General provisions of forensic ballistics. Features of the use of special knowledge in the field of forensic ballistics in the investigation of crimes korma Vasily Dmitrievich Scope of application of special knowledge of forensic ballistics

05.03.2020

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1 Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Petrozavodsk State University" Faculty of Law Department of Criminal Law and Procedure Forensic ballistic examination Admitted to defense 2016 Head Department: Final qualifying work of the 4th year bachelor of the full-time department Zezyulina Lidia Ivanovna Supervisor: Doctor of Law, Professor Roganov Sergey Aleksandrovich Petrozavodsk 2016

2 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FORENSIC BALLISTIC EXAMINATION Essence and importance of forensic ballistic examination Stages of development of forensic ballistic examination CHAPTER 2 FEATURES OF FORENSIC BALLISTIC EXAMINATION Investigation of firearms and ammunition Preparation of materials for the appointment of an examination LIST CONCLUSION REFERENCES AND LITERATURE USED APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C

3 3 Introduction According to the portal of legal statistics, in 2015, crimes related to the illegal circulation of weapons were registered on the territory of the Russian Federation, compared with previous periods, there is a constant increase in this type of crime. 1 The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of the city contains a number of articles aimed at combating this type of socially dangerous act: article 222 “Illegal acquisition, transfer, sale, storage, transportation or carrying of weapons, ammunition”, article 223 “Illegal manufacture of weapons”, Article 224 "Careless storage of weapons", Article 225 "Improper use of duties for the protection of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices", Article 226 "Theft or extortion of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices". These crimes are also of increased danger due to the fact that they can be committed by organized criminal groups, since in these structures weapons are used to commit especially serious crimes, such as murder, banditry or robbery. By itself, a firearm, due to the possibility of causing significant harm to human health and life when used, is an increased source of danger, therefore, even the condition that a person has this weapon on legal grounds does not exclude the possibility of its use for illegal purposes, therefore, the relevance of this topic is determined by the fact that in order to successfully solve such crimes, investigators use information obtained in the course of a forensic ballistic examination. Using the methods used in the course of the study, the owner of the weapon, the circumstances of the incident (time, number of shots, location of the shooter, ammunition belonging to the type of weapon, technical serviceability of the weapon, the possibility of firing shots under certain circumstances) are established. The object of the final qualification work is forensic ballistics, the subject is the methods and patterns of forensic ballistic examination. The purpose of the final qualifying work is to study 1 Statistical data for 2015 / / General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation. M., URL:

4 4 activities of an expert and persons carrying out investigative activities during the preparation and conduct of a forensic ballistic examination. To achieve the stated goal, the following tasks should be solved: 1. To study the concept, subject, objects and methodology of forensic ballistic examination; 2. Determine the significance of the conclusions of a forensic ballistic examination for the investigation of criminal cases; 3. Consider the history of the emergence and development of forensic ballistic examination; 4. Determine the main types of firearms, their classification given by the legislator; 5. Determine the issues resolved by forensic ballistic examination, study the process of conducting an examination, determine the methods for conducting classification, identification and diagnostic studies; 6. Determine the features of the inspection of the scene of the incident associated with the use of firearms, identify the features of the preparation of materials provided for forensic ballistic examination; 7. Designate the basic rules for drawing up an expert opinion. When writing this work, the following general scientific and special methods were used: analysis, comparison, generalization, synthesis, analogy, historical, comparative legal and special legal methods. The normative base of the work was: the Federal Law "On weapons", the Federal Law "On state forensic activities". The theoretical basis of this work was the scientific work of such scientists as Averyanova T.V., Baizakova K.M., Belyakov A.L., Belkin R.S., Bystrova O.N., Shlyundina I.N., Bychkov V. V., Vytovtova N.I., Garmanov V.V., Giverts P.V., Gerasimov I.F., Gorbachev I.V. Gubin S.G., Masyuk O.A., Drapkin L.Ya., Dyakonova O.G., Ishchenko E.P., Knyazkov A.S., Kokin A.V., Koldin V.Ya., Kosarev S. Yu., Koretsky D.A., Korovkin D.S., Krylov I.F., Kuznetsova I.A., Latyshov I.V., Mazur E.S., Malyutin M.P., Miklyaeva O.V. ., Mishutochkin A.L., Shoiko I.A., Neretina N.S., Petrukhina A.N., Popov V.L., Sonis M.A., Stepovoi R.A., Sysoev E.V., Tkhakokhov A.A., Frolov Yu.P., Kharzinova V.M., Khamova I.E., Chebotarev R.A., Yablokov N.P., Yakovleva O.Ya., Yarovenko V.V. This final qualifying work consists of an introduction, two chapters, which in turn are divided into paragraphs, conclusions, a list of references and references.

5 5 The first chapter of the final qualification work is devoted to the general characteristics of forensic ballistic examination, the definition of its concept, subject, goals, objectives and methods, the disclosure of its significance, the identification of the main stages of its development. The second chapter is devoted to defining the objects of research, characterizing the process of researching firearms and ammunition, identifying the main patterns of preparation for an examination, conducting an examination and drawing up a conclusion.

6 6 Chapter 1 General characteristics of forensic ballistic examination 1.1 The essence and significance of forensic ballistic examination When investigating criminal cases involving the use of firearms and ammunition, the investigator may encounter many issues, the resolution of which requires special knowledge in various fields of science. The complex of such knowledge is contained in one of the branches of forensic technology - forensic ballistics. Forensic ballistics research helps to clarify the essential circumstances of the case. With the help of forensic research, a picture of the event, the fact of using a weapon, the method and place of the crime, the distance, direction, number and sequence of shots are established, the causal relationship between the act and the consequences is determined. Latyshov I.V. defines ballistics as a military-technical science about the movement of a projectile, subdivided into internal ballistics, which studies the movement of a projectile directly in the bore of a weapon, and external ballistics, which studies the trajectory of a projectile after it exits the bore. 2 I.F. Gerasimov characterizes forensic ballistics as: “a branch of forensic technology that studies firearms, traces of their impact, ammunition, as well as the development of tools and methods for the study and study of the above categories.” 3 One of the ways to apply forensic ballistics in practice is to conduct a forensic ballistics examination, which, based on the scientific data of forensic ballistics, allows, in the form of criminal procedure established by law with the issuance of an expert opinion, to obtain information that contributes to the investigation and disclosure of criminal cases. 4 The main purpose of a forensic ballistic examination is to establish important circumstances for a criminal case. The tasks of forensic ballistic examination include: establishing the type, type and model of weapons; determination of whether an item submitted for examination belongs to a weapon or ammunition; establishing the type, type and model of ammunition; determining the nature of damage; determination of belonging of parts of weapons or ammunition submitted for examination to a certain type of weapon; 2 Latyshov I.V. Some problems of the formation of the conceptual apparatus of forensic ballistics // Forensic examination S Gerasimov I.F., Drapkin Ya.L., Masyuk O.A. Criminalistics. M., S Belkin R.S., Averyanova T.V., Korukhov Yu.G., Rossinskaya E.R. Criminalistics. M., S. 270.

