 - turret rotation mechanism; 31 - link between the sight and the gun; 32 - roller for installing the guide; 33 - PKT machine gun, coaxial with a gun; 34 - conveyor chain; 35 - platform; 36 - centering ring; 37 - guide support

1 - bushing; 2 - intermediate clip; 3 - outer clip; 4 - nut; 5 - rubber ring; 6 - seal; 7 - spring; 8 - support; 9 - stopper in a marching way; 10 - sleeve link; 11 - hull roof; 12 - outer disk; 13 - internal disk; 14 - body; 15 - observation device - sight TNPP-220; 16 - protective cap; 17 - axis; 18 - forehead; 19 - eccentric clamp; 20 - machine gun electric trigger button; 21 - handle; 22 - bunker; 23 - frame for installing a box with a tape; 24 - front pillar; 25 - frame with sliders; 26 - bed; 27 - torsion balancing device; 28 - bracket; 29 - torsion bar

The main way to start the engine is with an electric starter, air start is possible, but the compressor is not provided in the car. There is an automatic mechanism for protecting the engine from water ingress, preventing its penetration into the engine cylinders when it stops while overcoming a water barrier or washing.

The engine is interlocked with a transmission consisting of a single-disk dry friction clutch, a four-speed manual gearbox with constant mesh gears and synchronizers in 3rd and 4th gears, two side clutches with band brakes and two single-stage planetary final drives. with steel-on-steel friction.The main clutch, gearbox, side clutches are connected to the engine in one power unit.In addition, gearboxes are installed in the engine compartment that drive jets.A radiator of the engine cooling system is placed above the gearbox.Air circulation through the radiator is ensured by the louvres in the top plate of the housing.

Chassis BMD-1 in relation to one side consists of five rubber-coated dual ribbed road wheels made of light alloy. The role of elastic suspension elements is performed by hydropneumatic springs combined into a single system. They use compressed nitrogen as an elastic element, the force on which is transmitted through a liquid.

1 and 2 - box stores for the right course machine gun; 3,4 and 9 - bags for signal and lighting cartridges (missiles); 5 and 7 - laying of 9M14M ATGM shells; 6 - mechanized (conveyor) stacking for 40 rounds of PG-15v; 8 - bags for F-1 hand grenades; 10 slots for laying grenades for RPG-7; 11,12 and 13 - box stores for the left course machine gun; 14-- lower store-box for a coaxial machine gun; 15 - upper store-box for a coaxial machine gun

1 - crankcase; 2 - flywheel; 3 - arrow-pointer: 4 - tachometer sensor; 5 - block head; 6 - block head cover; 7 - coolant outlet fitting; 8 - fine fuel filter; 9 - exhaust manifold; 10 - high pressure tube; 11 - fuel pump; 12 - fuel priming pump; 13 - rod for measuring the oil level in the regulator; 14 - centrifugal oil filter; 15 - all-mode regulator; 16 - fuel pump control lever; 17 - cover of the access hatch to the nozzle; 18 - intake manifold; 19 - generator; 20 - air distributor; 21 - starter gear

The hydropneumatic suspension is more complicated than the torsion bar, but has more favorable characteristics in terms of elasticity in a wide range of loads. In addition, it combines the functions of an elastic spring, a hydraulic shock absorber that dampens vibrations of the body, an executive power cylinder when the machine's ground clearance changes from 100 to 450 mm, and a mechanism for holding the road wheels in the upper position when the body is hung out. The suspension allows you to reduce the overall height of the vehicle when stopping and driving on a flat road, hang it when installed on a landing platform, and reduce the protruding undercarriage when moving afloat. All elements of the suspension and clearance adjustment are located inside the body. The guide wheels are located in the front of the housing. The change in the tension of the tracks is carried out using a hydraulically driven crank mechanism. The process of tensioning and loosening the tracks is controlled by the driver from his place, without leaving the car. On the BMD-1, small-link caterpillars with OMSH are used, consisting of 87 tracks each. In the middle part of the tracks on their inner surface there are guide ridges. The upper branches of the caterpillars rest on four single-sided rubberized supporting rollers, two of them (middle ones) are located outside the ridges, and the extreme ones are behind them. The caterpillar track is not covered by protective screens.

