SCO is the purpose of creation. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Cooperation of members of the organization in the military sphere
Today, our planet has more than 250 states, on the territory of which more than 7 billion people live. For the successful conduct of business in all spheres of society, various organizations are established, membership in which gives the participating countries advantages and support from other states.
One of them is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). This is a Eurasian political, economic and military formation, which was established in 2001 by the leaders of the states of the Shanghai Five founded in 1996, which at that time included China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan. After the accession of Uzbekistan, the organization was renamed.
From the Shanghai Five to the SCO - how was it?
As mentioned above, the SCO is a commonwealth of states, the basis for the creation of which was the signing in Chinese Shanghai in April 1996 of the Treaty officially establishing the deepening of military confidence on the borders of states between Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan, as well as the conclusion between by the same states after a year of the Treaty, which reduces the number of armed forces in the border areas.
Since then, the organization's summits have been held every year. In 1998, the capital of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata, in 1999, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, became a platform for meetings of the participating countries. In 2000, the leaders of the five countries met in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan.
The following year, the annual summit was again held in Shanghai, China, where the five turned into the six thanks to Uzbekistan joining it. Therefore, if you want to know exactly which countries are members of the SCO, we summarize: now the organization has six countries as full members: these are Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
In the summer of 2001, in June, all six heads of the above states signed a Declaration on the establishment of the organization, in which the positive role of the Shanghai Five was noted, and the desire of the leaders of the countries to move cooperation within its framework to a higher level was expressed. In 2001, on July 16, the two leading SCO countries - Russia and China - signed the Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation.
Almost a year later, the meeting of the heads of the countries participating in the organization took place in St. Petersburg. During it, the SCO Charter was signed, containing the goals and principles that the organization still adheres to. It also spells out the structure and form of work, and the document itself is officially approved in accordance with international law.
Today, the SCO member states occupy more than half of the Eurasian landmass. And the population of these countries is one quarter of the world's population. If we take the observer states into account, then the inhabitants of the SCO countries are half the population of our planet, which was noted at the July 2005 summit in Astana. It was visited for the first time by representatives of India, Mongolia, Pakistan and Iran. This fact was noted in his welcoming speech by Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan, the host country of that year's summit. If you want to have an accurate idea of how the SCO countries are geographically located, a map showing this clearly is provided below.
SCO initiatives and cooperation with other organizations
In 2007, more than twenty large-scale projects related to the transport system, energy, and telecommunications were initiated. Regular meetings were held at which issues related to security, military affairs, defense, foreign policy, economy, culture, banking and all other issues raised during the discussion by officials representing the SCO countries were discussed. The list was not limited by anything: any topics that, in the opinion of the meeting participants, required public attention, became the subject of discussion.
In addition, relations with other international communities have been established. This is where the SCO is an observer of the General Assembly, the European Union (EU), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN from the English Association of South-East Asian Nations), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). In 2015, Ufa, the capital of the Russian Republic of Bashkortostan, is scheduled to host a summit of the SCO and BRICS, one of the goals of which is to establish business and partnership relations between these two organizations.
Structure
The supreme body of the organization is the Council of Heads of State. They make decisions as part of the work of the community. The meetings take place at summits held annually in one of the capitals of the member countries. At the moment, the Presidents of the Council of Heads of State are: Kyrgyzstan - Almazbek Atambaev, China - Xi Jinping, Uzbekistan - Islam Karimov, Kazakhstan - Nursultan Nazarbayev, Russia - Vladimir Putin and Tajikistan -
The Council of Heads of Government is the second most important body in the SCO, holding annual summits, discussing issues related to multilateral cooperation, and approving the organization's budget.
The Council of Foreign Ministers also holds meetings on a regular basis, where they talk about the current international situation. In addition, the topic of conversation is interaction with other organizations. On the eve of the Ufa summit, relations between the SCO and BRICS are of particular interest.
The Council of National Coordinators, as its name implies, coordinates the multilateral cooperation of states, regulated by the SCO charter.
The secretariat has the functions of the main executive body in the community. They implement organizational decisions and decrees, prepare draft documents (declarations, programs). It also acts as a documentary depository, organizes specific events at which the SCO member countries work, and promotes the dissemination of information about the organization and its activities. The secretariat is located in Beijing, the capital of China. Its current General Director is Dmitry Fedorovich Mezentsev, a member of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation.
The headquarters of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) is located in the capital of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. This is a permanent body whose main function is to develop cooperation against terrorism, separatism and extremism, which is actively pursued by the SCO organization. The head of this structure is elected for a three-year term, each member state of the community has the right to send a permanent representative from their country to the antiterrorist structure.
Security Cooperation
The SCO countries actively carry out activities in the field of security, focusing primarily on the problems of its provision to the member states. This is especially relevant today with regard to the danger that SCO members in Central Asia may be exposed to. As mentioned earlier, the tasks of the organization include countering terrorism, separatism and extremism.
At the June 2004 SCO summit, held in the capital of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was established and subsequently created. In April 2006, the organization issued a statement announcing the planned fight against cross-border drug crime through counter-terrorism operations. At the same time, it was announced that the SCO is not a military bloc, and the organization is not going to be one, but the increased threat of such phenomena as terrorism, extremism and separatism makes it impossible to ensure security without the full involvement of the armed forces.
In the autumn of 2007, in October, an agreement was signed with the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan. The purpose of this was to expand cooperation on security issues, the fight against crime and drug trafficking. A joint action plan between the organizations was approved in Beijing in early 2008.
In addition, the SCO actively opposes cyber wars, stating that disseminated information that harms the spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other countries should also be considered a security threat. In accordance with the definition of the term “information war” adopted in 2009, such actions are interpreted as an act of undermining the political, economic and social system of another state by one state.
Cooperation of members of the organization in the military sphere
In recent years, the organization has been active, the goals of which are close military cooperation, the fight against terrorism and the exchange of intelligence information.
During this time, the SCO members have held a number of joint military exercises: the first was held in 2003 in two stages, first in Kazakhstan and then in China. Since that time, large-scale military exercises have been held by Russia and China under the auspices of the SCO in 2005, 2007 (“Peace Mission-2007”) and 2009.
More than 4,000 Chinese soldiers took part in a 2007 joint military exercise in the Chelyabinsk region, agreed a year earlier during a meeting of SCO defense ministers. During them, both high-precision weapons and precision weapons were actively used. The then Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Sergei Ivanov, announced that the exercises were transparent and open to the public and the media. Their successful completion prompted the Russian authorities to expand cooperation, therefore, in the future, Russia invited India to become a participant in such exercises under the auspices of the SCO.
