The first wife of Joseph Dzhugashvili, Ekaterina Svanidze, died in 1907. For the future leader, she was an ideal wife due to her humility and unquestioning obedience to her husband.

10 years after her death, Stalin married a young girl who, unlike his first companion, had a rebellious and independent character.

Her name was Nadezhda Alliluyeva, whose biography and personal life have always interested historians.

Childhood and youth

The name of Alliluyeva Nadezhda Sergeevna became widely known to the Soviet people after her death. In November 1932, a continuous stream of people went to say goodbye to this still very young woman. Later, daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva will tell in Twenty Letters to a Friend about the tragic fate of her mother.

Parents and upbringing

Little Nadia was born in Baku in 1901 to Olga and Sergei Alliluyev. Her godfather was Abel Yenukidze, a Soviet statesman and politician.

The girl was the youngest, in addition to her, the family grew up:

• Pavel Alliluev (1894−1938), who later became a military figure;
• Anna Alliluyeva (1986-1964), having matured, married the famous Chekist Stanislav Redens, who was shot in 1940;
• Fedor Alliluyev (1898−1955), who got a job as a secretary to Stalin and worked for the leader until his death.

Their parents met in Tiflis, and in 1891 they began to live together. At that time, Sergei was 27 years old, and Olga was barely 16 years old.

Olga Evgenievna Alliluyeva (Fedorenko) was born in 1875. Mixed blood flowed in her veins: on the paternal side - Georgian and Ukrainian, and on the maternal side - German and Polish. Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluev was born in 1866 into a family of former serfs. Nadezhda Alliluyeva's nationality was discussed very often. Some sources even indicated that she had gypsy roots.

At first, Nadia's childhood passed in Tiflis, where her father and mother lived. However, in 1903, the family was forced to move to Rostov-on-Don, since Sergei Alliluyev was forbidden to live in the Caucasus in connection with revolutionary activities. And in 1907, the Alliluyevs moved to St. Petersburg, where Nadezhda stayed until she left for Moscow in 1918.

In St. Petersburg, Alliluev received significant support from the famous revolutionary Krasin, thanks to which Sergey was able to get a good job. The salary of the director of the substation provided the family with a comfortable existence. All four children studied at the gymnasium. In addition, her father bought Nadezhda a piano, which at that time was very expensive, so that the girl would study music.

In this way, Nadezhda had a prosperous youth: accommodation in a spacious apartment, good food, beautiful clothes, study at the gymnasium and music lessons. In 1917, the girl turned 16 years old. By that time, she had received an almost noble upbringing, was educated and had a good command of the German language.

Acquaintance with Stalin

There is a legend about the very first meeting of Joseph and Nadezhda. As if in 1903, a two-year-old girl, playing on the embankment, accidentally fell into the sea, and Stalin, passing by, pulled her out and thereby saved her life. However, the lack of a sea in Tbilisi calls into question the authenticity of this story, because it was there that Nadezhda lived when she was little.

However, the possibility that Joseph really saw his future wife at this age is not excluded. The fact is that the Alliluyevs lived in Tiflis from 1890 to 1903, and Stalin also visited there during this period. Since the future leader and Sergei were already familiar by this time, Stalin, visiting the Alliluyevs' house, could see the girl Nadia there.

Their main meeting, which can be called fatal, took place in 1917. when Stalin returned from exile to Petrograd. It was not an easy time. The bourgeois revolution won, Nicholas II abdicated. A civil war began, riots and terror reigned in the street. Nadezhda's father devoted himself entirely to revolutionary activities, her mother also rarely came home, and the girl had absolutely no one to rely on. Those who had a chance to talk with Stalin claimed that he knew how to attract the attention of women with his courtesy, wit and ability to speak beautifully.

Arriving in Petrograd, Joseph often visited the Alliluyevs' apartment, where the conspirators gathered for a meeting. At that time, Stalin was 39 years old, and Nadezhda was only 16, but the man managed to immediately captivate the girl.

Their relationship began to develop rapidly. Sergei Yakovlevich, the girl's father, did not like this novel at all, since the age difference between his daughter and her chosen one was impressive - 23 years. But, despite this, the lovers got married a year after the meeting. At that time, Nadezhda had not even reached the age of majority. For some reason, the girl did not take her husband's surname, so Alliluyeva remained until the end of her life.

Moving to Moscow

The victory of the revolution dramatically changed the status of Stalin.

From a man who had neither a stake nor a yard, constantly in prison, he turned into one of the most prominent Soviet party leaders.

In 1918, Lenin decided to move members of the government from St. Petersburg to Moscow. This also affected Stalin, with whom his wife went to the capital. Since the autumn of 1918, Nadezhda and Joseph began to live in their Kremlin apartment.

A little later, Alliluyeva joined the RCP (b) and began working in the secretariat of Ulyanov-Lenin under the leadership of Lidia Fotieva.

Life in marriage

Friends of Alliluyeva and Stalin spoke about the strong feelings and emotions that were present in the relationship of this couple. But at the same time, there was another side of their family life, expressed in the constant clash of two hard characters. Joseph wanted Nadezhda to stay at home and take care of the household, but she did not want this.

