Water quality index

Unit meas.

GOST 2874-82

SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96

Council Directive 98/83/EC

1. Organoleptic indicators /no more/

Smell at 20 degrees.

and when heated to 60 gr.

Taste and taste at 20 deg.

Turbidity Standard scale

Chroma

2. Generalized indicators

Vodor. display. / pH / conc. hydrogen ions

General hardness

Permanent oxidizability

Total mineralization /dry residue/

Conductivity

Alkalinity total

3. Chemical indicators /no more/

Aluminum

Iron Fe total /Fe2+

manganese

Sulfate /SO /

Chlorides /Cl/

Nitrates / by NO /

Nitrite /ion/

Phosphates / RO / (polyphosphates)

silicates /activated/

Fluorides /F/

Bicarbonates

Dissolved oxygen

Ammonium nitrogen

Silicon / SI /

Arsenic /As/

Molybdenum / Mo /

Berryllium

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GOST R 52109-2003

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

DRINKING WATER,
PACKED IN A CONTAINER

General specifications

GOSSTANDART OF RUSSIA

Moscow

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 343 "Water Quality"

INTRODUCED by the Department of Agricultural Products, Food, Light and Chemical Industry of the State Standard of Russia

2 ADOPTED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated July 3, 2003 No. 237-st

3 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

GOST R 52109-2003

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

the dateintroductions 2004-07-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to drinking water packaged in containers and intended for drinking purposes, as well as for the preparation of food products, including baby food, drinks, food ice (OKP code 01 3100), and establishes general technical conditions for the production, supply, sale and use.

The standard does not apply to mineral drinking medicinal and medicinal table waters packaged in containers, supplied in accordance with GOST 13273.

The requirements of this standard are intended for all business entities in the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination.

2 Normative references

MUK 4.1.1013-2001 Guidelines for determining the mass concentration of petroleum products in water. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 2001

PND F 14.2:4.154-99 Quantitative chemical analysis of water. Method for performing measurements of permanganate oxidizability in samples of drinking and natural waters by the titrimetric method. Approved by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection, M., 1999

ISO 8245-99 Water quality. Guidelines for determining total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon ( DOC)

MVI 272-02 Method for determining the mass concentration of total organic carbon in samples of natural, drinking, industrial and waste water by IR spectroscopy. JSC "Sverdlovenergo", Yekaterinburg, 1999

ISO 9963-1-94 Water quality. Determination of alkalinity. Part 1. Determination of total and compound alkalinity

MUK 4.1.057-96 Guidelines for measuring the mass concentration of aluminum by the fluorimetric method in water and water samples from surface and underground water sources. Approved by the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia on May 21, 1996. Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. chemical factors. Measurement of the mass concentration of chemicals by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1997

RD 52.24.383-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination of ammonia and ammonium ions in water as indophenol blue. Approved by Roshydromet. M., 1995

RD 52.24.486-95 Guidelines. Method for performing measurements of the mass concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions in waters by the photometric method with Nessler's reagent. Approved by Roshydromet. M., 1995

UMI-87 Unified methods for the study of water quality. Part 1, book. 2, 3. Methods of chemical analysis of waters. SEV, M., 1987

MUK 4.1.059-96 Guidelines for measuring the mass concentration of boron by the fluorimetric method in water samples and water from surface and underground water sources. Approved by the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia on May 21, 1996. Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. chemical factors. Measurement of the mass concentration of chemicals by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1997

MUK 4.1.1090-2002 Guidelines. Control methods. chemical factors. Determination of iodine in water. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 2002

RD 52.24.436-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination of cadmium with cadion in water. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

RD 52.24.419-95 Guidelines. Iodometric determination of dissolved oxygen in waters. Approved by Roshydromet. M., 1995

MUK 4.1.063-96 Guidelines for measuring the mass concentration of copper by the fluorimetric method in water samples and water from surface and underground water sources. Approved by the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia on May 21, 1996. Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. chemical factors. Measurement of the mass concentration of chemicals by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1997

RD 52.24.378-95 Guidelines. Inversion voltammetric determination of arsenic in waters. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