7 7 establishment of technical serviceability and suitability for firing weapons; determination of the distance, place, trajectory and prescription of the shot; calculation of the number of shots. The essence of forensic ballistic examination L.Ya. Drapkin defines as a study on behalf of the subject carrying out investigative or judicial activities, by an expert, the materials provided to him, in order to identify factual information that is important for a fair resolution of the case. 5 In order to reveal the essence of forensic ballistic examination, it is necessary to determine its features that distinguish one type or type of forensic ballistic examination from another. These features include: subject, object and methods of expert research. The subject of a forensic ballistic examination is the determination of information established on the basis of a study of patterns that are reflected in the components of firearms and ammunition, their interaction during a shot, the phenomena of external and internal ballistics of a shot, and their reflections on obstacles. 6 Forensic ballistic examination is characterized by a certain formed list of research objects. I.V. Latyshov subdivides the objects of forensic ballistic examination into three groups: The first group includes material items: small arms (firearms, pneumatic, gas), individual elements and parts of weapons, cartridges and their components, tools and materials used in the production of weapons and ammunition. The second group includes material traces: traces from the impact of weapons (traces of parts and parts of weapons on cartridges, cartridge cases, bullets, traces of a shot on obstacles). The third group consists of procedural documents: protocols for the inspection of the scene with photo tables, testimonies of victims and witnesses, a protocol for the appointment of a forensic ballistic examination, expert opinions that contain information necessary for the production of an examination, as well as information resources: GOSTs for firearms and ammunition, directories, databases, expert collections. 7 5 Drapkin L.Ya. Criminalistics. M., S Garmanov V.V. Preparation and appointment of forensic ballistic examinations // Criminalist S Latyshov I.V. Some issues of systematization of objects of forensic ballistic examination // Bulletin of the Kyui Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia S

8 8 The scientific basis for forensic ballistic examination, according to L.Ya. Drapkin, there are data and information developed by other branches of forensic science: identification theory, trasology. The methods of these sciences are widely used for research on the identification of firearms and ammunition. Also, forensic ballistics is inextricably linked to forensic chemistry, biology and medicine, positions that are used to study firearms and gunshot marks. For example, forensic medicine contains a section that studies the patterns of formation of gunshot wounds on the human body. In the formation of special knowledge for forensic ballistics, an important role is occupied by the information of general ballistics, the science of the movement of bodies based on physics and mathematics. The developed provisions of this science make it possible to identify the mechanism of the shot, the patterns of occurrence of traces on cartridge cases and bullets from different parts of the weapon, as well as on obstacles. 8 The application of scientific knowledge in forensic ballistics would be impossible without a system of rules and techniques by which forensic research is carried out, such a system is the methodology of forensic examination. The general methodology includes interdependent stages: a preliminary study, a detailed study, and a stage of knowledge assessment and formulation of conclusions. A detailed study, in turn, is subdivided into a comparative and separate study and an expert experiment. S.G. Gubin singled out the following methods of forensic ballistic examination: A) general methods (comparison, experiment, measurement, observation, description); B) auxiliary and instrumental (chemical, introscopy, microscopy); C) special methods. 9 The essence of the comparison method is expressed in a simultaneous study by comparing and combining the features and properties of two or more objects, followed by their evaluation. As a rule, when using this method, the object submitted for examination is compared with reference data. 8 Drapkin L.Ya. Decree. op. S Gubin S.G., Masyuk O.A. The essence and significance of ballistic expertise in the investigation of criminal cases // Interexpo Geo-Siberia S

9 9 The experimental method includes observation of the phenomenon under artificial creation or change of conditions. When conducting a forensic ballistic examination, it is carried out in order to identify the mechanism of interaction between the objects of study, obtaining samples for a comparative study. The experimental method is often used in conjunction with the comparison method, since, for example, a comparative study of shot marks on ammunition is impossible without the use of experimental data. The method of measurement and observation is used in most examinations. Using this method, auxiliary characteristics are determined (dimensions of objects submitted for examination, distance from damage to a specific object); reconstructive signs (location of shells, shells, roads, buildings); diagnostic signs (size of gunshot wounds). 10 The chemical method is used to detect soot, gunpowder and determine its type, to detect various metals (aluminum, lead, copper, etc.) in shot products. Introscopy is performed using X-ray and gamma radiation in order to obtain information about the internal structure of the object. Microscopy is used for a more detailed study of the parts and details of weapons, when comparing the microrelief of traces and to determine the tools that could be used in the manufacture of this weapon. Special research methods are used to establish the possibility of a shot being fired by an object submitted for examination, when studying the technical condition of the weapon, the possibility of firing a shot without pulling the trigger. 11 The variety of methods used by an expert in conducting a forensic ballistic examination allows you to successfully solve the tasks assigned to the expert to establish the factual circumstances important for the investigation of a criminal case, but, despite the availability of these methods, there is a problem that affects the reliability of the conclusions formulated by the expert. So, the presence of errors in measurements, which are explained by the inaccuracy of the methods and means used, as well as the features of the objects under study. During the measurement of the linear dimensions of objects, the accuracy is related to the division value 10 Bystrova ON, Shlyundina IN. The use of instrumental methods in solving issues related to the study of traces and circumstances of a shot // Theory and Practice of Forensic Science, S Miklyaeva O.V. Methods of expert examination of traces of a shot // Theory and practice of forensic examination C