The "Peace Mission 2010" military exercise, held at the Kazakh Matybulak training ground in September 2010, brought together more than 5,000 Chinese, Russian, Kazakhstani, Kyrgyz and Tajik military personnel who conducted exercises together regarding operational maneuvers and planning military operations.
The SCO is a platform for important military announcements made by member states. Thus, during the Russian exercises in 2007, during the meeting of the leaders of the countries, President Vladimir Putin announced that Russian strategic bombers were resuming their flights in order to patrol the territory for the first time since the Cold War.
SCO activities in the economy
In addition to membership in the SCO, the composition of the countries of the organization, with the exception of China, is included in the Eurasian Economic Community. The signing by the SCO states, which takes economic cooperation to a new level, took place in September 2003. In the same place, Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao proposed in the future to work on the creation of a free trade zone on the territory of the SCO countries, as well as to take other measures to improve the flow of goods within it. This proposal resulted in the signing in 2004 of a plan of 100 concrete actions.
In October 2005, the Moscow summit was marked by a statement by the Secretary General that the SCO would prioritize joint energy projects, including both the oil and gas sector and the joint use of water resources and the development of new hydrocarbon reserves. The summit also approved the creation of the SCO Interbank Council, whose task was to finance future joint projects. Its first meeting was held in Chinese Beijing in February 2006, and in November of the same year it became known about the development of Russian plans for the so-called "SCO Energy Club". The need for its creation was confirmed at the November 2007 summit, however, with the exception of Russia, no one undertook to implement this idea, but at the August 2008 summit it was approved.
The 2007 summit went down in history thanks to the initiative of Iranian Vice President Parviz Davoudi, who said that the SCO is a great place to design a new banking system independent of international ones.
At the June 2009 summit in Yekaterinburg, which the SCO and BRICS countries (at that time still BRIC) held at the same time, the Chinese authorities announced the allocation of a $10 billion loan to members of the organization in order to strengthen their economies in the context of the global financial crisis. .
Activities of the countries in the SCO in the field of culture
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, in addition to political, military and economic activities, is also actively engaged in cultural activities. The first meeting of the ministers of culture of the SCO countries took place in the Chinese capital Beijing in April 2002. During it, a joint statement was signed confirming the continuation of cooperation in this area.
Under the auspices of the SCO in Astana in 2005, along with the next summit, for the first time an art festival and an exhibition were held. Kazakhstan also made a proposal to hold a folk dance festival under the auspices of the organization. The proposal was accepted and the festival was held in Astana in 2008.
About holding summits
In accordance with the signed Charter, the SCO meeting at the Council of Heads of State is held every year in different cities of the participating countries. The document also says that the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) holds a summit once a year on the territory of the member states of the organization in a place determined in advance by its members. The Council of Foreign Ministers meets a month before the annual summit held by the heads of state. If it is necessary to convene an extraordinary meeting of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, it can be organized at the initiative of any two participating States.
Who can join the SCO in the future?
In the summer of 2010, the procedure for accepting new members was approved, but so far none of those wishing to join the organization has become a full member of the organization. However, some of these states were participants in the SCO summits in the status of observers. And they expressed their interest in joining the main team. Thus, in the future, Iran and Armenia may become members of the SCO. The latter, represented by Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan, during a meeting with a colleague from China, expressed interest in obtaining observer status in the Shanghai International Organization.
SCO observers
Today, potential countries of the SCO and BRICS are in this status in the organization. Afghanistan, for example, received it at the Beijing summit in 2012. India also acts as an observer and Russia, seeing in it one of the most important future strategic partners, called on it to become a full member of the SCO. China also supported this Russian initiative.
Iran, which was supposed to become a full participant in March 2008, also acts as an observer. However, the sanctions imposed by the UN caused a temporary blocking of the procedure for the admission of the country to the SCO. The observer countries include Mongolia and Pakistan. The latter also seeks to join the organization. The Russian side openly supports this aspiration.
Dialogue Partnership
The regulation on dialogue partners appeared in 2008. It is set out in Article 14 of the Charter. It considers a dialogue partner as a state or an international organization that shares the principles and goals pursued by the SCO, and is also interested in establishing mutually beneficial and equal partnership relations.
Such countries are Belarus and Sri Lanka, which received this status in 2009, during the summit in Yekaterinburg. In 2012, during the Beijing summit, Turkey joined the dialogue partners.
Cooperation with Western countries
Most Western observers are of the opinion that the SCO should create a counterweight to the US and to prevent possible conflicts that would allow the US to interfere in the internal politics of neighboring countries - Russia and China. America tried to get observer status in the organization, but her application was rejected in 2006.
At the 2005 summit in Astana, in connection with the hostilities in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as the uncertain situation regarding the presence of US military forces in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, the organization put forward a demand to the US authorities to set a deadline for the withdrawal of troops from the states that are members of the SCO . After that, Uzbekistan voiced a request to close the K-2 air base on its territory.
Although the organization did not make any direct critical statements regarding US foreign policy actions and its presence in the region, some indirect statements at recent meetings were interpreted by Western media as criticism of Washington's actions.
Geopolitics of the SCO
Recently, the geopolitical nature of the organization has also become an object of comment and discussion.
The theory says that the control of Eurasia is the key to world domination, and the ability to control the countries of Central Asia gives the power to control the Eurasian continent. Knowing which countries are members of the SCO, we can say that, despite the stated goals regarding the fight against extremism and improving the security of border areas, the organization, according to experts, seeks to balance the activities of America and NATO in Central Asia .
In the fall of 2005, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov announced that the organization was working to create a just and rational world order and the formation of a fundamentally new model of geopolitical integration. This activity is carried out as actively as the work relating to other spheres of society.
Chinese media reports that, in accordance with the SCO Declaration, its members are obliged to ensure security in the region, and therefore they call on Western countries not to interfere in its affairs. In other words, Asian countries are uniting in order to create a worthy alternative to European international communities and build their own international community independent of the West.
What is the SCO?
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organization.
The main objectives of the SCO include: strengthening mutual trust and good neighborliness among member states; promotion of their effective cooperation in the political, trade, economic, scientific, technical and cultural fields, as well as in the field of education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection and others; joint provision and maintenance of peace, security and stability in the region; moving towards the creation of a democratic, just and rational new international political and economic order.
In relations within the organization, the SCO member states adhere to the idea of the "Shanghai spirit" and the principles of consensus and mutual trust, mutually beneficial cooperation, equality, mutual consultations, respect for the diversity of cultures and the pursuit of common development; and in foreign relations - the principles of openness, non-affiliation with blocs and non-direction against third countries.