Conflicts in the family began almost immediately after moving to Moscow. The very first of them, which occurred immediately after the end of the honeymoon, lasted quite a long time. Stalin came home tired and annoyed because of every little thing, but his wife did not try to smooth the situation, not only because of her youth and inexperience, but also because of her strong character.

Once Joseph Vissarionovich stopped talking to her: the silence dragged on for almost a month. Since her husband did not explain the reason for what was happening, Nadezhda did not understand what she could do wrong. Later it turned out that Stalin did not like that she was addressing him as "you". In his opinion, a husband and wife should be with each other on "you". All this indicates that Stalin and Alliluyeva were completely different people.

It is worth noting that throughout her marriage, Nadezhda was not burdened with the arrangement of life and the upbringing of children, since the house had a staff of servants.

​

Children of Joseph and Hope

In marriage, the Dzhugashvili couple had two children: daughter Svetlana (1926) and son Vasily (1921). In the same year after the birth of Vasya 20-year-old Alliluyeva will take care of two more children:

• Sergeev Artem, the child of the deceased comrade Joseph;
• Yakov Dzhugashvili, Stalin's 14-year-old son from his first marriage to Kato Svanidze.

Thus, in 1921, Nadezhda had to raise three children at once. Son Artem lived with foster parents for a short time. He returned to his mother immediately after her recovery. However, their friendship with Vasily then lasted for many years. Almost daily, Artyom came to Stalin's house, where he was considered an adopted son. Joseph could not be called an exemplary father, since with the advent of children he spent a long time at work, motivating this by crowding in the house and thereby avoiding education.

Five years later, on February 28, 1926, a daughter, Svetlana. A year earlier, Yakov left his parental home. At 18, he fell in love with his classmate, Zoya Gunina, the daughter of a priest. Stalin did not accept his son's choice. Then Yakov decided to shoot himself in order to break his father's will. The attempt to commit suicide was unsuccessful: he missed and received a mocking remark from Stalin that he could not even hit himself.

Over time, Yakov still managed to leave home and settle with his wife in the Petrograd apartment of his parents. However, their marriage broke up four years after the death of a newborn child. Then Yakov returned to Moscow, and his father forgave him.

Alliluyeva's children did not bathe in the love of their mother. There were cases when she left them still very young for nannies, while she herself was engaged in party affairs.

Growing conflicts and their causes

Disagreements between Alliluyeva and Stalin began from the first days of their life together and continued until the death of Nadezhda. After her love passed and rose-colored glasses slept, the woman finally realized with whom she had connected her fate.

Nadezhda grew up in a prosperous family, received a good education and upbringing. The woman never touched alcohol and was a polite conversationalist. Stalin was the complete opposite of his wife. The future leader was born into the family of an alcoholic who periodically raised his hand to children and their mother. The family lived in poverty, Joseph was uneducated. He could not even graduate from the spiritual bursa, so he had no specialty.

Before the revolution, he participated in many robbery attacks for the purpose of robbery, many of which resulted in the death of people. The recidivist Joseph was imprisoned six times, five of them for robbery, and only once for political reasons. In fact, he received his upbringing in prison from the same criminals.

Nadezhda could not calmly endure the rudeness of her husband, his love of alcohol and strong words. An important role in their clashes was played by Stalin's Eastern idea of ​​the family and the relationship between a man and a woman. In addition, the leader liked to have fun with women, which caused Alliluyeva's displeasure.

At the same time, her jealousy could not be called groundless, Stalin's trips to the Caucasus were accompanied by meetings with his mistresses.

The famous women of the leader were:

• Valentina Istomina, Stalin's housekeeper;
• Vera Davydova, opera singer.

In 1930, the disagreements of this married couple reached a critical point.

Alliluyeva's disease

Modern historians have found in the archival documents of the Nadezhda family a mention of the disease that this woman suffered from.

In those days, it was called "ossification of the cranial sutures." Being ill with them meant periodically suffering from headaches and experiencing depressive breakdowns.

In addition, Alliluyeva had a dysfunctional heredity, expressed in a tendency to schizophrenia, which her mother Olga had. However, to make a similar diagnosis to Stalin's wife at that time on the part of doctors was tantamount to suicide.

Death and funeral

In 1932, Stalin and Alliluyeva attended a banquet in the apartment of Kliment Voroshilov. After Joseph got drunk, a quarrel broke out between him and his wife. Hope got up from the table and went home. There are several versions of the cause of this conflict. Upon arrival at the Kremlin apartment, Alliluyeva locked herself in her room, ordered the maid not to wake her before eight in the morning, and on the second day she was found dead.

Nadezhda shot herself with a pistol given to her by a relative. Stalin's wife did not leave a suicide note, the text of which could shed light on this mysterious suicide. And if it was, then it was most likely destroyed.

1277

It is unlikely that any of the adults in Russia, and indeed in the world, need to be told about Stalin the politician. Much less is known about Stalin as a person, and yet he was a husband, father and, as it turns out, a great hunter of women, at least during his stormy revolutionary youth. True, the fate of the people closest to him always developed tragically. Sweeping aside fiction, myths and gossip, Anews talks about the wives and children of the leader.