ISO 11969-96 Water quality. Definition of arsenic. Atomic absorption method (hydride technique)

RD 52.24.391-95 Guidelines. Flame-photometric determination of sodium and potassium in surface waters of land. Approved by Roshydromet. M., 1995

RD 52.24.494-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination of nickel with dimethylglyoxime in land surface waters. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

RD 52.24.380-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination of nitrates in water with the Griess reagent after reduction in a cadmium reducer. Approved by Roshydromet. M., 1995

MUK 4.1.065-96 Guidelines for measuring the mass concentration of nitrite by the fluorimetric method in water samples and water from surface and underground water sources. Approved by the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia on May 21, 1996. Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. chemical factors. Measurement of the mass concentration of chemicals by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1997

ISO 10304-1-92 Water quality. Determination of fluorine, chloride, nitrite, orthophosphate, bromide, nitrate and sulfate ions using liquid ion chromatography. Part 1. Low pollution water method

RD 52.24.382-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination of phosphates and polyphosphates in waters. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

PND F 14.1:2:4.160-2000 Quantitative chemical analysis of water. Methodology for measuring the mass concentration of total mercury in samples of natural, drinking and waste water using the “cold steam” method on the RA-915 mercury analyzer with the RP-91 attachment. Approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, M., 2000

RD 52.24.371-95 Guidelines. Method for performing measurements of the mass concentration of copper, lead and cadmium in the surface waters of the land by the stripping voltammetric method. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

PND F 14.1:2:4.41-95 Quantitative chemical analysis of water. Method for performing measurements of the mass concentration of lead by the cryoluminescent method in samples of natural, drinking and waste water on the liquid analyzer "Fluorat - 02". Approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, M., 1995

RD 52.24.450-95 Guidelines. Determination of hydrogen sulfide and sulfides in waters with N, N-dimethyl- n-phenylenediamine. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

RD 52.24.432-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination of silicon in the form of a blue (reduced) form of molybdosilicic acid in land surface waters. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

ISO 7393-1-85 Water quality. Determination of free and total chlorine. Part 1. Titrimetric method using N , N -diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

ISO 7393-2-85 Water quality. Determination of free and total chlorine. Part 2. Colorimetric method using N , N -diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine for serial control

ISO 7393-3-90 Water quality. Determination of free and total chlorine. Part 3: Determination of total chlorine by iodometric titration

RD 52.24.446-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination in waters of chromium ( VI ) with diphenylcarbazide. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

RD 52.24.410-95 Guidelines. Method for performing measurements of the mass concentration of propazine, atrazine, simazine, prometrin in the surface waters of land by the gas chromatographic method. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

MU 2542-76 Ministry of Health of the USSR Guidelines for the determination of symtriazine herbicides (simazine, atrazine, propazine, promethrin, semeron, mesoranil, metazine, metoprotrin, primatol- m) in corn grain, water and soil by gas-liquid chromatography. Approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR, M., 1976

RD 52.24.438-95 Guidelines. Method for performing measurements of the mass concentration of Dicotex and 2,4-D in the surface waters of the land by the gas chromatographic method. Approved by Roshydromet, M., 1995

MUK 4.1.738-99 Guidelines. Chromato-mass-spectrometric determination of phthalates and organic acids in water. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1999

MUK 4.1.069-96 Guidelines for measuring the mass concentration of total and volatile phenols by the fluorimetric method in samples of drinking water and water from surface and underground water sources. Approved by the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia on May 21, 1996. Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. chemical factors. Measurement of the mass concentration of chemicals by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1997

RD 52.24.488-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination of the total content of volatile phenols in water after steam stripping. Approved by Roshydromet. M., 1995

RD 52.24.492-95 Guidelines. Photometric determination of formaldehyde in water with acetylacetone. Approved by Roshydromet. M., 1995

PND F 14.1:2:4.120-97 Quantitative chemical analysis of water. Methodology for measuring the mass concentration of formaldehyde by the fluorimetric method in samples of natural, drinking and waste water on the liquid analyzer "Fluorat - 02". Approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, M., 1997