The history of the creation of the SCO
The establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was announced on June 15, 2001 in Shanghai (PRC) by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Prior to this, all these countries, with the exception of Uzbekistan, were members of the "Shanghai Five" - a political association based on the Agreement on Confidence Building in the Military Field in the Border Area (Shanghai, 1996) and the Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Armed Forces in the Border Area (Moscow, 1997) . These two documents laid the foundation for a mechanism of mutual trust in the military field in the border areas and contributed to the establishment of truly partnership relations. After the inclusion in the organization of Uzbekistan (2001), the “five” became the “six” and was renamed the SCO.
The tasks of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization initially lay in the sphere of mutual intra-regional actions to suppress terrorist acts, separatism and extremism in Central Asia. In June 2002, at the St. Petersburg Summit of the SCO Heads of State, the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was signed, which entered into force on September 19, 2003. This is the basic statutory document that fixes the goals and principles of the organization, its structure and main activities. In addition, in 2006 the SCO announced plans to fight the international drug mafia as a financial backbone of terrorism in the world, and in 2008 - active participation in the normalization of the situation in Afghanistan.
In parallel, the activities of the SCO received a broad economic focus. In September 2003, the heads of government of the SCO member states signed a 20-year program of multilateral trade and economic cooperation. As a long-term goal, it is envisaged to create a free trade zone in the SCO space, and in the short term - to intensify the process of creating favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment.
Which countries are participating in the work of the SCO?
Currently, six countries are full members of the SCO - Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; five countries - Afghanistan, India, Iran, Mongolia and Pakistan have observer status in the SCO, and three - Belarus, Turkey and Sri Lanka - dialogue partners.
How many council meetingsSCO heads of state has already been carried out?
A total of 14 meetings of the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States took place:
In 2015, the 15th meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States will be held in Ufa (Russian Federation).
How is the working process of the SCO organized?
The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of State (CHS). It meets once a year and makes decisions on all important issues.
The Council of Heads of Government of the SCO (CGP) meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas for development, address fundamental and topical issues of economic and other cooperation, and also approves the annual budget of the organization.
In addition to the meetings of the CHS and the CHP, there is a mechanism of meetings at the level of heads of parliaments, law enforcement agencies, supreme and arbitration courts, secretaries of security councils, prosecutors general, as well as ministers of foreign affairs, defense, emergency situations, economy, transport, culture, education and health.
The SCO Council of National Coordinators (CNC) serves as the coordination mechanism within the SCO.
The organization has two permanent bodies - the Secretariat in Beijing (China) and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure in Tashkent (Republic of Uzbekistan).
The Secretary General and the Director of the Executive Committee are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a period of three years. Since January 1, 2013, these posts have been held respectively by Dmitry Fedorovich Mezentsev (Russian Federation) and Zhang Xinfeng (People's Republic of China).
Russian and Chinese are recognized as official working languages of the SCO.
What is RATS SCO?
The Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) of the SCO is a permanent body. The headquarters of the organization is located in the capital of the Republic of Uzbekistan - the city of Tashkent.
The SCO RATS Executive Committee in its activities is guided by the provisions of the SCO Charter, the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, the Agreement between the SCO Member States on the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, as well as other documents and decisions adopted within the SCO.
What is the SCO Business Council?
The Business Council of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (BC SCO) was established on June 14, 2006 in Shanghai (China) and is a non-governmental structure that brings together the most authoritative representatives of the business community of the SCO member states with the aim of expanding economic cooperation, establishing direct ties and dialogue between business and financial circles, promoting the practical promotion of multilateral projects. Among the priority areas of interstate cooperation, along with energy, transport, telecommunications, credit and banking, the Council highlights the interaction of the SCO countries in the field of education, science and innovative technologies, healthcare and agriculture.
The SCO BC is an independent structure capable of making advisory decisions and providing expert assessments on promising areas for involving representatives of the business community of the SCO member states in trade, economic and investment cooperation within the organization.
The supreme body of the SCO BC is the annual session, which determines priorities and develops the main directions of its activities, resolves the most important issues of relations with business associations of other states.
The permanent Secretariat of the SCO BC is located in Moscow.
What is the SCO Interbank Association?
The SCO Interbank Association (IBC SCO) was established by the decision of the Council of Heads of Government on October 26, 2005 in order to organize a mechanism for financing and banking investment projects supported by the governments of the SCO member states. The meeting of the SCO IBC is held with the general consent of the parties as necessary, but at least once a year. The chairmanship of the council is carried out on the principle of rotation.
The SCO IBC members include: the Development Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Development Bank of the People's Republic of China, the Settlement and Savings Company of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan JSC "RSK Bank", Vnesheconombank of the Russian Federation, the State Savings Bank of the Republic of Tajikistan "Amonatbonk" and the National Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan .
The priority areas of cooperation within the framework of the SCO IBC are: providing funding for the implementation of projects with an emphasis on infrastructure construction, basic industries, high-tech industries, export-oriented sectors of the economy, socially significant projects; granting and attraction of credits taking into account generally accepted international banking practice; organization of pre-export financing in order to stimulate trade and economic relations between the SCO member states and other areas of common interest.
Photo host agency
The host photo agency provides official filming of all events of the chairmanship open to the media. Photographs are posted on-line in a special section of the official website of the Russian Federation's SCO Presidency and can be used by media representatives.
FSEI HPE "KALININGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"
Department of "Economic Theory"
Report on the topic:
SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION
Prepared by: st.gr. 08-RN
Chilikina M.V.
Checked by: Senchukova L.O.
Kaliningrad 2011-
1. History of creation………………………………………………………………………3
2. Management structure…………………………………………………………………6
3.1 Security sphere……………………………………………………………....9
3.2 Economic activity………………………………………………..10
3.3 Cultural and humanitarian activities………………………………….11
4. Participation of the Russian Federation in the SCO……………………………………………13
References………………………………………………………………...14
History of creation
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional international organization founded in 2001 by the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. With the exception of Uzbekistan, the rest of the countries were members of the "Shanghai Five", founded as a result of the signing in 1996-1997. agreements between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia and Tajikistan on strengthening confidence in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area. After the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the participants renamed the organization.
The total territory of the countries belonging to the SCO is 30 million km², that is, 60% of the territory of Eurasia. Its total demographic potential is one fourth of the world's population (the total population of the countries participating in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: 1 billion 455 million people), and its economic potential includes the most powerful Chinese economy after the United States.
One of the features of the SCO is that in terms of status it is neither a military bloc, like NATO, nor an open regular security conference, like the ASEAN ARF, occupying an intermediate position. The main tasks of the organization are to strengthen stability and security in a wide area that unites the participating states, the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, the development of economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction.