Ekaterina (Kato) Svanidze

First wife

At 27, Stalin married the 21-year-old daughter of a Georgian nobleman. Her brother, with whom he once studied at the seminary, was his close friend. They married secretly, at night, in a mountain monastery in Tiflis, because Joseph was already hiding from the authorities as a Bolshevik underground worker.

The marriage, made out of great love, lasted only 16 months: Kato gave birth to a son, Yakov, and at the age of 22 she died in her husband's arms, either from transient consumption, or from typhus. According to legend, the inconsolable widower allegedly said to a friend at the funeral: "My last warm feelings for people died with her."

Even if these words are fiction, here is a real fact: years later, Stalinist repressions destroyed almost all of Catherine's relatives. The same brother with his wife and older sister were shot. And the brother's son was kept in a psychiatric hospital until Stalin's death.

Yakov Dzhugashvili

First son

Stalin's firstborn was raised by Kato's relatives. He first saw his father at the age of 14, when he already had a new family. It is believed that Stalin never fell in love with the "wolf cub", as he himself called him, and was even jealous of his wife, who was only five and a half years older than Yasha. He severely punished the teenager for the slightest misconduct, sometimes he did not let him go home, forcing him to spend the night on the stairs. When, at the age of 18, the son married against the will of his father, the relationship finally deteriorated. In desperation, Yakov tried to shoot himself, but the bullet went right through, he was saved, and Stalin moved even further away from the “hooligan and blackmailer” and poisoned him with mockery: “Ha, he didn’t hit!”

In June of the 41st, Yakov Dzhugashvili went to the front, and to the most difficult sector - near Vitebsk. His battery distinguished itself in one of the largest tank battles, and Stalin's son, along with other fighters, was presented for the award.

But soon Jacob was captured. His portraits immediately appeared on fascist leaflets designed to demoralize Soviet soldiers. There is a myth that Stalin allegedly refused to exchange his son for the German commander Paulus, saying: “I don’t change a soldier for a field marshal!” Historians doubt that the Germans even offered such an exchange, and the phrase itself sounds in the Soviet epic film "Liberation" and, apparently, is an invention of the screenwriters.

German photo: Stalin's son in captivity

And the next picture of the captured Yakov Dzhugashvili is published for the first time: only recently it was found in the photo archive of the commander of the Third Reich, Wolfram von Richthofen.

Yakov spent two years in captivity, under no pressure did not cooperate with the Germans. He died in the camp in April 1943: he provoked a sentry to a fatal shot by rushing to a barbed wire fence. According to a widespread version, Yakov was in despair when he heard Stalin's words on the radio that "there are no prisoners of war in the Red Army, there are only traitors and traitors to the Motherland." However, most likely, this "spectacular phrase" was attributed to Stalin later.

Meanwhile, the relatives of Yakov Dzhugashvili, in particular, his daughter and half-brother Artem Sergeyev, were convinced all their lives that he died in battle in June 41, and his stay in captivity, including photos and interrogation protocols, was from beginning to end played out by the Germans for propaganda purposes. However, in 2007, the FSB confirmed the fact of his capture.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva

Second and last wife

The second time Stalin married at the age of 40, his wife was 23 years younger - a fresh graduate of the gymnasium, who looked with admiration at the seasoned revolutionary, who had just returned from another Siberian exile.

Nadezhda was the daughter of Stalin's longtime associates, and he also had an affair with her mother Olga in his youth. Now, years later, she became his mother-in-law.

The marriage of Joseph and Nadezhda, at first happy, eventually became unbearable for both. The memories of their family are very contradictory: some said that Stalin was gentle at home, and she imposed strict discipline and flared up easily, others said that he was constantly rude, and she endured and accumulated resentment until a tragedy happened ...

In November 1932, after another public skirmish with her husband while visiting Voroshilov, Nadezhda returned home, retired to the bedroom and shot herself in the heart. No one heard the shot, only the next morning she was found dead. She was 31 years old.

Different things were also told about Stalin's reaction. According to some, he was shocked, sobbed at the funeral. Others remember that he was furious and over the coffin of his wife said: "I did not know that you were my enemy." One way or another, family relationships were forever finished. Subsequently, numerous novels were attributed to Stalin, including with the first beauty of the Soviet screen, Lyubov Orlova, but mostly these are unconfirmed rumors and myths.

Vasily Dzhugashvili (Stalin)

Second son

Nadezhda bore Stalin two children. When she committed suicide, the 12-year-old son and 6-year-old daughter were looked after not only by nannies and housekeepers, but also by male guards, led by General Vlasik. It was them that Vasily later blamed for the fact that from a young age he was addicted to smoking and alcohol.

Subsequently, being a military pilot and bravely fighting in the war, he repeatedly received penalties and demotions "in the name of Stalin" for hooligan actions. For example, he was removed from command of the regiment for fishing with aircraft shells, which killed his weapons engineer and wounded one of the best pilots.

Or after the war, a year before Stalin's death, he lost his post as commander of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District, when he showed up drunk at a festive reception of the government and was rude to the commander in chief of the Air Force.