MUK 4.1.646-96 Guidelines for the gas chromatographic determination of halogen-containing substances in water. Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.646-96 - MUK 4.1.660-96. Control methods. chemical factors. Guidelines for determining the concentrations of chemicals in the water of the centralized utility and drinking water supply. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M. 1997

MU 2.1.4.1184-2002 Guidelines for the implementation and application of Sanitary rules and norms SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-2002 “Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water packaged in containers. Quality control". Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 2002

ISO 9308-1-2000 Water quality. Detection and quantification of common coliform bacteria, thermotolerant coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli . Part 1. Membrane filtration method

ISO 9308-2-90 Water quality. Detection and quantification of common coliform bacteria, thermotolerant coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli . Part 2. Titrimetric method (most probable number)

ISO 6222-99 Water quality. Quantitative accounting of cultivated microorganisms. Colony counting by inoculation into nutrient agar culture medium

ISO 6461-1-86 Water quality. Detection and quantitative accounting of spores of sulfite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia). Part 1: Liquid enrichment method

ISO 6461-2-86 Water quality. Detection and quantitative accounting of spores of sulfite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia). Part 2. Membrane filtration method

MUK 4.2.1018-2001 Guidelines. Control methods. Biological and microbiological factors. Sanitary and microbiological analysis of drinking water. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 2001

Keywords: drinking water; drinking water packaged in containers; source of drinking water supply; centralized drinking water supply system; quality indicators; property characteristics; indicators of safety and harmlessness of drinking water packaged in containers; control methods; manufacturer's warranty

DRINKING WATER

HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS AND CONTROLS
FOR QUALITY

GOST 2874-82

STANDARDS PUBLISHING HOUSE

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

Validity from 01.01.85

until 01.01.95

This standard applies to drinking water supplied by centralized drinking water supply systems, as well as centralized water supply systems that supply water for both domestic and drinking and technical purposes, and establishes hygiene requirements and control over the quality of drinking water. The standard does not apply to water with non-centralized use of local sources without a distributing pipe network.

1. HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS

Table 1

table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Where C 1 , C 2 , C n are the detected concentrations, mg/dm 3 . (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2).

2. WATER QUALITY CONTROL

when disinfecting:

Once a week - with a population of up to 20,000 people; three times a week - » » » up to 50,000 people; daily - » » » more than 50,000 people. On water pipelines with a surface source of water supply, an analysis should be carried out: at least once a week and daily in the spring and autumn periods - with a population of up to 10,000 people; at least once a day - more than 10,000 people. 2.4.2. When monitoring the disinfection of water with chlorine and ozone in water pipes with underground and surface water sources, the concentration of residual chlorine and residual ozone is determined at least once per hour according to GOST 18190-72 and GOST 18301-72. 2.4.3. The content of residual chlorine in water after clean water tanks should be within the limits indicated in Table. 5.

Table 5

Table 6

INFORMATION DATA

Water supplied to consumers is divided into two categories - technical and drinking.

And each of them has its own sanitary and hygienic requirements. The quality of drinking water must strictly comply with the established GOST.

Industrial water is mainly used in the water supply of boilers, refrigeration plants, for cooling, heating and fire extinguishing systems. Despite this scope, the liquid must be completely safe for human health.

Hygienic requirements for the quality of water supplied to the consumer through the public water supply system are controlled at the highest level. Water is the first source of emergence and development of infectious and non-infectious diseases in humans.

Indicators by which the quality of tap water is controlled

Quality control is carried out in accordance with GOST 2874-82 and provides for the assessment of tap water according to several standards:

• organoleptic;
• bacteriological;
• toxic;
• chemical.

Bacteriological indicators

The bacteriological safety of drinking water supplied to the consumer is determined by the presence of E. coli bacteria, saprophytic bacteria, etc. in the liquid.

If, during the water test, bacteriological indicators exceed even slightly the norm, a secondary water sampling is performed. In addition to bacteria of the E. coli group, water is checked for the presence of endogram-negative bacteria, which, by the way, must be present in tap water. Their absence indicates the unsatisfactory condition of the entire plumbing system and requires urgent action to be taken to eliminate it.

Organoleptic indicators

The organoleptic indicator of tap drinking water includes the norm of substances that are present in natural water and are added to the plumbing system already in the process of preparing water for shipment to the consumer.