The prerequisites for the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization were laid back in the 60s. XX century, when the USSR and China began to resolve border issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, new participants in the negotiations appeared in the face of Russia and the newly formed states of Central Asia. After China managed to civilly resolve all territorial issues with neighboring CIS states - Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - prospects for further development of fruitful regional cooperation opened up before the partners. For Russia and China, this was an attractive opportunity to unite under their auspices the efforts and potentials of the Central Asian states to curb the possible expansion of other world centers of power and influence in Central Asia.
Based on the prevailing favorable political climate, and also because of the growing danger of the region turning into an area of permanent instability due to a sharp intensification of international terrorism, the "Shanghai Five" was formed in 1996. Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five were held in Moscow in 1997, Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) in 1998, Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in 1999 and Dushanbe (Tajikistan) in 2000. By the time the Bishkek summit was held, all participants of the Shanghai Five had become aware of the need to develop cooperation in a wide range of areas, which required the creation of permanent cooperation mechanisms in the form of meetings of ministers and expert groups. In fact, the architecture of the new international organization began to take shape. An institution of national coordinators, appointed by each country, emerged.
In 2001, another meeting was again held in Shanghai (China). Then five participating countries accepted Uzbekistan into the organization (which was recorded in a joint statement of the heads of state and led to the renaming of the organization into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, or the "Shanghai Six").
The first documents adopted by the SCO were the Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, and the Joint Statement on Connecting Uzbekistan to the Shanghai Five mechanism.
The meeting of the heads of state in June 2002 in St. Petersburg continued the institutionalization of the SCO: the Declaration on the establishment of the Organization was practically embodied in the signing of two new important acts - the Declaration of the Heads of State - members of the SCO, called the final political document by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, and the Charter of the SCO - basic statutory document.
As a result of the Moscow summit (May 28-29, 2003), the SCO Secretariat with headquarters in Beijing and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) were created (the agreement on its creation was signed a year earlier in St. Petersburg.) Among the 30 documents signed then were and the regulations governing the functioning of the bodies of the organization - the regulations on the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government and the Council of Foreign Ministers.
Due to the fact that following the results of the Moscow summit the organizational period of the SCO ended, on January 1, 2004, it began to function as a full-fledged international structure with its own working mechanisms, personnel and budget.
As a result of the Tashkent summit (June 2004), the following documents were signed: the Tashkent Declaration on the results of the meeting, the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the SCO, as well as a number of other documents. The composition of the organization expanded due to the admission of a new member, Mongolia, as an observer.
The meeting of the heads of state of the SCO, held in 2005, aroused genuine interest among political observers, since in addition to a new package of treaties and conventions, the participants signed the Declaration of the heads of state of the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which fixed common approaches aimed at further consolidating efforts and strengthening coordination.
The main outcome documents of the Bishkek summit (August 2007) were the Treaty on Long-term Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Bishkek Declaration of the Heads of State of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The forum was also attended by the presidents of two SCO observer countries - Mongolian President Nambaryn Enkhbayar and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The other two Observer States of the Organization were represented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, Khurshid Kasuri, and the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas of India, Murli Deor.
In 2009, at a meeting in Yekaterinburg, the heads of the SCO member states decided to grant the status of SCO dialogue partner to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Republic of Belarus.
On April 28, 2010, a Memorandum was signed on granting the Republic of Belarus the status of a dialogue partner of the SCO, which formalized this status for Belarus.
2. Management structure of the organization
To fulfill the goals and objectives of the SCO Charter, the following bodies were established within the organization:
Council of Heads of State (CHS);
Council of Heads of Government (CGP);
Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA);
Meetings of heads of ministries and departments;
Council of National Coordinators (CNC);
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS);
Secretariat - a permanent administrative body headed by the Secretary General (since 2010 - the representative of Kyrgyzstan M.S. Imanaliev).
Council of Heads of State (CHS) is the supreme body of the SCO. It determines the priorities and main directions of the Organization's activities, resolves the fundamental issues of its internal structure and functioning, interaction with other states and international organizations, and also considers the most pressing international problems. The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The chairmanship of the meeting of the CHS is carried out by the head of state - the organizer of the next meeting. The venue of the meeting is determined, as a rule, by the alphabetical order (Russian) of the list of SCO member states. The Council may decide on the creation of other SCO bodies, which is formalized in the form of additional protocols to the Charter.
Council of Heads of Government (CGP) adopts the SCO budget, which is formed on the basis of the principle of shared participation, considers and resolves the main issues related to specific, especially economic, areas of development of interaction within the Organization. The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The chairmanship of the meeting of the Council is carried out by the head of the government of the state in whose territory the meeting is held.
Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA) considers and resolves issues of the current activities of the Organization, including the preparation of a meeting of the CHS, takes measures to implement the decisions of the Organization and hold consultations within the framework of the SCO on international issues. The chairmanship of the Council is exercised by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Member State of the Organization, on the territory of which the regular meeting of the CHS is held. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs represents the Organization in the implementation of external contacts in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for the work of the Council.
Meetings of heads of ministries and/or departments are held to consider specific issues of developing cooperation in relevant areas within the framework of the SCO. To date, a mechanism has been formed for holding meetings of prosecutors general, ministers of defense, ministers of economy and trade, ministers of communications, ministers of culture, as well as meetings of heads of law enforcement agencies and departments for emergency assistance to victims of disasters. The chairmanship is carried out by the head of the relevant ministry and / or department of the host state of the meeting. The place and time of the meeting will be agreed in advance.
The Secretariat is a permanent administrative body of the SCO. It is entrusted with: organizational and technical support of events held within the framework of the SCO, participation in the development and implementation of documents of all bodies within the Organization, preparation of proposals for the annual budget. The secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is approved by the CHS. The Secretary General is appointed from among the citizens of the SCO member states on the basis of rotation, in the order of the Russian alphabet of the names of the member states for a period of three years without the right to renew for the next term. Until 2006, there was no post of Secretary General, instead of it there was an institution of an executive secretary, who formally could act only on behalf of the SCO Secretariat. There is an opinion that it is necessary to restructure the SCO Secretariat into a more independent executive body, due to the lack of sufficient rights and funding at the moment. While in the UN, NATO, the CSTO and other organizations the executive bodies are relatively independent and, therefore, are able to develop the agenda of their organizations themselves, come up with initiatives and even facilitate the adoption of their initiative proposals by the leadership of the member states, the SCO Secretariat does not really conducts organizational work, which, in fact, is handled by the Council of National Coordinators. As a result, the staff of the Secretariat must coordinate any issue with the national coordinator of the country that sent it, and that one with the national coordinators of other countries. This is not conducive to building institutional ethics in the Secretariat. It turns out that, in fact, the SCO Secretariat is not an independent body of an international organization, but a team consisting of national representatives.