The movement through the water is carried out by water-jet propulsion, located in the engine compartment along the sides of the machine body. Water cannons are mounted in tunnels, the inlets of which are arranged in the bottom of the machine, and the outlets are in its stern. The inlet and outlet openings are closed with special sliding flaps that perform the functions of both protection and steering when swimming. Closing the shutters of one of the water cannons causes the machine to turn. The BMD-1 floats perfectly on the water, while having a good swimming speed (up to 10 km/h) and maneuverability. During navigation, a wave-reflective shield rises in front of the hull, which prevents the front of the machine hull from flooding with water.

The composition of the additional equipment that the BMD-1 is equipped with includes a system of collective protection against weapons of mass destruction, an automatic fire extinguishing system, as well as water pumping and smoke generating equipment.

To provide external communications, the R-123M radio station was installed on the airborne combat vehicle. Communication inside the vehicle is provided by the R-124 tank intercom for five subscribers.

On the basis of the BMD-1, since 1971, the BMD-1K command vehicle was produced, on which the following were additionally installed: the second R-123M radio station; antenna filter; the second apparatus A2 intercom R-124; benzoelectric unit; course indicator; heater and fan of the middle compartment; radiation and chemical reconnaissance device PRKhR (instead of the GD-1M gamma sensor); two removable tables. To improve the working conditions of the commander, the left course machine gun mount was removed from the vehicle.

In 1974, the BTR-D caterpillar armored personnel carrier, created under the leadership of A.V. Shabalin at the VgTZ design bureau using BMD-1 units and assemblies, was adopted by the airborne troops. The prototypes of this machine were military tests in the 119th Parachute Regiment of the 7th Guards. VDD, which has since become a kind of base for testing new technology.

The appearance of the BTR-D was not accidental. Strict requirements for limiting the mass forced to limit the dimensions and, accordingly, the capacity of the BMD-1. It could accommodate only seven people: two crew members and five paratroopers (for comparison: in the BMP-1 - 11). Thus, in order to put the Airborne Forces "on armor", it would take too many combat vehicles. Therefore, the idea arose to develop an armored personnel carrier based on the BMD-1, which is weaker armed, but has a large capacity. It differed from the BMD-1 by a hull lengthened by almost 483 mm, the presence of an additional pair of road wheels and the absence of a turret with weapons. The armament of the BTR-D consisted of two 7.62-mm PKT machine guns mounted in the nose of the vehicle, similar to the BMD-1, and four 902V Tucha smoke grenade launchers, mounted in pairs on the rear wall of the troop compartment. In the second half of the 1980s, some of the vehicles were equipped with a 30-mm AGS-17 Plamya automatic grenade launcher, mounted on a bracket on the right side of the hull roof. The permanent crew of the BTR-D consists of three people: a driver and two machine gunners, ten paratroopers are accommodated in the troop compartment. On the sides of the troop compartment, the height of which, compared to the entire body, is slightly increased, there are two loopholes with ball mounts for firing from AKMS assault rifles and two prismatic heated devices TNPO-170. In the aft hatch there is an MK-4S periscope device and another ball mount for firing from a machine gun. Observation in the front sector from the troop compartment can be carried out through two rectangular observation windows, which are closed by armored covers in combat position. In front of the roof of the troop compartment is the landing commander's hatch, borrowed from the BMP-1. The observation sector through the TKN-ZB device and two TNPO-170 devices installed on the hatch is expanded by rotating it on a ball bearing. Despite the increased size, due to the abandonment of the turret with weapons, the combat weight of the BTR-D, compared to the BMD-1, increased by only 800 kg.

In 1979, on the basis of the BTR-D, the armored personnel carrier BTR-RD "Robot" was created, equipped with the 9P135M launcher of the Konkurs anti-tank complex for the 9M113 ATGM or 9P135M-1 for the 9M111 Fagot ATGM. He entered service with the anti-tank units of the airborne troops. Later, on the basis of the BTR-D, the BTR-ZD "Skrezhet" was created to transport crews of anti-aircraft missile systems (six Strela-3 MANPADS). This machine is also used as a chassis for mounting a 23-mm ZU-23-2 twin automatic anti-aircraft gun on a field carriage on the roof of the hull.