Hygienic requirements for drinking water (GOST) establishes the following concentration of substances in tap water, which should not be exceeded:

• chlorides - 350 mg/l;
• hardness salts - 7 mg / l;
• polyphosphates - 3.5 mg / l;
• copper - 1.0 mg/l;
• iron and its compounds - 0.3 mg / l;
• sulfates - 500 mg/l;
• residual aluminum - 0.5 mg/l;
• manganese - 0.1 mg / l;
• pH indicator - 6.0-9.0;
• dry residue - 1000 mg / l.

The assessment of the organoleptic properties of drinking water is also carried out according to the following criteria:

• the smell of water without heating to 20 C and after heating to 60 C - 2 points (maximum 5 points);
• the taste of the liquid, its aftertaste and taste - 2 points (maximum - 5 points);
• water color is measured in degrees and is always agreed with the sanitary and epidemiological service of the city or the whole region - the norm is 20 o -35 o on a 70 o scale;
• turbidity - 1.5 mg / l (during the flood period, the turbidity index is allowed - up to 2 mg / l).

Toxicological indicators

Include criteria for impurities that may be found in natural water, as well as added to the water at the time of its pre-treatment for sending to the water supply network.

Be sure to evaluate the content of arsenic, strontium, boron, beryllium. The purpose of the test is also to examine the water for the absence of pesticides and oil products that may enter the consumer due to pollution from industrial emissions and wastewater from agricultural fields and farms.

At the water utility, before it goes through the water supply network, water is tested for harmful impurities, dangerous bacteria and toxins.

Some water utilities conduct "live" tests using crayfish for this purpose.

Animals are lowered into the water with pre-attached sensors. Harmful substances that get into the water immediately "reflect" on the well-being of crayfish - tachycardia, hypertension, etc. This may be a strange way of testing, but it is quite effective. Crustaceans live only in perfectly clean natural water.

Water from the water intake enters the filtration system, where it is purified from third-party impurities, disinfected, iron-free, and all third-party natural impurities are removed. An obligatory stage of purification is chlorination.

The greatest amount of chlorine is added during the flood period - in the spring.

Does flooding affect water quality?

The natural process - a flood - involves the flow of melt water into the water intake, and with it the entry of viruses, salts, heavy metals, pesticides and other substances that are no less dangerous to human health into the water intake.

In the spring, water is considered the dirtiest, therefore, it requires enhanced cleaning and monitoring of its performance, almost doubling the dosage of chlorine.

There are cases when the amount of chlorine was increased 12 times. The reason is the mass departure of residents of the city in the Rostov region of drinking tap water contaminated with rotavirus.

At each water utility, regardless of the size and status of the settlement, the established sanpin is strictly observed. Drinking water, the hygienic requirements for which are quite serious and high, is constantly tested and studied.

Today, people are "savvy" in matters of water quality - even the excessive smell of chlorine in the water causes a lot of dissatisfaction and concern among consumers about the quality of drinking water.

The quality of water supplied to the consumer through the public water supply system is regulated by GOST 2874-82, the requirements for water for which are similar to those established in the EU and the USA.

Ongoing research in the field of water supply and standard-setting indicates the constant development and improvement of standards, both in Europe and in Russia. And every year these standards are being tightened, which implies the presentation of more and more stringent requirements for the quality of drinking water supplied to the consumer.

There is no single standard in the world, but in general, in many respects, the hygienic requirements for drinking water quality are similar. The first priority for absolutely all countries is the bacteriological safety of drinking water.

Taking into account the current critical situation with environmental pollution by industrial emissions, the issue of compliance of water quality with chemical and toxicological indicators is also relevant and is in second place after bacteriological safety.

To date, a direct relationship has already been established between the contamination of drinking water by industrial waste and the health of the population that consumes this water. The list of diseases of the population associated specifically with the consumption of poor-quality drinking water is expanding every year, which is reflected in the introduction of even more stringent drinking water quality standards in the world.

Water is the element without which the emergence of life on Earth would not have been possible. The human body, like all living things, cannot exist without life-giving moisture, since not a single cell of the body will work without it. Therefore, assessing the quality of drinking water is an important task for any person who thinks about his health and longevity.