Immediately after the death of the leader, the life of Lieutenant General of Aviation Vasily Stalin went downhill. It began to spread right and left that his father was poisoned, and when the Minister of Defense decided to appoint a troubled son to a position away from Moscow, he disobeyed his order. He was transferred to the reserve without the right to wear a uniform, and then he did the irreparable - he reported his version of Stalin's poisoning to foreigners, hoping to get protection from them.

But instead of going abroad, Stalin's youngest son, an decorated participant in the Great Patriotic War, ended up in prison, where he spent 8 years, from April 1953 to April 1961. The angry Soviet leadership hung a lot of accusations on him, including frankly ridiculous ones, but during interrogations Vasily confessed to everything without exception. At the end of his term, he was “exiled” to Kazan, but he did not live a year at liberty: he died in March 1962, just a couple of days before his 41st birthday. According to the official conclusion, from alcohol poisoning.

Svetlana Alliluyeva (Lana Peters)

Stalin's daughter

Naturally or not, but the only one of the children in whom Stalin did not look for a soul gave him nothing but trouble during her lifetime, and after his death she fled abroad and in the end completely abandoned her homeland, where she was threatened with a fate until the end of her days to bear moral punishment for father's sins.

From a young age, she started countless novels, sometimes disastrous for her chosen ones. When, at the age of 16, she fell in love with the 40-year-old screenwriter Alexei Kapler, Stalin arrested him and exiled him to Vorkuta, completely forgetting how he himself had seduced the young Nadezhda, Svetlana's mother, at the same age.

Only Svetlana had five official husbands, including an Indian and an American. Having escaped to India in 1966, she became a “defector”, leaving her 20-year-old son and 16-year-old daughter to the USSR. They did not forgive such a betrayal. The son is no longer in the world, and the daughter, who is now under 70, abruptly cuts off inquisitive journalists: “You are mistaken, she is not my mother.”

In America, Svetlana, who became Lana Peters by her husband, had a third daughter, Olga. With her, in the mid-80s, she suddenly returned to the USSR, but did not take root either in Moscow or in Georgia, and as a result, she finally left for the United States, renouncing her native citizenship. Her personal life did not work out. She died in a nursing home in 2011, her burial place is unknown.

Svetlana Alliluyeva: "Wherever I go - to Switzerland, or India, even Australia, even to some lonely island, I will always be a political prisoner of my father's name."

Stalin had three more sons - two illegitimate, born from his mistresses in exile, and one adopted. Surprisingly, their fates were not so tragic, on the contrary, as if remoteness from their father or lack of blood relationship saved them from evil fate.

Artem Sergeev

Stalin's adopted son

His own father was the legendary Bolshevik "Comrade Artem", a revolutionary ally and close friend of Stalin. When his son was three months old, he died in a railway accident, and Stalin took him into his family.

Artem was the same age as Vasily Stalin, the guys from childhood were inseparable. From the age of two and a half, both were brought up in a boarding school for "Kremlin" children, however, in order not to raise a "children's elite", exactly the same number of real street homeless children were placed with them. Everyone was taught to work equally. The children of the party members returned home only on weekends, and they were obliged to invite orphans to their place.

According to the memoirs of Vasily, Stalin "loved Artyom very much, set him as an example." However, the diligent Artyom, who, unlike Vasily, studied well and with interest, Stalin did not give concessions. So, after the war, he had a pretty hard time at the Artillery Academy because of the excessive drill and nitpicking of teachers. Then it turned out that Stalin personally demanded that his adopted son be treated more strictly.

Already after the death of Stalin, Artem Sergeev became a great military leader, retired with the rank of Major General of Artillery. He is considered one of the founders of the anti-aircraft missile forces of the USSR. He died in 2008 at the age of 86. Until the end of his life he remained a devoted communist.

Mistresses and illegitimate children

The British expert on Soviet history Simon Seabag Montefiori, who has many awards in documentary films, traveled around the territory of the former USSR in the 90s and found a lot of unpublished documents in the archives. It turned out that the young Stalin was surprisingly amorous, was fond of women of different ages and classes, and after the death of his first wife, during the years of Siberian exile, had a large number of mistresses.

17 year old high school graduate Field of Onufrieva he sent passionate postcards (one of them is in the photo). Postscript: “I have your kiss, passed on to me through Petka. I kiss you in return, and not just a kiss, but gorrrryacho (just kissing is not worth it!). Joseph".

He had affairs with party comrades - Vera Schweitzer and Lyudmila Stal.

And on a noblewoman from Odessa Stephanie Petrovskaya he even considered getting married.

However, Stalin lived two sons with simple peasant women from a distant wilderness.

Konstantin Stepanovich Kuzakov

An illegitimate son from a cohabitant in Solvychegodsk Maria Kuzakova

The son of a young widow who sheltered the exiled Stalin graduated from a university in Leningrad and made a dizzying career - from a non-party university teacher to the head of cinematography at the USSR Ministry of Culture and one of the leaders of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. He recalled in 1995: “My origin was not a big secret, but I always managed to evade the answer when they asked me about it. But I suppose my promotion is also related to my abilities.