The BTR-D also served as the basis for the creation of the 2S9 Nona self-propelled artillery gun and the 1V119 Rheostat artillery control vehicle. The latter is equipped with a ground-based reconnaissance radar with a detection range of up to 14 km, a laser rangefinder (determined distance - up to 8 km), day and night observation devices, a topographer, an on-board computer, two R-123 radio stations, one R-107. The crew is located in the wheelhouse, the instruments are installed in a rotating turret. Armament includes course PKT, MANPADS, three RPGs of the "Fly" type.

The command and staff vehicle of the "regiment - brigade" link KShM-D "Soroka" is equipped with two radio stations R-123, two R-111, reconnaissance radio station R-130 and classified communication equipment. The BMD-KSh "Sinitsa" of the battalion level has two R-123 radio stations.

The BREM-D armored repair and recovery vehicle is equipped with a boom crane, a traction winch, a shovel opener and a welding machine.

On the basis of the BTR-D, the R-440 ODB Phobos satellite communications station, an ambulance armored personnel carrier, as well as stations for launching and controlling remotely piloted aircraft such as Bee and Bumblebee of the Malakhit air surveillance complex were produced.

In the late 1970s, BMD-1s underwent changes during a major overhaul. In particular, on some machines, a block of smoke grenade launchers of the 902V Tucha system was installed in the rear of the turret, on others the track rollers were replaced with newer ones (later such rollers appeared on the BMD-2).

1 - bottom; 2 and 6 - prisms; 3 - transitional frame; 4 - upper body; 5 - intermediate prism; 7 - cover; 8 - visor; 9 - safety cushion; 10 - clip; 11 - forehead; 12 - lower case; 13 - eccentric clamp; 14 - toggle switch

In 1978, a modernized version of the BMD-1P was adopted with increased firepower due to the installation instead of the Malyutka ATGM, a launcher for firing ATGMs of the Konkurs or Fagot complex with semi-automatic guidance, increased armor penetration and an extended range of combat use distances. The complex is designed to destroy tanks and other mobile armored objects moving at speeds up to 60 km / h, fixed targets - firing points, as well as hovering enemy helicopters, subject to their optical visibility at ranges up to 4000 m. The launcher of the 9M14M complex on the gun mask has been dismantled , and on the roof of the tower there is a bracket for attaching the launcher machine 9P135M of the Konkurs (Fagot) complex. The shooter can direct and launch an ATGM by leaning out of the turret hatch. The ammunition load consists of two 9M113 and one 9M111 missiles, which are placed inside the hull in regular launch containers. In the stowed position, a launcher is also placed inside the hull, and in addition, a tripod, which allows ATGM guidance and launch from the ground.

16 rounds of OG-15V with fragmentation grenades were introduced into the ammunition load of the 2A28 gun. In mechanized laying, they are evenly spaced - after three shots of PG-15V, two OG-15V are laid. The ammunition load for the PKT course machine guns is 1940 rounds in 250-round belts, packed in six boxes; 440 cartridges are in the original packaging. The machine also has improved observation devices and a 1PN22M2 sight, new rollers, and the engine and transmission have undergone some modifications. The combat weight of the BMD-1P has grown to 7.6 tons.

Airborne combat vehicles BMD-1 began to enter the troops in 1968, that is, even before they were officially put into service. The first to receive new equipment and began to master it was the 108th Airborne Regiment of the 7th Guards. airborne division, which became the first regiment fully armed with BMD-1. In the remaining regiments, at first only one battalion was equipped with new equipment. The first division equipped with new equipment was the 44th Guards. VDD, followed by the 7th Guards. vdd. According to the state, a parachute regiment is supposed to have 101 BMD-1 and 23 BTR-D, not counting combat vehicles for various purposes based on them. The process of arming the airborne troops with combat vehicles was completed only by the beginning of the 1980s.

In parallel with the development of new technology during the 1970s, the process of mastering the means of its landing was going on. At the first stage, the P-7 parachute platform and the MKS-5-128M and MKS-5-128R multi-dome parachute systems were used to land the BMD-1 and BTR-D. The P-7 parachute platform is a metal structure on removable wheels designed for landing cargo on it with a flight weight of 3750 to 9500 kg from Il-76 aircraft at a flight speed of 260 - 400 km / h, and from An-12B and An-22 - at 320 - 400 km / h. The versatility of the platforms, the multiplicity of proven mooring options and the availability of a complete set of fasteners made it possible to land literally everything on them - from a combat vehicle to a caterpillar tractor or field kitchens. Depending on the mass of the landing cargo, a different number of parachute system blocks was installed on the object (from 3 to 5, 760 m each). When landing at speeds of 300 - 450 km / h and a minimum drop height of 500 meters, the speed of lowering objects is no more than 8 m / s. To dampen the impact at the time of landing, air or honeycomb shock absorbers are used.