Council of National Coordinators (CNC) carries out coordination and management of the current activities of the Organization, conducts the necessary preparations for the meetings of the CHS, CHP and Ministerial Council. The Council of People's Commissars meets at least three times a year. Chairmanship in the Council of People's Commissars is carried out by the national coordinator of the Member State of the Organization, on whose territory the regular meeting of the CHS will be held. The Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, on behalf of the Chairman of the Council of Foreign Ministers, may represent the Organization in the implementation of external contacts.
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) - a permanent body of the SCO headquartered in Tashkent, designed to promote coordination and interaction between the competent authorities of the parties in the fight against terrorism, extremism and separatism. It has the status of a legal entity and the right to enter into contracts, acquire and dispose of movable and immovable property, open and maintain bank accounts, initiate lawsuits in courts and participate in legal proceedings. These rights are exercised on behalf of the RATS by the director of the RATS Executive Committee. The main functions of this body are to coordinate the efforts of all SCO member states in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism - the development of proposals for the fight against terrorism, the collection and analysis of information, the formation of a database of individuals and organizations that provide support to criminals, assistance in the preparation and carrying out operational-search and other measures to combat these phenomena, maintaining contacts with international organizations The RATS consists of the Council and the Executive Committee (a permanent body). The Council, which includes the heads of the competent authorities of the countries of the Organization, is the decision-making governing body. The Chairman of the RATS Executive Committee is appointed by the Council of Heads of State.
Decisions in the SCO bodies are made by consensus. The procedure for the work of all the bodies of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was finally developed and adopted in 2003, at the Moscow summit. The main structures of the organization began to work in January 2004, after which this association functions as a full-fledged international organization.
3.1 Security sphere
The activities of the SCO initially lay in the sphere of mutual intra-regional actions to suppress terrorist acts, as well as separatism and extremism in Central Asia. According to Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan, it has become the first international organization to make the idea of combating terrorism the core of its activities. Already among the first documents signed by the participants of the SCO inception summit in Shanghai (2001) was the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, which for the first time at the international level consolidated the definition of separatism and extremism as violent, criminally punishable acts. Since that time, the participating countries have given priority to the issues of settling internal conflicts, reaching consensus in countering extremism and drug mafia, which was first evidenced by the creation of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, and then the signing of the Treaty on Long-term Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation.
On June 7, 2002 in St. Petersburg, at the meeting of the heads of states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, an Agreement on the Regional Antiterrorist Structure was signed. The main tasks and functions of the Executive Committee of the RATS SCO are defined in three priority areas:
coordination and operational direction (coordination and interaction of the competent authorities of the participating countries in the fight against terrorism, extremism, conducting anti-terrorist exercises, etc.);
international legal direction (participation in the preparation of international documents on issues of combating terrorism, including within the framework of the UN, assistance to the UN Security Council, etc.);
information and analytical direction (formation and replenishment of the RATS data bank, collection and analysis of information on issues of combating terrorism, etc.).
According to the executive director of this organization, V. Kasymov, only during the period between two SCO summits (July 5, 2005 - June 15, 2006), as a result of the activities of the RATS on the territory of the SCO, more than 450 terrorist attacks were prevented, 15 leaders of terrorist organizations were detained or destroyed by the special services of the countries Organizations, 400 more are wanted.
3.2 Economic activity
Despite the fact that the SCO was originally created with the aim of jointly protecting the borders of neighboring states, almost immediately its activities also received an economic focus. A few months after the start of the work of the SCO, at their first meeting in Alma-Ata, the prime ministers of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization discussed issues of regional trade and economic cooperation, the development of the SCO and other problems, signed a Memorandum between the governments of the SCO member states on the main goals and areas of regional economic cooperation and launching a process to create an enabling environment for trade and investment.
In May of the following year, the first meeting of the ministers of economy and trade of the SCO member states was held in Shanghai. The parties officially launched a mechanism for holding meetings of ministers of economy and trade and creating favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment. As a result of the meeting, a protocol was signed to the Memorandum between the governments of the SCO member states on the main goals and directions of regional economic cooperation and the launch of a process to create favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment and a joint statement on the results of the first meeting of ministers responsible for foreign economic and foreign trade activities.
In September 2003, the heads of government of the SCO member countries signed the Program of Multilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation for 20 years. As a long-term goal, the creation of a free trade zone in the SCO is envisaged, and in the short term - an increase in the flow of goods in the region. Cooperation should cover the fields of energy, transport, agriculture, telecommunications, environmental protection, etc. An action plan for developing cooperation was signed a year later, in September 2004.
China occupies a special place in the economic relations of the SCO countries. It influences the economic situation in the region more and more every year, stimulates the cooperation of the SCO countries in this area, insisting on the creation of a free trade zone, and at the same time the creation of an infrastructure for trade and investment. Drawing the economies of the countries of the Central Asian region (CAR) into the orbit of its economic interests, the PRC considers them, first of all, as reliable markets for its goods. It is from the point of view of expanding trade cooperation that China actively supports the entry of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization countries into the World Trade Organization.
At the end of the summit in Yekaterinburg, as well as the meeting of the heads of state of the BRIC group that took place the next day, on June 17, 2009, Russia and China entered into an unprecedented agreement in energy for one hundred billion dollars. The largest deal in the history of bilateral relations between Russia and China was announced by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev after negotiations with Chinese leader Hu Jintao. The top officials agreed to develop a mechanism for mutual settlements in rubles and yuan. So far, all transactions between Russia and China are valued in dollars. But if the initiative of the PRC and the Russian Federation is implemented, it can affect not only Russian-Chinese relations, but also the entire world trade. Moscow and Beijing intend to replace the dollar with the yuan and the ruble.
3.3 Cultural and humanitarian activities
In the Declaration on the Establishment of the SCO, the participating countries also declared the need to develop cultural cooperation.
The ministers of culture of the participating countries met for the first time in Beijing on April 12, 2002. The governments of the states actively supported the holding of the Days of Culture, the participation of art groups and artists. Since that time, humanitarian cooperation has gradually intensified: joint events are held to coincide with significant historical dates of the SCO member countries, exchanges of students and faculty are practiced, and attempts are made to create joint training centers. In 2008, the SCO University was formed as a single network educational space based on universities conducting research in the areas of regional studies, IT technologies, nanotechnologies, energy, and ecology - by 2010, these are 53 universities from 5 SCO countries.
Relations are also developing in the field of art. Since 2005, exhibitions of children's drawings "Children draw fairy tales" have been held annually. The idea of the project initiators, which was to stimulate children's interest in the culture of neighboring countries, as well as national heritage through folk tales, was actively supported by the SCO Secretariat, which turned to representatives of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan with a proposal to organize a joint exhibition of children's drawings. The proposal received a wide response, and in June 2009 the vernissage of children's drawings presented by all SCO member countries was held for the twenty-first time.