Only in adulthood did he first see Stalin up close, and this happened in the canteen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Kuzakov, as a member of the apparatus of the Central Committee responsible for propaganda, was engaged in political editing of speeches. “I didn’t even have time to take a step towards Stalin. The bell rang, and the members of the Politburo went into the hall. Stalin stopped and looked at me. I felt that he wanted to say something to me. I wanted to run towards him, but something stopped me. Probably, subconsciously, I understood that public recognition of kinship would bring me nothing but big trouble. Stalin waved the receiver and walked slowly ... "

After that, under the pretext of a working consultation, Stalin wanted to arrange a personal reception for Kuzakov, but he did not hear the phone call, having fallen asleep soundly after a late meeting. Only the next morning he was informed that he had missed. Then Konstantin saw Stalin more than once, both close and from a distance, but they never spoke to each other, and he did not call to himself again. "I think he did not want to make me an instrument in the hands of intriguers."

However, in the 47th Kuzakov almost fell under repression due to the intrigues of Beria. He was expelled from the party for "loss of vigilance", removed from all posts. Beria at the Politburo demanded his arrest. But Stalin saved the unrecognized son. As Zhdanov later told him, Stalin walked along the table for a long time, smoked, and then said: "I see no reason to arrest Kuzakov."

Kuzakov was reinstated in the party on the day Beria was arrested, and his career resumed. He retired already under Gorbachev, in 1987, at the age of 75. Died in 1996.

Alexander Yakovlevich Davydov

An illegitimate son from a cohabitant in Kureika Lidia Pereprygina

And here it was almost a criminal story, because the 34-year-old Stalin began to live with Lydia when she was only 14. Under the threat of gendarme prosecution for seducing a minor, he promised to marry her later, but escaped from exile earlier. At the time of his disappearance, she was pregnant and already without him gave birth to a son, Alexander.

There is evidence that at first the runaway father corresponded with Lydia. Then, there was a rumor that Stalin was killed at the front, and she married the fisherman Yakov Davydov, who adopted her child.

There is documentary evidence that in 1946, 67-year-old Stalin suddenly wanted to find out about their fate and gave a laconic order to find the bearers of such and such surnames. According to the results of the search, Stalin was given a brief reference - such and such live there. And all the personal and piquant details that came to light in the process surfaced only 10 years later, already under Khrushchev, when the campaign to expose the cult of personality began.

Alexander Davydov lived the simple life of a Soviet soldier and worker. Participated in the Great Patriotic and Korean Wars, rose to the rank of major. After his discharge from the army, he lived with his family in Novokuznetsk, worked in low positions - as a foreman, head of the factory canteen. Died in 1987.

Great love stories. 100 stories about a great feeling Mudrova Irina Anatolyevna

Stalin and Alliluyeva

Stalin and Alliluyeva

Iosif Dzhugashvili was born in 1879 in the Georgian city of Gori, Tiflis province and came from the lower class. From his youth he was a professional revolutionary. His pseudonym is Stalin. He became a Soviet statesman, political and military leader, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1922, head of the Soviet government (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars since 1941, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR since 1946), Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.

On the night of July 16, 1906, twenty-seven-year-old Joseph Dzhugashvili married twenty-year-old Ekaterina Svanidze in the St. David Church in Tiflis. They were secretly married by a classmate of Koba at the seminary, priest Christisiy Khinvaleli. Catherine was already expecting a child and gave birth to him in 1907. It was the eldest son of Stalin, Yakov. Three years later, his wife died of typhus. During the funeral of his wife, Stalin's mind went haywire, and when the coffin with Kato was lowered into the grave, Stalin jumped in and was pulled back with difficulty. At her grave, Stalin told those around him that a cold stone had entered his heart. He lost all sympathy for people. Stalin's first child, Yakov Dzhugashvili, was raised by Kato's mother.

Yakov was captured by the Germans during World War II. In 1943, Yakov was shot dead in the German concentration camp Sachsenhausen while trying to escape. Yakov was married three times and had a son, Evgeny, this direct male line of the Dzhugashvili family still exists.

In 1919, Stalin married for the second time. His new wife was the eighteen-year-old daughter of the Russian revolutionary Sergei Alliluyev. She was born in Baku, her childhood was spent in the Caucasus. In St. Petersburg, she studied at the gymnasium.

Stalin had known the Alliluyev family since the late 1890s. According to family tradition, young Joseph saved Nadezhda when she fell into the sea from the embankment in Baku. It was in 1903, Nadia was just a baby.

Nadya's father, Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluyev, had been a party member since 1896 and actively participated in the revolutionary movement. His apartment in Petrograd was constantly used by the Bolsheviks for secret meetings. After February 1917, Stalin came from Turukhansk exile to Petrograd and lived with S.Ya. Alliluyeva. It was then that Stalin met Nadya again. An affair began between him, a thirty-eight-year-old revolutionary, and a sixteen-year-old girl. The romantic girl could not help but be carried away by the revolutionary hero, as he seemed to her in that time full of adventures, tragedies and victories.