By the end of 1972, the experience of dropping BMD on multi-dome parachute systems and special platforms had been accumulated quite a lot. The paratroopers successfully used new combat vehicles in large tactical exercises, they took them from the sky, moored them and entered into a "battle" on them. The systems had a fairly high, confirmed by a large number of landings, reliability - 0.98. For comparison: the reliability of a conventional parachute is 0.99999, that is, for 100 thousand applications - one failure.

However, there were also disadvantages. The mass of the platform with wheels and mooring means, depending on the type of vehicle and aircraft, was from 1.6 to 1.8 tons. Preparation for landing required a rather long time, and the transportation of systems to airfields required a large number of trucks. It was difficult to load moored cars onto planes. The low rate of reduction of BMD on multi-dome parachute systems was also not satisfied. In addition, when landing, the domes interfered with the movement of combat vehicles, they fell into the tracks, melted, which caused the propellers to jam. The greatest difficulty was elsewhere. From aircraft of different types, from one (An-12) to four (An-22) vehicles were dropped, the crews jumped after them. Sometimes the paratroopers dispersed at a distance of up to five kilometers from their BMD and searched for them for a long time.

At the turn of the 1960s - 1970s, the commander of the Airborne Forces, General of the Army V.F. Margelov, matured a bold and, at first glance, unrealizable idea - to parachute people directly in equipment, and not separately, as was done before. Thus, a significant gain in time was achieved, and the mobility of the landing units was increased. Margelov was well aware that with a significant spread of paratroopers and equipment, the combat mission could be impossible - the enemy would destroy most of the landing force immediately after landing.

In the summer of 1971, the "parachute system - combat vehicle - man" complex began to be developed, which received the code designation "Centaur". At the beginning of 1972, it was created. The testers began to dump the mock-up of the car with people. G-load tolerance was tested by specialists from the State Research Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine. Simplified space chairs of the Kazbek-Kazbek-D type were installed in the machines. After receiving positive results, the stage of technical landings of the aircraft complex followed. Then - BMD reset with dogs - the results are also great; the animals tolerated the overload normally. In mid-December 1972, testers L. Zuev and A. Margelov (son of the commander of the Airborne Forces) and five understudies (cadets of the Ryazan School and athletes of the Central Sports Parachute Club of the Airborne Forces) under the leadership of the deputy commander for the airborne service, Lieutenant General I.I. Lisov on a special simulator near the village of Bear Lakes near Moscow, they underwent final training for landing inside a combat vehicle.

The idea of landing people inside the BMD was put into practice on January 5, 1973, when at the Slobodka parachute track (near Tula) the Centaur crew - commander lieutenant colonel L. Zuev and gunner-operator senior lieutenant A. Margelov fell on their heads for the first time in world history "enemy" from the sky in airborne combat vehicles.

In total, 34 landings of systems of this type were made, in which 74 people took part. From the An-12 aircraft, the entire crew landed inside the BMD-1. This happened at the Ryazan Airborne Command School on August 26, 1975. The use of the joint landing complex allowed the crews of combat vehicles to put the vehicle in readiness for battle already in the first minutes after landing, without wasting, as before, time to find it, which significantly reduced the time for the landing to enter the battle. Subsequently, work to improve the joint landing complexes continued.

Other shortcomings of multi-dome parachute systems were eliminated in the PRSM-915 parachute-reactive system adopted by the Airborne Forces. This is a strapdown airborne assault vehicle designed to drop specially prepared cargo and military equipment from Il-76 and An-22 aircraft equipped with roller conveyor equipment, or from An-12B aircraft equipped with a TG-12M transporter. A distinctive feature of the PRSM-915, compared to the MKS-5-128R with the P-7 parachute platform, is the following: instead of five blocks of main parachutes in the MKS-5-128R, each of which has an area of 760 m², the PRSM-915 uses only one main parachute with an area of 540 m?; instead of a parachute platform with a shock absorber, a jet engine-brake was used.