10 10 ruler, tape measure or caliper. When determining the parameters of gunshot injuries, the measurement error increases due to the impossibility of accurately fixing its edges. The variability of the shot process leads to the fact that many results have a significant error or are presented as an interval of the most probable values, therefore, when conducting a study, an expert must formulate conclusions taking into account these errors. The expert opinion is considered as an independent source of evidence, the process of conducting expert examinations is one of the main tasks of the bodies carrying out this activity. This provision is specified in Art. 2 of the Federal Law of the city of 73-FZ: "the main task of forensic activities is activities aimed at assisting the justice and investigation authorities in identifying circumstances that are subject to proof in a criminal case, by applying the necessary knowledge in resolving issues submitted for examination." 12 The significance of a forensic ballistic examination lies in the possibility of using the data obtained during its implementation as evidence in a criminal case. Article 73 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation (as amended by 1997) lists the circumstances that must be proven during the investigation of a criminal case. The circumstances that contributed to the commission of the crime are also subject to proof. The circumstances and facts that are established during the production of a forensic ballistic examination may be relevant to the subject of proof or contribute to the establishment of circumstances, being of an intermediate nature, which allows them to be divided into two categories: direct or indirect evidence. As a rule, the results of a forensic ballistic examination are circumstantial evidence in a criminal case. For example, the conclusion in the expert opinion that the bullet, which was removed from the body of the deceased, was fired from a pistol submitted for examination, directly defines the pistol as a crime weapon, but at the same time this fact is not considered direct evidence of the murder by the owner of the pistol, since there is a possibility of using this weapon by another person without the knowledge of the owner or the presence of a cartridge case at the scene, but the absence of a bullet does not directly indicate that a weapon was used in the commission of the murder, since it can be planted on the scene intentionally or accidentally be there . 12 On state forensic activities: Federal Law of the year 73-FZ (from the last changed to d.) St

11 11 Despite the circumstantial nature of the evidence, in some criminal cases the expert opinion may be the only evidence that explains the very mechanism of committing a crime from the point of view of technical sciences, such as mathematics, physics and mechanics. Obtaining new information in the course of a forensic ballistic examination is one of the significant differences between an expert's opinion as a source of evidence and other types of evidence. 13 Evaluation of the expert opinion by the investigating authorities or the court is carried out on a general basis, in accordance with Art. 88 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, obtaining new information during the examination does not give the expert's opinion any advantages over other types of evidence. If the conclusions formulated by the expert contradict other evidence, due to the incompleteness of the actual materials or the poor quality of the study, and also if the conclusion lacks motivation or the arguments listed in it are not convincing, the expert’s conclusion will be subject to verification of its correctness and, if these shortcomings are found, be rejected by the court. Also, if the examination was carried out in violation of the law, or the expert went beyond his competence in formulating conclusions and used the functions of the court to assess the evidence available in the case, this conclusion as a type of evidence will be considered inadmissible and will not have legal force in accordance with with part 1 of Art. 75 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. 14 Yu.P. Frolov cites an example from expert practice, in which the court ordered a forensic ballistic examination to resolve the issue of whether the sawn-off shotgun seized from the suspect during the search belonged to a firearm, during which the expert indicated that this item was a smooth-bore firearm prohibited for storage. This appraisal wording could have influenced the decision of the court, so the expert had to confine himself only to determining whether the item belonged to a weapon. 15 To implement the possibility of using the expert's opinion as evidence in a criminal case, the expert, when conducting a study, must be guided only by officially approved methods 13 Kokin A.V. The conclusion of an expert on forensic ballistic examinations in the system of evidence in criminal cases // Izvestiya of the Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences S Knyazkov A.S. Problems of evidentiary significance of the appointment, production and evaluation of the results of forensic examination // Bulletin of TSU. Right Frolov Yu.P. Forensic assessment of objects of forensic ballistic examination when deciding whether to classify them as firearms // Expert criminalist S. 21.

12 12 research using knowledge that does not go beyond the scope of forensic science, since the use of knowledge from other sciences can lead to erroneous conclusions or doubt of the justice authorities in the correctness of the conclusion. Also, the expert during the examination should not go beyond his competence, no matter what influences the decision on the case. Thus, the essence of a forensic ballistic examination lies in the process of an expert conducting research on firearms and ammunition, this process is characterized by the presence of a special subject, objects and methods of expert research that determine the specifics of this study. The value of a forensic ballistic examination lies in the use of information obtained during its implementation as evidence in a specific criminal case. 1.2 Stages of development of forensic ballistics The emergence of forensic ballistics is inextricably linked with the beginning of the use of firearms. With the emergence of cases of intentional or careless gunshot wounds, it became necessary to establish the true events of the incident by examining the firearm itself, bullets, buckshot and shot, as well as traces of the shot, in connection with which doctors, gunsmiths and chemists began to be involved in the investigation of crimes activities that contributed to the formation of a system of knowledge about forensic ballistics and forensic weapons science, used by forensic experts to the present. According to O.V. Miklyaeva, is ballistics, the formation of which is determined by the scientific research of Archimedes in the field of mathematics. Later, ballistics was developed in the 16th century in the work of Leonardo da Vinci, devoted to the study by means of experience of the relationship between the shape and trajectory of the projectile and flight range, as well as the scientific study of Nicola Tartella, containing data related to artillery. 16 A.A. Tkhakokhov believes that one of the first forensic ballistic examinations carried out in Russia is the study of the traces of a shot, carried out by 16 Miklyaeva O.V. General provisions of the private theory of forensic examination of the traces and circumstances of the shot // Lex Russica P. 837.