In 1918, Nadezhda began working at the Council of People's Commissars as a secretary-typist. In the same year, Stalin was sent to Tsaritsyn as an emergency commissioner for the food supply of the Eastern Front. Nadezhda, as part of Stalin's secretariat, accompanied him with her father. On this trip, they got to know each other better. In 1918 they got married. Their marriage was officially registered on March 24, 1919.

In 1921, a son, Vasily, was born in the family, and in 1926, a daughter, Svetlana. Nadia at this time actively participated in social work. The main responsibility for caring for the girl lay with the teacher.

Nadezhda was an extremely modest woman. Since 1929, she studied at the Industrial Academy at the Faculty of Textile Industry. Over the years, Nadezhda became more and more actively involved in public life.

The marriage of Stalin with Alliluyeva cannot be called happy. He was mostly busy with work. He spent most of his time in the Kremlin. His wife clearly lacked his attention. She left him several times with her children Vasily and Svetlana, and shortly before her death she even talked about her moving to relatives after graduating from the Industrial Academy. Of course, she was aware of her husband's affairs.

On the night of November 8-9, 1932, Nadezhda Alliluyeva passed away. She committed suicide in her Kremlin apartment. Newspapers printed a message that N.S. Alliluyeva "suddenly died." The cause of death was not mentioned. It is generally accepted that the reason for her suicide was the exacerbation of the disease. She often suffered from severe headaches. She appears to have had a malalignment of the cranial bones, and suicide is not uncommon in such cases.

In her memoirs, daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva testified: “... Father was shocked by what happened ... because he did not understand: why? ... He asked others: was he inattentive? Didn't he respect her as a wife, as a person?... The first days he was shocked. He said that he himself did not want to live anymore ... They were afraid to leave his father alone, in such a state he was.

N.S. Alliluyeva was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Stalin did not attend the funeral. Subsequently, he came several times at night to Novodevichy and for a long time silently sat by the grave on a marble bench set opposite the monument.

Son Vasily became an officer in the Soviet air force, took part in the Great Patriotic War in command positions. After the war, he led the air defense of the Moscow region with the rank of lieutenant general. After Stalin's death, he was arrested and died shortly after his release in 1960. Daughter Svetlana applied for political asylum at the United States Embassy in Delhi on March 6, 1967, and moved to the United States the same year. She died in the USA in 2011.

This text is an introductory piece.

Myth number 5. Frequently meeting with Stalin, AL. Beria got into his confidence and sought appointment to the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, although Stalin's wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, was the first to see through Beria and could not stand him, but Iosif Vissarionovich did not believe her. And this is also complete

Myth No. 99. Stalin was born on December 21, 1879 Myth No. 100, Stalin showed himself to be a villain because he was born on December 21. The first myth is one of the most enduring and harmless in all anti-Stalinism. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was personally involved in the emergence of the myth. It happened

Myth No. 104. Stalin is a half-educated seminarian Myth No. 105. Stalin is an "outstanding mediocrity" The combination of these myths is one of the foundations of all anti-Stalinism. Authorship belongs to Trotsky. Satanized from anger at Stalin, the "demon of the world revolution" used in his propaganda

Myth No. 118. Stalin deliberately built a regime of one-man power. Myth No. 119. For the sake of establishing a regime of sole power, Stalin destroyed the "Leninist Guard". To be honest, the following name would be most correct for this myth - "Why should not Bebel be confused with

Svetlana Alliluyeva 20 letters to a friend In memory of my mother These letters were written in the summer of 1963 in the village of Zhukovka, not far from Moscow, within thirty-five days. The free form of letters allowed me to be absolutely sincere, and I consider what is written to be a confession. Then I don't

NADEZHDA ALLILUEVA CORRESPONDENCE WITH WIFE, 1930. Comrade Stalin is awarded the second Order of the Red Banner for his great services on the front of socialist construction. And, indeed, his merits are truly enormous. The course towards collectivization is being successfully carried out

THE KREMLIN BANQUET Stalin and Alliluyeva In the house of Nadezhda Alliluyeva and Joseph Stalin, a woman from the Baltic Germans, Karolina Vasilievna Til, served as a housekeeper. She was the first to see Nadezhda Sergeevna on the floor in a pool of blood, when it was still unclear whether it was murder or

Nadezhda Alliluyeva. I love you, Joseph Stalin Nadezhda put her glass on the table without taking a sip of wine. - Hey, you! Drink! - Shouted Stalin. - I'm not hey! she answered, raising her voice a little, and at the same moment orange peels flew into her face. Slowly, very slowly

N. S. Alliluyeva - I.V. Stalin (September 12, 1930) Hello, Joseph! I received the letter. Thank you for the lemons, of course, come in handy. We live well, but quite already in winter - tonight it was minus 7 Celsius. In the morning all the roofs were completely white with frost. It is very good that you

N. S. Alliluyeva to I. V. Stalin (September 19, 1930) Hello, Joseph! How are you? Arriving t.t. (Ukhanov and someone else) say that you look and feel very bad. I know that you are getting better (this is from letters). On this occasion, the Molotovs attacked me with

N.S. Alliluyeva - to I. V. Stalin (September 30, 1930) Hello, Joseph! Once again I start with the same thing - I received a letter. I'm glad you're doing well in the southern sun. It’s not bad in Moscow now either, the weather has improved, but there is a certain autumn in the forest. The day goes by quickly. As long as everyone is healthy.