The operation of parachute-jet systems is based on the principle of instantaneous damping of the vertical descent rate at the moment of landing due to the thrust of jet engines mounted on the object itself. At the beginning, after separation from the aircraft, with the help of the EPS (exhaust parachute system), the main parachute is put into action, which extinguishes and stabilizes the falling speed. At this time, the automation of the jet system is activated; a special generator spins up and charges a large capacitor - its charge will then be used to ignite the brake engine. Two probes lowered vertically down have contact switches at their ends. When they touch the ground, they trigger a powder jet engine, which instantly dampens the vertical speed from 25 m/s to zero. The length of the probes is set depending on the mass of the object, the height of the terrain and the air temperature in the area of the ejection.

1 - support; 2 - power hydraulic cylinder; 3 - lever; 4 - crank; 5 - guide wheel; 6 - air spring; 7 - track roller; 8.9 - supporting rollers; 10 - stop balancers; 11 - drive wheel; 12 - final drive; 13 - track

The advantage of this system is that an additional platform is not required for landing objects. All elements of the PRS are attached and transported on the machine itself. The disadvantages include some difficulty in organizing the storage of PRS elements, their use only for a certain type of military equipment, a greater dependence on external factors: temperature, air humidity.

On January 23, 1976, the Reactavr or Reactive Centaur joint landing complex was tested using the PRSM-915 parachute-reactive system. In the airborne assault vehicle were Lieutenant Colonel L. Shcherbakov and, as in the case of the Centaur, the son of the commander of the Airborne Forces A. Margelov. The tests went well. In subsequent years, about 100 landings of the Reaktavr system were made.

For the 1970s, it became characteristic for the airborne troops to practice large-scale training landings. In March 1970, for example, a large combined-arms exercise "Dvina" was held in Belarus, in which the 76th Guards Airborne Chernigov Red Banner Division took part. In just 22 minutes, more than 7 thousand paratroopers and over 150 units of military equipment were landed.

The experience of airlifting a significant amount of military equipment and personnel came in handy when troops were sent to Afghanistan. In December 1979, formations and units of the Airborne Forces, conducting an independent, in essence, airborne operation, landed in Afghanistan at the airfields of Kabul and Bagram and completed their assigned tasks before the ground forces approached.

The use of BMD-1 and BTR-D in Afghanistan was not very successful, and therefore short-lived. The thin armor of the bottom and the small mass of the vehicles led to the fact that when they were blown up by powerful land mines, they practically collapsed into their component parts. Weaker anti-tank mines either completely destroyed the undercarriage or pierced the bottom.

The impossibility of firing on the slopes of the mountains and the low effectiveness of 73-mm shells against mud walls were immediately revealed. Therefore, most of the units of the Airborne Forces in Afghanistan moved to the land-based BMP-2, and then to the variant with enhanced armor - BMP-2D. Fortunately, there was no need for an airborne combat vehicle in Afghanistan, and the paratroopers fought there as elite infantry.

BMD-1 and BTR-D were not exported. However, judging by Western publications, Cuba received a small number of BMD-1s, which used them in Angola. After the withdrawal of Cuban troops from the African continent, several vehicles apparently remained in service with government forces and, judging by the photographs, participated in a major battle with UNITA troops near the city of Movinga in 1990. Apparently, a small number of BMD-1s were also in Iraq in 1991.

After the collapse, a significant number of airborne combat vehicles remained outside of Russia, in some former Soviet republics, on the territory of which airborne units were stationed. As a result, these machines were used by the warring parties in the armed conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria.

By the time the Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan, the Vienna negotiations on the conclusion of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) were already in full swing. According to the data that the Soviet Union submitted for its signing, as of November 1990, the USSR had 1632 BMD-1 and 769 BTR-D on this continent. However, by 1997, in the European part of Russia, their number was 805 and 465 combat vehicles, respectively. At the moment, their number has decreased even more - combat losses in the North Caucasus and technical deterioration have affected. Up to 80% of machines have been in operation for 20 years or more, 95% have undergone one or even two overhauls.

The maximum speed bmd. Bmd - airborne combat vehicles. Equipment of the amphibious assault vehicle

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