13 13 in the 17th century, during this study, Moscow doctors examined a corpse with a wound in the head area, in the conclusion it was indicated that there was a bullet in the wound, but it was not possible to extract it, in connection with which it was concluded that death was the result of a gunshot wound. This study indicates the absence of technical means and methods for extracting and examining the bullet, but at the same time, an attempt to examine the wound and formulate the causes of death is an indicator of the application of observation and description methods in practice. 17 Throughout the 17th and early 19th centuries, shortcomings can be traced in the investigation of crimes related to the use of firearms, so in 1825 Vasily Otrahovich wounded his wife with a shot from a gun. During the interrogation, the victim claimed that the shot was fired intentionally, the suspect denied this fact, pointing out that the gun was loaded in the room, and at night, due to an accidental fall, it fired a shot. In this case, the court delivered a guilty verdict, based on the assumption that the gun could not fire during the fall, the study of the weapon itself was not carried out, experiments were not performed, and the gunshot wound of the victim was not examined. 18 The presence of gaps in the investigation of this type of crime led to a delay in trials and an accusation based on the assumptions and conjectures of investigators and judges, which violated the principle of fair justice, therefore, by the middle of the 19th century, the investigating authorities began to turn to specialists and scientists for help. So, O.V. Miklyaeva, gives an example of the case being considered by the court in 1853 on the charge of Prince Kochubey of murdering an Austrian subject with a pistol, during the trial, the court, due to the difficulties that arose and the presence of many unclear circumstances of the injury, sent a request to the professor of the Medical Academy N.I. Pirogov in order to obtain information about the nature of the wound of the victim. By the middle of the 19th century, N.I. Pirogov carried out many studies that are important for the development of forensic ballistics, for example, in 1873 the court appointed an examination during the consideration of the case of the murder of a peasant woman Nagibina, according to witnesses: Nagibina, while at home, in order to frighten thieves, fired a shot at side of the window with a blank charge from a gun and, taking another 17 Tkhakokhov A.A. The history of the development of forensic examination and forensic institutions in Russia // Young scientist S Krylov I. F. Selected works on criminalistics. SPb., S

14 14 a gun, went to the window, after which a shot was heard, and Nagibina fell. Several questions were posed for examination by the court: about the location of the bullet's entrance hole on the victim's corpse, as well as about the distance of the shot. In conclusion, N.I. Pirogov indicated that the murder was committed by a shot through the window; in conclusion, he reflected schematic representations of the inlet and outlet of the wound and a sketch of the movement when a bullet was fired through the window. The conclusion also indicated that during the examination, in order to study additional versions of the event, experiments were carried out with weapons with different barrel lengths and with different body positions at the time of the shot. 19 One of the first attempts to generalize forensic ballistic studies, according to N.S. Neretina is the work of A. Nake, published in 1874, containing a section on the study of firearms. In this section, the author notes that the answers to the questions posed to the expert about the prescription of the shot depend on the characteristics and distinctive features of the weapon, as well as on the type of gunpowder used. The author also identifies several stages of the examination: expert examination, research and answer to the question posed to the expert. 20 In 1879, N. Shcheglov wrote a work containing information about forensic ballistics, namely: types of firearms, types of projectiles and the essence of the processes that occur during a shot from a firearm. At the same time, special attention was paid to the discovery of new features necessary to form the basis for the study of firearms and shells. The author also indicated the signs necessary for the identification of weapons: a trace on the bullet, which arises from the fields of rifling in the bore. 21 After the creation in Russia of an analogue of a foreign X-ray apparatus in 1897, A.S. Popov together with S.S. Kolotov began to conduct experiments with the aim of detecting, using X-rays, bullets or shots that were in the body of a person. But, despite successful experiments in this area, as noted by V.L. Popov, the introduction of this type of research into practice was difficult. So, in 1898, a criminal case was considered in court in accordance with which: Yurison was caught by foresters during an illegal hunt, during the flight to Yurison shots were fired, one of which hit him in the leg, despite this, the accused managed to escape. Yurison denied his guilt, and the presence of injuries to 19 Miklyaeva O.V. General provisions of the private theory of forensic examination of the traces and circumstances of the shot // Lex Russica S Neretina N. C. From scientific laboratories to forensic laboratories. The Development of Forensic Science in the 18th and 19th Centuries // Actual Problems of Russian Law. M., S Miklyaeva O.V. Decree. op. From to

15 15 on the leg explained by illness. The court offered to examine the defendant's leg with the help of X-rays, but the latter refused the study, citing fear for his health. 22 By the beginning of the 19th century, most criminal cases involving the use of weapons were considered by the court using expert opinions. In 1901, in one of the courts, the case of the murder of Liskova was considered, the defendant was her husband, who denied his involvement, claiming that his wife had committed suicide. At the autopsy, the doctor determined that death had occurred as a result of a shot from a revolver in the chest. During a visual examination, the doctor found traces of burns on the clothes, which, in his opinion, indicated that a shot had been fired at close range. This information was questioned, so the court ordered a forensic ballistic examination, during which the expert began to conduct the following experiments: shots were fired from a revolver seized at the scene of the incident at a fabric hung on the wall. In the course of using the comparison method, at the end of the experiment, the investigator concluded that the shot was fired at a distance of several meters. Thus, the version of suicide was refuted. 23 From 1912 to 1914 in large cities of Russia, forensic examination rooms began to be created, which conducted, among other things, forensic ballistic research. Thus, two spent shell casings were delivered to the office located in St. Petersburg, which were at the scene of the incident, a bullet extracted from the corpse of the victim, as well as a pistol found on the person suspected of the crime. The question was raised before the experts about the belonging of the bullet and cartridge cases to the pistol. The conducted studies were close to the modern ones according to their methodology. From the presented pistol, shots were fired to obtain samples of cartridge cases and bullets. After that, the obtained samples were compared with the help of a microscope with the bullet and cartridge cases provided for examination. During the study, identical signs of traces of a shot were found on the samples. In 1913, a bullet and a revolver were provided to the office in Odessa. The case file contained the following information: an attempt was made on the peasant Azarov. The offender fired several shots at Azarov, after which he fled. Azarov suspects his fellow villager of committing this crime, with whom he recently quarreled. The bullet was found 22 Popov V.L., Shigeev V. B., Kuznetsov L.E. Forensic ballistics. SPb., With Miklyaeva O.V. Decree. op. S. 839.