Like other areas of interaction, humanitarian cooperation within the SCO has broad prospects.
Criticism of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is largely related to the failure of its activities, in particular in the fight against terrorism and the protection of regional security. Some foreign analysts (for example, Matthew Oresman from the American Center for Strategic and International Studies) suggest that the SCO is nothing more than a debating club that claims to be something more. The head of the Institute of Military History of the RF Ministry of Defense A A. Koltyukov, arguing that "an analysis of the results achieved by this Organization allows us to characterize it as a political club in which bilateral cooperation still prevails over the solution of regional and global problems. ... real cooperation in these areas counteracting the threats of terrorism, separatism and the fight against drug trafficking not seen at the regional level.
4. Participation of the Russian Federation in the SCO
In the context of the formation of a new system of international relations, building a collective system of regional security is a very urgent task. Considering various aspects of ensuring the regional security of Central Asia, special attention should be paid to the foreign policy dimension, which plays an important role in the safe development of states, taking into account the current growing interdependence in the globalizing space of international relations.
Based on the results of the 10-year existence of the SCO, it can be argued that the Organization has withstood the test of time. At present, there are no such centrifugal forces within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which, for example, are observed in the CIS. More can be said - in the post-Soviet space, the SCO has become the most powerful and promising organization for international cooperation. A serious challenge to the SCO during these years was the Russian-Georgian conflict in August 2008 and the riots in Kyrgyzstan in the summer of 2010.
However, the organization coped with them. At the moment, everything suggests that good Russian-Chinese relations in Central Asia will continue. They are a factor of stability, a deterrent to security threats in the region. And although there are some contradictions and frictions between the SCO states, outwardly the SCO looks like a rather monolithic structure: there is something that unites these states, even though the SCO member countries differ in many respects in terms of basic indicators. China and Russia account for 98% of the population and 97% of the total GDP of the integration association, however, despite the global financial crisis of the late 2000s, the mutual trade turnover of the SCO member countries is characterized by high growth dynamics. Among the SCO countries, China ($196 billion), Russia ($134.3 billion), Kazakhstan ($14.8 billion) and Uzbekistan ($2.4 billion) have a positive foreign trade balance. And although Russia's relative influence in the SCO is less than in the CIS, the SCO plays an important role for Russia in connecting China to multilateral cooperation in Central Asia, and in the future, other large countries in the region, such as India, Iran, Pakistan and Mongolia.
For the Central Asian states, where the unilateral influence of Russia or China is perceived with some concern, their joint presence in the SCO, where the Central Asian states themselves are equal members, and all issues are resolved by consensus, is the most effective mechanism for interaction.
List of used literature
en.wikipedia.org
Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Toward New Frontiers of Development
/ Comp.: A.F. Klimenko. - 1st. - M.: In-t Daln. Vost., 2008. - 400 p.
Interaction of Russia with China and other partners in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization / Anatoly Viktorovich Bolyatko. - 1st. - M.: In-t Daln. Vost. RAN, 2008. - 180 p.
I. N. Komissina; Kurtov A. A. Shanghai Cooperation Organization
// Kokarev K. A. Russia in Asia: problems of interaction: a collection of articles. - M.: Publishing House of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies, 2006. - S. 251
Shanghai organizations cooperation, Shanghai ...
Shanghai organization cooperation, state of the art
Abstract >> Economics... Shanghai organizations cooperation(2002), Multilateral Economic and Trade Program cooperation(2003), Five Year Declaration Shanghai organizations cooperation(2006) and others. Shanghai organization cooperation ...
Central Asia and Shanghai organization cooperation current trends and prospects
Abstract >> HistoryFrom each other. Central Asia and Shanghai organization cooperation In the Central Asian region, the military is acute ... only through the structures of the Shanghai organizations cooperation(SCO), which includes 4 states of Central Asia...
Organization the work of the public relations department on the example of JSC Sinarsky Pipe Plant
Thesis >> MarketingAnd maintaining communication, mutual understanding, location and cooperation between organization and her public. They include... travel" was dedicated to the summit of representatives Shanghai Organizations cooperation, which will take place in the Middle Urals ...
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organization, the establishment of which was announced on June 15, 2001 in Shanghai (PRC) by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was preceded by the Shanghai Five mechanism.
In June 2002, at the St. Petersburg Summit of the Heads of State of the SCO Member States, the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was signed, which entered into force on September 19, 2003. This is the basic statutory document that fixes the goals and principles of the organization, its structure and main activities.
On June 8-9, 2017, a historic meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was held in Astana, during which the status of a member state of the Organization was granted to the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
The main goals of the SCO include: strengthening mutual trust and good neighborliness between the member countries; promotion of their effective cooperation in the political, trade, economic, scientific, technical and cultural fields, as well as in the field of education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection and others; joint provision and maintenance of peace, security and stability in the region; moving towards the creation of a democratic, just and rational new international political and economic order.
In relations within the organization, the SCO member states, based on the "Shanghai spirit", adhere to the principles of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultations, respect for the diversity of cultures and the desire for common development, and in external relations adhere to the principle of non-alliance, not directed against anyone and openness.
The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States (CHS). It meets once a year and takes decisions and instructions on all important issues of the Organization. The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the SCO Member States (CGP) meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the Organization, address fundamental and topical issues of economic and other cooperation, and also approves the annual budget of the Organization. The official languages of the SCO are Russian and Chinese.
In addition to the meetings of the CHS and the CHP, there is also a mechanism for meetings at the level of heads of parliaments, secretaries of security councils, ministers of foreign affairs, defense, emergency situations, economy, transport, culture, education, healthcare, heads of law enforcement agencies, supreme and arbitration courts, prosecutors general. The Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States (CNC) serves as the coordination mechanism within the SCO.
The organization has two permanent bodies - the SCO Secretariat in Beijing and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) of the SCO in Tashkent. The SCO Secretary General and the Director of the SCO RATS Executive Committee are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a period of three years. Since January 1, 2016, these posts have been respectively occupied by Rashid Alimov (Tajikistan) and Evgeny Sysoev (Russia).
So currently:
- eight countries are SCO member states - the Republic of India, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan;
- four countries have the status of an observer state in the SCO - the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Republic of Belarus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Republic of Mongolia;
- six countries are partners in the SCO dialogue - the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, the Republic of Turkey, the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.
2.1 Goals, objectives and principles of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Mechanisms and organizational structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
On June 15, 2001 in Shanghai, the heads of state of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan, highly appreciating the positive role of the "Shanghai Five" and believing that the creation and development of the "Shanghai Five" met the needs of mankind and historical development of these states, signed the "Declaration on the establishment of the" Shanghai Cooperation Organization ". On the basis of the Declaration on the Establishment of the SCO, on June 7, 2002, at the summit in St. Petersburg, the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was signed.