N. S. Alliluyeva to I. V. Stalin (October 6, 1930) There has been no news from you lately. I asked Dvinsky about the mail, he said that he had not been there for a long time. Probably, the trip to the quail carried away, or just too lazy to write. And in Moscow there is already a snow blizzard. Now it's spinning all over.

Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva Historians still cannot come to an unambiguous conclusion: did Nadezhda Alliluyeva, the wife of the tyrant and "leader of all peoples" Joseph Stalin, end her life by suicide, or did her husband himself give the order to eliminate her? One who does not flinch

Svetlana Alliluyeva May 8, 1961 Dear darling Vladimir Alekseevich! Excuse such a free address to you, but, really, after reading your wonderful lyrical stories, I want to call you as affectionately as possible, as far as possible in an official letter from the reader to

NADIA ALLILUEVA The devotion of a dog and the devotion of a wife So strangely, so tragically similar. For a husband's sin - guilty without guilt. Unhappy husband - wife unhappy too. Dictator, and fanatic, and executioner! That's how he is at work. At the parade. But next to him I hear the quiet cry of his wife,

21 December. Stalin was born (1879), Ivan Ilyin died (1954) Stalin, Ilyin and the brotherhood To tell the truth, the author of these lines does not favor the magic of numbers, calendars and birthdays. Brezhnev was born on December 19, Stalin and Saakashvili - on the 21st, the Cheka and I - on the 20th, and who am I after that? True, my big

Name: Nadezhda Allilueva

Age: 31 year

Place of Birth: Baku; A place of death: Moscow

Activity: Joseph Stalin's wife. Member of the CPSU (b)

Marital status: was married to Joseph Stalin

Nadezhda Alliluyeva - biography

Alliluyeva Nadezhda Sergeevna - the second wife of Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Central Committee. Her life is full of events, but at the same time tragic.

Childhood, family

Nadezhda Alliluyeva was born on September 9, 1901. Her biography began in the sunny Azerbaijani city of Baku. She was born in the family of a simple worker. It is known that Svetlana's father, Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluyev, was a revolutionary. As the girl herself claimed, he also had gypsy roots. There is almost no information left about the mother of the girl, Olga Evgenievna Fedorenko. In her memoirs, the girl claimed that her mother was of German origin.

Interestingly, the well-known party leader of the Soviet Union A.S. became her godfather. Yenukidze. In addition to Nadezhda herself, there was another child in the family - Pavel.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva - Education

After her gymnasium education, Nadezhda Alliluyeva entered the Industrial Academy in 1929, choosing the faculty of the textile industry. Khrushchev also studied at the same course. It is known that it was Nadezhda Alliluyeva who introduced Stalin and Khrushchev.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva could always show her character. It is known that when her classmates were arrested, she was not afraid and called Yagoda herself, who at that time was the head of the OGPU. She demanded that her eight friends be released again. But it turned out that it was impossible to do this, because suddenly all eight girls in the prison contracted some kind of infectious disease and suddenly died from it.

Career of Nadezhda Alliluyeva

Alliluyeva Nadezhda Sergeevna worked in the People's Commissariat for Nationalities. For some time she served in the secretariat named after Vladimir Lenin. And also for a long time she collaborated with the editors of the then-famous magazine "Revolution and Culture", as well as in the popular newspaper "Pravda". But the biography of the girl changed dramatically and dramatically after the purge in December 1921, when she was expelled from the party, and four days later she was reinstated.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva - biography of personal life

Death

Nadezhda Alliluyeva died on November 9, 1932. It was suicide, although there are several versions of this death. It is known that on November 7, Nadezhda Sergeevna had a fight with her husband. It happened at a banquet on the fifteenth anniversary of October. One of the versions was that behind the curtains during quarrels between the spouses stood, who shot the woman. But there was no evidence for this version.

There were other versions. For example, that the murder of Stalin's wife was necessary, since she became his political enemy. And this murder was the work of his assistants. There is a third version that Stalin himself killed her because of jealousy. There is also a version that Nadezhda Sergeevna shot herself after she found out that Stalin had a mistress and an illegitimate son. But all of them are far from the real truth.

Svetlana Alliluyeva, in her memoirs, told that the quarrel that occurred that evening between the parents was small, but after the death of Nadezhda, Stalin all the time could not find a place for himself and tried to understand what she wanted to prove to him by this.

The first days after Nadezhda Sergeevna, having locked herself in her room after a quarrel with her husband, shot herself right in the heart with a Walter pistol, Stalin himself did not want to live. He was even afraid to be left alone.

There was also a letter, which was partly not only personal, but also political. Because of this message, Stalin did not even want to come to her funeral. The reason for the suicide of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva was a brain disease, which she had become for a long time. She even went abroad for treatment, but nothing helped, and the pain only grew stronger every year. The doctors at that time were not able to change the incorrect fusion of the bones of the skull, so it was impossible to change anything. In addition, quarrels with Stalin negatively affected the progression of the disease, which, as a result, led to such an end.