16 16 at the scene, the revolver was confiscated from the suspect, the expert was faced with the question of whether this weapon belonged to the crime. As in the above study, experimental shooting was carried out by the expert to obtain bullet samples. With the help of a microscope, identical signs of samples from the bullets provided for examination were established, but there were also some individual discrepancies. So, on the body of the bullets there were scratches, the location of which corresponded to the location of the rifling in the bore, but despite this, the scratches differed in width and length. When drawing up the conclusion, the expert explained the presence of these differences in the impossibility of matching all the conditions affecting the type of bullet, for example, the amount of gunpowder used, the cleanliness of the bore, etc. Forensic ballistics is a separate area of expertise in forensic science. The concept of forensic ballistics in the literature was first used in 1937 by V.F. Chervakov, in his scientific works he systematized the information accumulated in this area, developed theoretical principles and established the subject and tasks of forensic ballistics. S.P. Mitrichev and N.V. Terziev expressed objections to the use of this term due to the fact that the very concept of ballistics only indirectly refers to the study of weapons and does not reflect the specifics of this study, suggesting the introduction of the term "forensic examination of firearms and ammunition". Despite these assessments, the term forensic ballistics is used in the scientific literature and is still used in practice. 25 Also, this period is characterized by the creation of manuals, monographs and guidelines used by experts when conducting forensic ballistic examinations. So, V.I. Molchanov, in the course of studying the accumulated information, identified the signs necessary to determine the type of projectile, the distance of the shot, the dependence of the nature of gunshot injuries on the type of projectile, B.M. Komarinets, B.N. Ermolenko in their scientific works described the mechanisms of trace formation, the basics of forensic ballistics were reflected in the work of S.D. Kustanovich. V.V. Kolkutin, Yu.D. Kuznetsov, T.V. Lazarev, in order to study the dependence of the nature and volume of gunshot damage on the energy of the projectile, was 24 Kosarev S.Yu. History and theory of forensic methods for investigating crimes. M, S Miklyaeva O.V. Decree. op. S. 890.

17 17 many experiments were carried out in the course of which it was established that it was possible to determine the distance of a non-close shot. Along with the systematization of the above information, the professional activities of experts in the system of state institutions have been developed. Methods for the study of firearms began to be developed by scientists within the framework of forensic technology, forensic medical examination and taught in higher educational institutions that train specialists in the field of forensic science. 26 At the moment, the development of forensic ballistic examination is facilitated by the emergence of new types of firearms and ammunition for it. In connection with global computerization, an innovative development path is introduced, due to the use of information technologies, high-tech instruments and equipment. Simplification of the search, analysis, processing, transmission and storage of the necessary data is achieved by using identification systems for determining whether cartridges or cartridge cases belong to a particular type of firearm, for example, the Arsenal system, and information retrieval systems for ammunition are also created for the purpose of prompt exchange of information. 27 firearms and According to I.V. Latyshov, the operation of such systems should be based on several subspecies of reference and information funds, which contain data on a sample of a natural collection, on the characteristics of an object, with its detailed description and illustrations. The author refers to such information retrieval systems the programs "Weapons", "Cartridges", "Stigma". 28 Despite the possibility to make changes to these programs, some of the information is notable for its inaccuracy, which can lead to errors in the identification of firearms, and therefore it is necessary to constantly monitor and verify this information with the involvement of specialists in the field of forensic ballistics. The use of new equipment during research, for example, a scanning electron microscope, also contributes to improving the quality of forensic ballistic examination. This type of microscope allows 26 Vytovtova N.I. The history of the development of methodology in forensic science // Bulletin of OrSU S. Malyutin MP. Russian criminalistics: modern development trends // Theory and practice of social development S Latyshov I.V. Methodology of forensic ballistic diagnostics and directions of its development // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia S

18 18 to obtain an image of the object under study with a multiple increase, and also allows you to analyze the presented substance. Such a microscope is used to study the traces of a shot. 29 In order to facilitate the illustration of forensic ballistic reports, experts use the Raster system, which can be used to process, analyze and prepare the necessary images, as well as conduct comparative studies of objects by combining their images. To facilitate the calculations, special calculation programs are created, for example, the program “Calculation of external ballistic parameters of a shot”, which is used to determine the speed of a projectile at a certain distance from the place from which the shot is fired, as well as to calculate the flight path of the projectile. 30 The use of innovative technologies in the production of forensic ballistics greatly facilitates and improves the quality of the work of an expert, while the use of new methods of work requires certain knowledge in the field of computer technology, therefore, in order to achieve the correct and widespread use of such technologies, it is necessary to increase the level of knowledge of experts and introduce the educational process of learning to work with such programs and equipment. Thus, several stages can be distinguished in the development of forensic ballistic examination: the first stage is associated with the emergence of general knowledge of mathematics and physics, which are the basis for ballistics; the next stage is associated with the emergence of firearms and the emergence of the need to investigate crimes related to the use of weapons, this period is characterized by the use of the knowledge of gunsmiths and physicians in conducting examinations; the next period is associated with the emergence of experts specializing in forensic examinations, as well as the development of basic methods and techniques for conducting research. The current stage of development of forensic ballistic examination is the use of computer technology to simplify and improve the activities of experts. 29 Giverts P.V., Oherman G., Bokoboza L., Shekhter B. Comparative analysis of the prospects for using microscopes of various systems in forensic ballistic identification // Proceedings of the Saratov University S Sysoev E.V., Seleznev A.V., Burtseva E. .V., Rak I.P. New information technologies in forensic science. T., S. 40.

19 19 Chapter 2 Features of forensic ballistic examination 1.2 Investigation of firearms and ammunition During the investigation of any of the crimes involving the use of firearms, the investigator must have information about the technical characteristics of the weapon, the possibility of classifying this item as a weapon, therefore, each object, seized at the scene, having signs similar to a weapon, is subjected to a forensic ballistic study. The legislator gives the following definition of weapons in the Federal Law from d FZ: "objects and devices designed to defeat a live or other target, as well as to give signals." 31 R.A. Stepovoi defines weapons as devices or objects, the purpose of which is to destroy objects or living beings, limited in accordance with the law in circulation, in order to preserve the life and health of citizens, property, and the environment. This concept defines the legal features of a weapon: A) The purpose is to defeat living beings; B) The regime of special conditions regulated by law, limiting the turnover of objects that have signs of weapons; C) Increased danger of causing serious harm to the health of citizens. 32 Definition of the concept of weapon R.A. Stepanov has an advantage over the legislator's definition, as it contains several legal features by which an object can be classified as a weapon. In order to systematize the whole variety of types of weapons, their classification is used, the basis for which is the nature of the objects, the main purpose of using this item as a weapon, as well as the technical component of the weapon. According to I.P. Ishchenko, the following categories of weapons can be identified: A) Depending on the nature of the action, it is distinguished: firearms; To the question of the concept and legal features of weapons // Business in law C