The charter consists of 26 articles that define the goals and objectives of the SCO, principles, areas of cooperation, the organizational structure of the SCO, funding, relations with other states and international organizations, the duration and entry into force, as well as the language, dispute resolution, changes and additions.
In accordance with the Charter, the main goals and objectives of the SCO are:
1. Strengthening of mutual trust, friendship and good-neighborliness among the Member States;
2. development of multidisciplinary cooperation in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and stability in the region, to promote the construction of a new democratic, just and rational political and economic international order;
3. joint counteraction to terrorism, separatism and extremism in all their manifestations, the fight against drug and arms trafficking, other types of criminal transnational activities, as well as illegal migration;
4. Encouragement of effective regional cooperation in political, trade, economic, defense, law enforcement, environmental, cultural, scientific and technical, educational, energy, transport, credit and financial and other areas of common interest;
5. promoting comprehensive and balanced economic growth, social and cultural development in the region through joint action based on equal partnership in order to steadily improve the standard of living and improve the living conditions of the peoples of the Member States;
6. coordination of approaches to integration into the world economy;
7. promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the international obligations of the Member States and their national legislation;
8. maintenance and development of relations with other states and international organizations;
9. interaction in the prevention of international conflicts and their peaceful settlement;
10. joint search for solutions to problems that will arise in the 21st century.
The SCO member states adhere to the following principles:
1. mutual respect for the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity of states and the inviolability of state borders, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, non-use of force or threat of force in international relations, renunciation of unilateral military superiority in adjacent areas;
2. equality of all member states, search for common points of view based on mutual understanding and respect for the opinions of each of them;
3. step-by-step implementation of joint actions in areas of common interest;
4.peaceful resolution of disagreements between member states;
6. preventing any illegal actions directed against the interests of the SCO;
7. conscientious fulfillment of the obligations arising from this Charter and other documents adopted within the framework of the SCO.
Unlike the Shanghai Five, the SCO begins to adhere to new principles: the gradual implementation of joint actions in areas of common interest, the prevention of any illegal actions directed against the interests of the SCO, as well as the non-direction of the SCO against other states and international organizations.
To fulfill the goals and objectives of the Charter, the following supranational institutions operate within the Organization:
Council of Heads of State;
Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers);
Council of Foreign Ministers;
Meetings of heads of ministries and departments;
Council of National Coordinators;
Regional antiterrorist structure;
Secretariat.
All these bodies are executive structures, and there is no such body as a parliamentary assembly or a single court. This shows the initial level of the institutional development of the SCO.
The functions and procedures for the work of the SCO bodies, with the exception of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, are determined by the relevant provisions, which are approved by the Council of Heads of State.
The Council of Heads of State may decide to establish other SCO bodies. The creation of new bodies is formalized in the form of additional protocols to the Charter.
The Council of Heads of State is the supreme body of the SCO. It determines priorities and develops the main directions of the Organization's activities, resolves the fundamental issues of its internal structure and functioning, interaction with other states and international organizations, and also considers the most pressing international problems.
The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The chairmanship at a meeting of the Council of Heads of State is carried out by the head of the state organizing the next meeting. The venue of the next meeting of the Council is determined, as a rule, in the order of the Russian alphabet of the names of the SCO member states.
The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) adopts the budget of the Organization, considers and decides on the main issues related to specific, especially economic, areas of development of interaction within the framework of the Organization.
The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The meeting of the Council is chaired by the head of government (Prime Minister) of the state in whose territory the meeting is held.
The venue of the next meeting of the Council is determined by prior agreement of the heads of government (prime ministers)
Member States.
The Council of Foreign Ministers considers the current activities of the Organization, the preparation of a meeting of the Council of Heads of State and the holding of consultations within the framework of the Organization on International Problems. The Council may, if necessary, make statements on behalf of the SCO.
The Council meets, as a rule, one month before the meeting of the Council of Heads of State. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers are convened on the initiative of at least two Member States and with the consent of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of all other Member States. The venue of the regular and extraordinary meetings of the Council is determined by mutual agreement.
The chairmanship of the Council shall be exercised by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Member State of the Organization on whose territory a regular meeting of the Council of Heads of State is held.
The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs represents the Organization in the implementation of external contacts in accordance with the Regulations on the Procedure of the Council's work.
In accordance with the decisions of the Council of Heads of State and the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers), the heads of sectoral ministries and departments of the Member States hold meetings on a regular basis to consider specific issues of developing cooperation in relevant areas within the framework of the SCO.
The chairmanship is carried out by the head of the relevant ministry or department of the host state of the meeting. The place and time of the meeting will be agreed in advance.
For the preparation and holding of meetings, by prior agreement of the Member States, working groups of experts can be created on a permanent or temporary basis, which carry out their activities in accordance with the work regulations approved at meetings of heads of ministries or departments. These groups are formed from representatives of ministries or departments of member states.
The Council of National Coordinators is the body of the SCO that coordinates and manages the current activities of the Organization. He carries out the necessary preparations for the meetings of the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) and the Council of Foreign Ministers. National Focal Points are appointed by each Member State in accordance with its internal rules and procedures.
The Council meets at least three times a year. The chairmanship of the Council is exercised by the national coordinator of the Member State of the Organization, on whose territory the regular meeting of the Council of Heads of State will be held, for a period starting from the date of completion of the last regular meeting of the Council of Heads of State and ending with the date of the regular meeting of the Council of Heads of State.
The Chairman of the Council of National Coordinators, on behalf of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, may represent the Organization in the implementation of external contacts in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for the work of the Council of National Coordinators.
The Regional Antiterrorist Structure of the States Parties to the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism of June 15, 2001, located in the city of Bishkek, is a permanent body of the SCO.
Its main tasks and functions, the principles of formation and financing, as well as the procedure for its activities are regulated by a separate international agreement concluded between the Member States, and other necessary documents adopted by them.
If necessary, the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States may establish branches of the RATS in the territories of the Parties. The status of the RATS branch and the persons working in it is determined by an agreement between the SCO and the government of the host state.
RATS is designed to promote coordination and interaction between the competent authorities of the Parties in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism.
In its activities, the RATS is guided by documents and decisions relating to the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism, adopted within the framework of the SCO. The RATS interacts with the competent bodies of the Parties, including the exchange of information, and prepares relevant materials at the request of other bodies of the SCO.