Why is water needed

Water for the body is the second most important component after air. It is present in all cells, organs and tissues of the body. It lubricates our joints, moisturizes the eyeballs and mucous membranes, participates in thermoregulation, helps to absorb useful substances and removes unnecessary ones, helps the heart and blood vessels, increases the body's defenses, helps fight stress and fatigue, controls metabolism.

The average person should drink two to three liters of pure water per day. This is the minimum on which our well-being and health depends.

Living and working under air conditioning, dry and poorly ventilated rooms, an abundance of people around, eating low-quality food, coffee, tea, alcohol, physical activity - all this leads to dehydration and requires additional water resources.

It is easy to guess that with such a value of water in life, it must have the appropriate properties. What drinking water quality standards exist in Russia today and what does our body really need? More on this later.

Clean water and human health

Of course, everyone knows that the water we use must be exceptionally pure. Polluted can cause such terrible diseases as:

Not so long ago, these diseases undermined the health and claimed the lives of entire villages. But today, the requirements for water quality make it possible to protect us from all pathogenic bacteria and viruses. But in addition to microorganisms, water can contain many elements of the periodic table, which, if consumed regularly in large quantities, can cause serious health problems.

Consider some chemical elements dangerous to humans

• Excess iron in the water causes allergic reactions and kidney disease.
• High content of manganese - mutations.
• With an increased content of chlorides and sulfates, disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract are observed.
• The excess content of magnesium and calcium gives the water the so-called hardness and causes arthritis and the formation of stones in a person (in the kidneys, urinary and gall bladders).
• The content of fluorine above the norm leads to serious problems with the teeth and oral cavity.
• Hydrogen sulfide, lead, arsenic - all these are poisonous compounds for all living things.
• Uranium in large doses is radioactive.
• Cadmium destroys zinc, which is important for the brain.
• Aluminum causes diseases of the liver and kidneys, anemia, problems with the nervous system, colitis.

There is a serious danger of exceeding SanPiN norms. Drinking water, saturated with chemicals, with regular use (in the long term) can cause chronic intoxication, which will lead to the development of the above-mentioned diseases. Do not forget that a poorly purified liquid can be harmful not only when taken orally, but also absorbed through the skin during water procedures (showering, bathing, swimming in the pool).

Thus, we understand that minerals, macro- and microelements, which in small quantities only benefit us, in excess can cause serious, and sometimes completely irreparable disturbances in the functioning of the whole organism.

Main indicators (norms) of drinking water quality

• Organoleptic - color, taste, smell, color, transparency.
• Toxicological - the presence of harmful chemicals (phenols, arsenic, pesticides, aluminum, lead and others).
• Indicators that affect the properties of water - hardness, pH, the presence of petroleum products, iron, nitrates, manganese, potassium, sulfides, and so on.
• The amount of chemicals remaining after processing - chlorine, silver, chloroform.

Today, the requirements for water quality in Russia are very strict and are regulated by sanitary rules and regulations, abbreviated as SanPiN. Drinking water that flows from the tap, according to regulatory documents, should be so clean that you can use it without fear for your health. But unfortunately, it can be called really safe, crystal clear and even useful only at the stage of leaving the treatment plant. Further, passing through the old, often rusty and worn-out water supply networks, it is saturated with completely unhelpful microorganisms and even mineralized with dangerous chemicals (lead, mercury, iron, chromium, arsenic).

Where does industrial water come from?

• Reservoirs (lakes and rivers).
• Underground springs (artesian
• Rain and melt water.
• Desalinated salt water.
• Iceberg water.

Why does water get polluted

There are several sources of water pollution:

• Communal drains.
• Communal household waste.
• Drains of industrial enterprises.
• Plums of industrial waste.

Water: GOST (standards)

Requirements for tap water in Russia are regulated by SanPiN 2.1.1074-01 and GOST. Here are some of the main indicators.