20 20 pneumatic, alarm and gas; B) Depending on the purpose (purpose of use): civil, combat and official. 33 Firearms include weapons that are designed to mechanically hit a target at a distance with a projectile, the directed movement of which is obtained due to the energy of a powder or other charge. 34 Civil weapons according to art. 3 FZ from 150-FZ: “is a weapon that is used by citizens of the Russian Federation for hunting, sports, and self-defense.” In turn, in accordance with Art. 4 and 5 of the Federal Law of the city of 150-FZ "On Weapons": "service and military weapons can be used for the purpose of self-defense or the performance of their combat or operational duties by officials who have the appropriate permission from the state." 35 K.M. Bayzakova, in order to facilitate law enforcement, proposes to combine the concept of military and service weapons, since the purpose of these types of weapons is to defeat a living object in order to protect and protect the interests of a person, society and the state, and in the law these concepts differ only in wording. There is also a need to separate the concept of signal weapons into a separate category, due to the fact that the intended purpose of signal weapons is expressed in the filing of various types of signals, which differs significantly from the purpose of other subtypes of civilian weapons. 36 D.A. Koretsky proposes to introduce an additional classification of weapons in accordance with which the division of types of weapons is carried out not in accordance with their intended purpose or characteristics, but taking into account the consequences and harm that this weapon can cause. This is how they stand out: A) Stunning weapons objects, the purpose of which is to act without causing injury, but causing dysfunction for a short time in order to counteract the active actions of a person; B) lethal-traumatic weapon items, the purpose of which is to defeat living beings by causing damage, 33 Ishchenko E.P., Toporkov A.A. Criminalistics. M., S Yablokov N.P. Criminology. M., S On weapons: Federal Law of the year 150-FZ (with the last changes of 408-FZ) St. Bayzakova K.M. On the problem of balancing the current legislation in matters of weapon classification // Bulletin of UYSU P. 32.

21 21 causing a short-term disorder of body functions; C) Deadly weapons are items whose purpose is to cause death or significant harm to health damage to a living being. 37 L.Ya. Dryapkin gives a classification of weapons according to their technical characteristics, in accordance with it: A) depending on the length of the barrel, weapons can be divided into (short-barreled, medium-barreled and long-barreled); B) depending on the device, the channel can be distinguished (smooth-bore, rifled and combined); C) depending on the diameter of the barrel, the weapon is divided into (small, medium and large-caliber); D) depending on the actions of the trigger mechanism, (automatic and non-automatic) weapons are distinguished. Also, depending on the method of manufacturing weapons, one can distinguish: factory-made weapons, artisanal weapons, atypical weapons. Factory weapons are manufactured on an industrial scale in accordance with generally accepted standards and certain technical characteristics, while handicraft weapons are created in separate workshops and differ in design from generally accepted models. Atypical weapons are created from homemade materials by a person without the right to manufacture such weapons. 38 I.A. Kuznetsova notes that the concept of atypical weapons is interpreted by scientists in different ways, atypical weapons are often called: handicraft, home-made, defective. So some scientists attribute ancient handicraft and factory samples to this type of weapon, others attribute self-propelled guns or sawn-off shotguns to it. According to I.A. Kuznetsov, for a more complete understanding of the concept of atypical weapons, it is necessary to highlight the following features: A) The design of the object, expressed in the non-standard nature of its main elements and their difference from generally accepted GOSTs; B) The specificity of the combat and ballistic characteristics of the object. The solution of the issues of ordering the classifications of weapons is necessary in order to correctly qualify the deeds of the criminal, determine the public danger 37 Koretsky D.A., Solonitskaya E.V. Weapons and their illicit trafficking: criminological characteristics and warning. M., S Drapkin L.Ya. Decree. op. S. 171.

22 22 crimes. 39 Forensic experts establish the type, model and system of firearms in order to be able to determine the properties of the weapon that are significant for the investigation of criminal cases, so using the classifications indicated above, one can draw conclusions about the purpose, rate of fire, lethal force, weapon design and trajectory bullet movement. Also, this data can be used to determine the legality of the use of weapons by a certain person, the possibility of establishing the source of the acquisition of this weapon, ascertaining the details and conditions for the commission of a crime. When investigating crimes, the initial task of the investigator to properly qualify the act and determine the corpus delicti in it is to decide whether the item to be confiscated from a person is a weapon or its components, as well as ammunition. The need to resolve this issue was first mentioned by the legislator in the resolution of the Plenum of the RF Armed Forces dated 5. This resolution states that the determination of the fact of classifying an object as a firearm is necessary at the initial stage of the investigation of crimes provided for in Articles 222, 223, 224, 225 and 226 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. 40 For this purpose, the examiner applies a classification examination in the examination of firearms. The essence of this examination is to find the correspondence between the features of the subject of research and the features of firearms. The main features of the weapon were designated by M.A. Sonis, these include: A) constructive; B) the energy characteristics of the projectile; B) reliability. The design features of the weapon are characterized by the presence of an element for accelerating the movement of the projectile, that is, a barrel, an element with a locking device, and a mechanism for igniting the charge. The energy characteristics of a weapon make it possible to establish the possibility of a projectile to harm people's health. Reliability lies in the ability to fire a shot 39 Kuznetsova I.A. Problems of the concept of "weapon". Civil law aspect // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk University C On judicial practice in cases of theft, extortion and illicit trafficking in weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices: Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 5 (with the last change to 1)