The funeral of the second wife of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva, took place on November 11 at the famous Novodevichy cemetery. Stalin himself often visited his wife's grave and could sit for hours on the marble bench that stands opposite his wife's grave.

1901 - 1932

Stalin's second wife. Born in Baku, in the family of a revolutionary S.Ya. Alliluyeva. Stalin had known the Alliluyev family since the late 1890s. According to family tradition, Stalin saved Nadezhda when she fell into the sea from the embankment in Baku (1903).

They met again only in March 1917 in Petrograd, where Stalin returned from Siberian exile. In 1918, Nadezhda joined the party and began working in the Council of People's Commissars as a secretary-typist. In the same year, Stalin was sent to Tsaritsyn as an emergency commissioner for the food supply of the Eastern Front. Nadezhda, as part of Stalin's secretariat, accompanied him with her father. On this trip, they got to know each other better. In 1918, she married Stalin, and his letters with a marriage proposal were handed over to 17-year-old Nadezhda N.I. Bukharin.

Later, N. Alliluyeva worked in the secretariat of V.I. Lenin, then collaborated in the editorial office of the journal "Revolution and Culture", in the newspaper "Pravda".
In 1921, she was unexpectedly expelled from the party "for social passivity and commitment to anarcho-syndicalism" and, despite Lenin's petition, was reinstated only in 1924.

In 1929-1932. Alliluyeva studied at the Industrial Academy at the Faculty of Artificial Fiber. "In 1921, her son Vasily was born, and in 1926, her daughter Svetlana. L. Razgon writes about Alliluyeva in the book" Not Invented ":

“She was a modest, kind and deeply unhappy woman. Several times, when I came to the Kremlin to the Sverdlovs, I found Klavdia Timofeevna (K.T. Novgorodtsev - the widow of Ya.M. Sverdlov. - Comp.) crying Alliluyeva. After her departure, Klavdia Timofeevna said: "Poor, oh, poor woman." I did not ask about the reasons for the tears of Stalin's wife, but, in general, the entire population of that small provincial town, which the Kremlin was before 1936, knew about this. As in any small town, its inhabitants vividly discussed each other's personal affairs: and about Demyan Poor; and about the merry nights spent by Abel Yenukidze... And, of course, about poor Nadezhda Alliluyeva, forced to endure the character of her terrifying husband. And about how he beats children - Sveta and Vasya - and about how boorishly he treats his quiet wife. And about the fact that recently Koba began to take part in Abel's amusements ... "

On the night of November 9, 1932, a pistol shot tragically cut short the life of N.S. Alliluyeva.
E.L. Kogan is the daughter of the deputy chief physician of the Kremlin hospital L.G. Levina recalls:

“Poskrebyshev called us and suggested that Lev Grigorievich come urgently. It was necessary to sign a death certificate, which would say that Alliluyeva died of appendicitis. But Levin refused to sign this paper. By the way, Pletnev also refused to sign it ... As it turned out later, the chief doctor of the Kremlin, A.Yu. Kanel, refused to put his signature under such a conclusion. , obviously, only because she "managed" to die in 1936. ( Return to truth. "Rehabilitated posthumously." In 2 vols. T. 2. M., 1988. S. 38).

Newspapers printed a message that N.S. Alliluyeva "suddenly died." The cause of death was not mentioned. The message was signed by members of the Politburo of the Central Committee, as well as Ekaterina Voroshilova, Polina Zhemchuzhina (Molotova), Zinaida Ordzhonikidze, Maria Kaganovich, Tatyana Postysheva, Ashkhen Mikoyan ( Zenkovich N.A. Secrets of the Kremlin deaths. M., 1995).

Several versions about the reasons for Alliluyeva's suicide are quite common. Among them is the one that Nadezhda Sergeevna could not stand the persecution of old party members by Stalin, including her friends. The legend was widely circulated that Alliluyeva was shot by Stalin himself. However, in circles close to the party Olympus, there was, apparently, more accurate information about this time, when Stalin announced that “life has become more fun”.

“Believing, obviously, that not only subjects, but also himself should live more cheerfully,” writes L. Razgon, “Stalin began to participate in that free and cheerful life that was led by his closest person, from his youth, Abel Yenukidze. And then there were rumors that the "iron Koba" softened ... "

The content of the suicide letter left by Alliluyeva was known "upstairs" and was vividly discussed there, in family circles. Nadezhda Sergeevna wrote that she could not see how the leader of the party was rolling down an inclined plane and discrediting his authority, which was the property not only of him, but of the entire party. She decided to take an extreme step, because she did not see another way to stop the leader from moral decay. Kolesnik A. Chronicle of the life of Stalin's family. Kharkov, 1990. S. 21) and (according to the official version) subsequently never visited her grave. However, A.T. Rybin, Stalin's security officer, claims that Stalin came to Novodevichy several times at night and sat silently for a long time on a marble bench set opposite the monument.

Memoirs of N.S. Alliluyeva did not leave, but a number of her letters have been preserved in the archives.