The RATS bodies are the RATS Council and the Executive Committee. The Council may establish the necessary subsidiary bodies. The Council consists of the states that are members of the SCO. It is organized in such a way that it can function continuously. For this purpose, each Party must be permanently represented at the seat of the RATS. The Council takes binding decisions on all matters of substance, including financial matters. The Council submits annual reports on the activities of the RATS to the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States. A decision in the Council on any issue is considered adopted if none of the Parties objected to it.
RATS has the status of a legal entity and has the right to:
conclude contracts;
Acquire movable and immovable property and dispose of it;
Open and maintain bank accounts in any currency;
File lawsuits in courts and participate in court proceedings.
These rights are exercised on behalf of the RATS by the Director of the RATS Executive Committee.
The activities of the RATS are financed from the SCO budget. The procedure for financing the RATS is determined by the documents regulating the issues of the SCO budget.
The main tasks and functions of the RATS are:
2) assistance to the competent authorities of the Parties in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism;
3) collection and analysis of information received by the RATS from the Parties on the issues of combating terrorism, separatism and extremism;
4) provision of information at the request of the competent authorities of the Parties;
5) assistance in the preparation and conduct of anti-terrorist command-staff and operational-tactical exercises;
6) assistance in the preparation and conduct of operational-search and other measures to combat terrorism, separatism and extremism;
7) assistance in the implementation of the international search for persons who allegedly committed these acts, in order to bring them to criminal liability;
8) participation in the preparation of international legal documents affecting the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism;
9) assistance in the training of specialists and instructors for anti-terrorist units;
10) participation in the preparation and holding of scientific and practical conferences, seminars, assistance in the exchange of experience on combating terrorism, separatism and extremism;
11) establishing and maintaining working contacts with international organizations involved in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism.
The Executive Committee shall consist of the Director and such personnel as may be required for the smooth running of the RATS. The structure of the Executive Committee, as well as its staff list, is approved by the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO Member States on the basis of the Director's proposals approved by the Council.
The official languages of the RATS are Russian and Chinese, the working language is Russian.
The Secretariat is a permanent administrative body of the SCO. It provides organizational and technical support for the events held within the framework of the SCO, prepares proposals for the organization's annual budget.
The Secretariat is headed by the Executive Secretary, who is approved by the Council of Heads of State on the proposal of the Council of Foreign Ministers.
The Executive Secretary is appointed from among the citizens of the Member States on a rotational basis in the Russian alphabetical order of the names of the Member States for a period of three years without the right to renew for another term.
The Deputy Executive Secretaries are approved by the Council of Foreign Ministers on the proposal of the Council of National Coordinators. They may not be representatives of the State for which the Executive Secretary is appointed. Secretariat officials are recruited from among the citizens of the Member States on a quota basis.
In the performance of their duties, the Executive Secretary, his deputies and other officers of the Secretariat shall not seek or receive instructions from any Member State or government, organization or individual. They must refrain from any action that could affect their position as international officials responsible only to the SCO.
Member States undertake to respect the international nature of the duties of the Executive Secretary, his deputies and Secretariat staff and not to influence them in the performance of their official duties.
It follows that this structure has a supranational character.
The seat of the SCO Secretariat is the city of Beijing.
Thus, the SCO institutions are supranational and independent of national governments.
The SCO has its own budget, which is formed and executed in accordance with a special agreement between the member states. This agreement also determines the amount of contributions that Member States will annually contribute to the budget of the Organization on the basis of the principle of shared participation.
Sizes of contributions of the SCO member states to the budget of the Organization:
Republic of Kazakhstan - 20%;
Republic of Uzbekistan - 15%;
Republic of Tajikistan - 6%;
Kyrgyz Republic - 12%;
People's Republic of China - 23.5%;
Russian Federation - 23.5%.
The budget of the Organization is drawn up for a period of one calendar year, which is also a financial year and is approved by the Council of Heads of Government.
The Organization's budget covers all estimated income and projected expenditures for the financial year to which they relate, and is presented in United States dollars. Annual dues and advances are accrued and paid in US dollars.
Amounts payable on account of equity (assessed) contributions are transferred to a bank determined by the Executive Secretary in agreement with the Council of National Coordinators. Assessed contributions are due in full within thirty days of receipt of notification of due contributions from the Executive Secretary, or by the first day of the calendar year.
Unpaid amounts of accrued annual contributions by a member state are the debt of this state to the Organization, subject to mandatory repayment.
The depositary of this Agreement is the People's Republic of China.
Budget funds are directed to finance the permanent bodies of the SCO in accordance with the above-mentioned agreement. The Member States bear the costs associated with the participation of their representatives and experts in the Organization's events.
The SCO is open for admission to its membership of other states of the region, which undertake to comply with the goals and principles of the Charter, as well as the provisions of other international treaties and documents adopted within the framework of the SCO.
The decision on the admission of new members to the SCO is made by the Council of Heads of State on the proposal of the Council of Foreign Ministers on the basis of an official application of the interested state sent to the current Chairman of the Council of Foreign Ministers.
Any member state has the right to withdraw from the SCO by sending the depositary an official notice of withdrawal from the Charter no later than 12 months before the date of withdrawal. Obligations that arose during the period of participation in the Charter and other documents adopted within the framework of the SCO bind the respective states until they are fully implemented.
Decisions in the SCO bodies are taken by agreement without voting and are considered adopted if none of the member states objected to them during the agreement process (consensus), with the exception of decisions to suspend membership or expel from the Organization, which are made on the basis of the “consensus” principle. minus one vote of the Member State concerned.”
Such a principle of coordination allows only minor issues to be resolved, while a truly complex problem can most often not be resolved due to the different positions of the parties. In particular, the SCO never recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Any member state may express its point of view on certain aspects or specific issues of decisions being made, which is not an obstacle to making a decision as a whole. This point of view is recorded in the minutes of the meeting.
In cases where one or more Member States are not interested in the implementation of individual cooperation projects that are of interest to other Member States, the non-participation of the said Member States in them does not prevent the implementation of such cooperation projects by the interested Member States and, at the same time, does not prevent the said States Members to further join in the implementation of such projects .
In this regard, the countries that are members of the SCO practically do not bind themselves with strict obligations, which means that as an integration association, the SCO is still quite weak. On the other hand, cooperation in the SCO can develop in certain areas on a bilateral or multilateral basis.
The decisions of the SCO bodies are executed by the member states in accordance with the procedures determined by their national legislation. It follows that the decisions adopted by the SCO may change in practice due to their dependence on national legislation. Thus, national legislation is primary in relation to the obligations of the Parties adopted within the framework of the SCO.
Control over the fulfillment of the obligations of the Member States to implement this Charter, other treaties in force within the framework of the SCO and decisions of its bodies is carried out by the SCO bodies within their competence. Therefore, there is no single controlling body.
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