23 23 repeatedly without destroying the weapon itself. 41 In accordance with the "Methodology for an expert decision on whether an item belongs to a firearm", when assessing the design features of a weapon in relation to a specific item, the forensic expert performs a visual inspection of the parts, mechanisms and details of the item submitted for examination, evaluates them for the presence of hidden defects that affect on the reliability of this item as a weapon, reveals the method of creating this item. Also, to establish energy signs, experimental firing from this object is carried out, after which, based on the data obtained during the experiment, calculations of the kinetic energy of the projectile are made. Provided that the given object has all the signs of a firearm, the expert makes a conclusion that this object belongs to a weapon, indicating the method of its creation, classification by model, type, caliber. In turn, the object is not recognized as a firearm if any of the above signs is absent. 42 The absence of certain signs of a firearm in an item submitted for examination is the basis for not recognizing such an item as a firearm, in connection with which, in investigative practice, a situation may occur in which the expert does not recognize as such an item made in an atypical way that is capable of make a shot, but due to non-compliance with production standards, does not have any constructive feature of the weapon. So, V.V. Yarovenko in his article gives an example of an examination of a gas-cylinder pistol, a metal tube and a design drawing provided by the suspects. The expert, in accordance with the drawing, recreated the device and fired a shot. In conclusion, it was stated: it is possible to fire a shot from a gas-balloon pistol, the device contains a set of proper, but insufficient features of a weapon. 43 In order to prevent a situation that allows the offender to avoid criminal liability, it is necessary to amend the “Methodology for establishing 41 Sonis M.A. On the methods of forensic ballistic examination // Theory and practice of forensic examination S Gorbachev I.V. Methods of expert solution of the question of whether an object belongs to a firearm. M., 200. With Yarovenko V.V. Problems of expert examination of firearms and cold steel // Law and Politics S. 802.

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METHODOLOGY FOR ESTABLISHING THE OBJECT'S BELONGING TO A FIREARM Task: to establish the belonging of the object under study to a firearm. 1. OBJECTS OF STUDY Industrial firearms

EXAMPLE LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR PREPARATION FOR THE EXAM (CREDIT) in the discipline "Forensic Science" 1. The subject of criminology. Its system and connection with other sciences. 2. Cognition methods used in forensics

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APPLICATION OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIME

GRNTI 10.85.31

Chinenov Andrey Andreevich,

student of the faculty of master's training

legal institute

Moscow, Russia

Email: donvolkov[email protected] bk. en

Supervisor:Pogrebnoy Alexey Anatolievich ,

Leading Researcher, Research Institute of Criminalistics,

PhD in Law, Associate Professor

Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation

G . Moscow, Russia

APPLICATION OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE FIELD OF JUDICIAL BALLISTICS IN CASE OF INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES

Chinyonov Andrey Andreevich,

student of faculty of master preparation legal institute

Moscow, Russia

Email:[email protected]

Research Supervisor:Pogrebnoy Alexey Anatolyevich ,

leading researcher of scientific research institute of criminalistics,

Candidate of Law Sciences, associate professor

Moscow academy of Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation

Moscow, Russia

ANNOTATION:

An analysis of investigative and judicial practice shows that crimes related to the use and illegal circulation of firearms are very common. For a qualitative investigation of such crimes, a high qualification of the investigator, the competent use of special knowledge in the field of forensic ballistics is necessary.

BUT BSTRACT:

The analysis of investigative and jurisprudence shows that the crimes connected using and illicit trafficking in firearms are very widespread. High qualification of the investigator, competent application of special knowledge of the field of judicial ballistics is necessary for high-quality investigation of such crimes.

Keywords: firearms, ballistic examination, examination, cartridge case, gunpowder.

keywords : firearms, ballistic expertize, survey, sleeve, gunpowder.

The development of various aspects of the methodology for investigating such crimes, the tactics of conducting investigative actions, the development of forensic support for their conduct is the topic of a large number of scientific studies and publications. Let's review the forensic literature on this topic.

In the work of Tambovtseva E.A. "Investigation of crimes related to the illegal circulation of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices, with criminal fires and arson" considers the concept of illegal circulation of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices, provides a forensic description of crimes related to illegal trafficking.

In the work of Isaeva K.A. "The use of special knowledge in the form of expertise in the investigation of contract killings with the use of firearms", shows the possibilities of ballistic, explosive, as well as complex medical forensic examinations in the investigation of murders committed by order. The role of integration of data from military and natural sciences in the disclosure and investigation of such crimes is determined .

In the work of Prokopieva A.A. "The use of special knowledge in the investigation of illicit trafficking in firearms, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices" indicates the types of forensic examinations assigned in the investigation of illicit trafficking in firearms, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices. The author indicated an approximate list of questions that are put to the permission of an expert when examining firearms, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices, and a list of items and documents that must be made available to a forensic expert.

In the work of Aladiev S.K., Sitko N.G., Golovina M.V. "The initial stage of the investigation of crimes in the field of illicit arms trafficking" considers criminological issues related to illicit arms trafficking. Illicit arms trafficking is facilitated by crimes such as negligent possession of firearms; improper performance of duties for the protection of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices; theft or extortion of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices.

In the work of Yatsenko S.V. “Peculiarities of detection, fixation and seizure of traces of the use of firearms” considers issues related to the mechanism of formation of traces of the use of firearms on various objects (cartridges, shells, barriers, etc.), features of their detection, fixation and seizure during the inspection of the scene, as well as some of the tasks solved in the course of their expert study.

In the work of Pogrebny A.A. "Some aspects of the tactics of using the possibilities of forensic ballistic examination in the investigation of crimes" shows how the methods of formulating and posing questions of forensic ballistic examination of the state of a weapon can be used to obtain evidence of a person's involvement in a crime event.

In the work of Yanin S.A. "On some aspects of the appointment of a ballistic forensic examination in the investigation of hunting" is devoted to the organizational and tactical features of the appointment of forensic ballistic examinations during the investigation of illegal hunting. The possibilities of this examination for the process of proof are considered; the stages of its appointment are presented; outlined the content and organization of the work of the interrogator (investigator), methods of assessing the expert's opinion.

In the work of Latyshov I.V. "Organizational, legal and methodological problems of complex diagnostic expert studies of weapons, cartridges and traces of their action" considers the concept and features of a comprehensive forensic ballistic examination, organization and methods of its production.

In the work of Pogrebny A.A. "Analysis of the significance of the size of the peripheral zone of soot deposition as a sign of the distance of a shot from a 5.6-mm pistol of a small-caliber target Margolin (MTsM)" an assessment is made of the significance of some signs used to determine the distance of a shot in terms of their frequency of occurrence and variability.

In the work of Vasielyan A.A. "The significance of the forensic investigation of gunpowder in the investigation of crimes committed with the use of handguns" draws attention to the possibilities of forensic investigation of various brands of gunpowder. The process of occurrence of a gas-powder jet at the moment of a shot is considered.

In the work of Ruchkin V.A. "Modern ammunition in criminal practice: trends in their development" focuses on the development of research methods for special cartridges and their distinctive characteristics.