State control of water quality

The drinking water quality control program includes regular sampling of tap water and a thorough check of all indicators. The number of inspections depends on the number of people served:

• Less than 10,000 people - twice a month.
• 10,000-20,000 people - ten times a month.
• 20,000-50,000 people - thirty times a month.
• 50,000-100,000 people - a hundred times a month.
• Then one additional check for every 5,000 people.

Well and well water

Very often people believe that springs are better than tap water and ideal for drinking. In fact, this is not at all the case. Sampling of water from such sources almost always shows that it is unsuitable for drinking even in boiled form due to the presence of harmful and contaminated suspensions, such as:

• Organic compounds - carbon, tetrachloride, acrylamide, vinyl chloride and other salts.
• Inorganic compounds - exceeding the norms of zinc, lead, nickel.
• Microbiological - Escherichia coli, bacteria.
• Heavy metals.
• Pesticides.

To avoid health problems, water from any wells and wells must be checked at least twice a year. Most likely, after sampling, comparing the results obtained and drinking water quality standards, it will be necessary to install stationary filter systems and update them regularly. Because natural water is constantly changing and renewing, and the content of impurities in it will also change over time.

How to test the water yourself

Today, there are a huge number of special devices for home testing of some indicators of water quality. But there are also the simplest and most affordable ways for everyone:

• Determination of the presence of salts and impurities. One drop of water should be applied to a clean glass and wait until it dries completely. If after that there are no streaks left on the glass, then the water can be considered perfectly clean.
• We determine the presence of bacteria / microorganisms / chemical compounds / organic substances. It is necessary to fill a three-liter jar with water, cover with a lid and leave in a dark place for 2-3 days. A green coating on the walls will indicate the presence of microorganisms, sediment at the bottom of the jar - the presence of excess organic substances, a film on the surface - harmful chemical compounds.
• The suitability of water for drinking will help determine the usual test with About 100 ml of a ready-made weak solution of potassium permanganate should be poured into a glass of water. The water should become lighter in color. If the shade has changed to yellow, it is categorically not recommended to take such water inside.

Of course, such home checks cannot replace detailed analyzes and do not confirm that water complies with GOST. But if it is temporarily not possible to verify the quality of moisture in a laboratory way, you need to resort to at least this option.

Where and how can I take water for analysis

Every person today can control the quality of drinking water independently. If you suspect that the tap water does not meet the requirements of regulatory documentation, you should take a water sample yourself. In addition, it is recommended to do this 2-3 times a year if a person uses water from a well, well or spring. Where to apply? This can be done at the district sanitary and epidemiological station (SES) or in a paid laboratory.

Water samples taken for analysis will be evaluated for toxicological, organoleptic, chemical and microbiological indicators in accordance with generally accepted standards. Based on the test results, a conventional laboratory issues a recommendation for the installation of additional filter systems.

Home filter systems

How to maintain the quality of drinking water according to the norms? What can be done to ensure that the life-giving moisture is always of the highest quality?

The only way out is to install stationary filter systems.

There are filters in the form of jugs, faucet nozzles and desktop boxes - all of these types are suitable only for initially good quality water from a faucet. More serious and powerful filters (under the sink, stationary, filling) are more often used to purify water in unfavorable areas, in country houses, and at catering establishments.

The best filters today are those with a special reverse osmosis system. Such a unit first purifies water from all impurities, bacteria, viruses, and then re-mineralizes it with the most useful minerals. The use of such beautiful water can improve blood circulation and digestion, and it also allows you to significantly save on the purchase of bottled water.

What to do if there is no filter

We are all used to drinking from childhood. Of course, this allows you to get rid of dangerous microorganisms, but after boiling it can become even more harmful to health:

• Salts precipitate when boiled.
• The oxygen is gone.
• Chlorine forms toxic compounds when boiled.
• A day after boiling, the water becomes a favorable environment for the reproduction of all kinds of bacteria.

Since no one can guarantee the safety of tap water, and there is no filter yet, it is still necessary to get rid of microorganisms without fail. Let's remember some rules of "useful" boiling:

• Before boiling water, let it stand for 2-3 hours. During this time, most of the chlorine will evaporate.
• Switch off the kettle as soon as it boils. In this case, most of the trace elements will be preserved, and viruses and microbes will have time to die.
• Never keep boiled water longer than 24 hours.