In the work of Pogrebny A.A. "Typical methodological errors made in the production of ballistic examinations" methodological errors are considered by the types of tasks being solved, namely, determining the relevance of cartridges to the category of ammunition, determining the relevance of home-made firing devices to firearms, as well as identifying firearms by traces on bullets and sleeves.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Tambovtsev E.A. Investigation of crimes related to illegal circulation of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices, with criminal fires and arson // FGKOU VPO "East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation". Irkutsk, 2013.

2. Isaeva K.A. The use of special knowledge in the form of expertise in the investigation of contract killings with the use of firearms // Bulletin of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University. 2013. V. 13. No. 5. S. 38-41.

3. Prokop'eva A.A. The use of special knowledge in the investigation of illicit trafficking in firearms, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices // In the collection: Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation: achievements and problems of application collection of materials III International student scientific and practical conference. 2016. S. 158-162.

4. Aladiev S.K., Sitko N.G., Golovin M.V. The initial stage of the investigation of crimes in the field of illegal arms trafficking // In the collection: Scientific support of the agro-industrial complex: a collection of articles based on the materials of the 72nd scientific and practical conference of students following the results of research for 2016. 2017. S. 651-654.

5. Yatsenko S.V. Features of detection, fixation and seizure of traces of the use of firearms // Educational and methodological manual / Inspection and preliminary study of firearms and traces of its use // University science. 2016. No. 1. S. 255-259.

6. Pogrebnoy A.A. Some aspects of the tactics of using the possibilities of forensic ballistic examination in the investigation of crimes // Actual problems of forensic theory and practice: interuniversity. scientific-practical. conf. December 20, 2013. Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2014. - S. 22-27.

7. Yanin S.A. On some aspects of the appointment of a ballistic forensic examination in the investigation of hunting // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2015. No. 3. S. 207-212.

8. Latyshov I.V. Organizational-legal and methodological problems of complex diagnostic expert studies of weapons, cartridges and traces of their action. Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Economy. Control. Right. 2014. V. 14. No. 1-2. pp. 227-234.

9. Pogrebnoy A.A. Analysis of the significance of the size of the peripheral zone of soot deposition as a sign of the distance of a shot from a 5.6-mm pistol of a small-caliber target Margolin (MTsM) // Bulletin of the Saratov University. Series Economics. Control. Law, issue 1, part 2. - 2014 - Volume. 14. S. 224-227.

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When committing crimes, criminals use firearms. If during the investigation it was possible to find a weapon, then the experts will find traces on it. Criminologists call them traces of a shot. By what means and methods traces are detected and investigated, forensic ballistics, a branch of forensic technology, is engaged.

What is forensic ballistics?

The term "forensic ballistics" was first used by V.F. Chervakov in the 1930s of the last century. Since that time, the concept has been used in specialized literature, and is also used in forensic and investigative practice.

Definition 1

In various reference books "ballistics" defined as the science of the movement of a charge fired from a firearm.

Forensic ballistics deals with a wider range of issues. In addition to military science data, it uses information from the field of physics and chemistry. For example, the quality and quantity of shot can be determined using physical and physico-chemical methods.

Forensic ballistics builds on knowledge developed in other industries. The laws of the mechanism of the shot, the appearance of traces on bullets and cartridge cases, depending on the distance of the shot, form its basis. This is due to the fact that weapons and ammunition are standard. It ignites, burns a powder charge with the same intensity in one weapon system, so the traces of the shot are permanent and stable. When investigating and establishing the circumstances of the incident, this is important.

Remark 1

This knowledge formed the basis for the development of special techniques, techniques that allow working with objects of ballistics, forensic science has received more opportunities to study the crime scene.

Connection of forensic ballistics with other sections of forensic science

The connection between ballistics and other branches of forensic science is obvious. Trasology, identification theory are used for research of firearms. There is a connection with forensic medicine, forensic chemistry and biology. For example, the nature of the formation of gunshot injuries cannot be established without knowledge of forensic medicine.

Objects of forensic ballistic research

The objects of judicial ballistics include:

hand firearms, their parts and accessories;
ammunition for hand firearms equipped and their parts;
traces on weapons, ammunition, barriers;
tools used to make projectiles;
items where weapons were stored.

When carrying out forensic actions, it turns out what happened, whether the fact of the use of weapons took place, to what extent. If the weapon was used by the criminal, the place and method of committing the crime are established. The direction of the shot is determined, from what distance it was fired, a causal relationship is established between the shot and actions, how many shots were fired, at what interval, what are the consequences of the shots.

The study of ballistic traces allows criminalists to determine the type of weapon, its categorical affiliation. For example, cartridge cases allow you to determine what was fired from. Fraction, wads can suggest the source of their origin.

Remark 2

The fundamentals of forensic ballistics are significant in that the techniques developed by it make it possible to establish the truth in the wake of a shot, and sometimes even solve a crime.

Forensic ballistics is a branch of forensic technology that studies firearms, ammunition, patterns of the firing mechanism and the appearance of marks on bullets, cartridge cases and obstacles, develops techniques, methods and means for detecting, collecting and examining these objects to establish the circumstances of the event under investigation.

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Forensic ballistics- a branch of forensic technology that develops means and methods for detecting, fixing and examining firearms, ammunition and traces of their use in order to resolve issues that arise during the investigation of criminal cases. The main content of forensic ballistics is the study of the movement of projectiles (bullets, buckshot, shot) in the bore of a weapon and in the air, as well as the properties of weapons, ammunition, the firing mechanism, and traces resulting from the firing.

The issues resolved by the methods of forensic ballistics can be divided into three main groups:

1) determination of the properties of firearms and ammunition that appear in the case as material evidence (for example, whether the item seized from the detainee is a firearm; what is the system and model of the weapon submitted for examination; is it suitable for shooting, etc.);
2) identification of weapons and ammunition by traces of a shot (for example, whether the bullet extracted from the body of the murdered person was fired from the given pistol; whether the cartridge case found at the scene of the incident was fired from the weapon of the accused);
3) establishing the circumstances of the use of firearms: the distance from which the shot was fired, the direction of the shot, the location of the shooter and the victim, the number of shots, their sequence, etc.

When solving a number of forensic problems, the object of research is not individual material evidence, but the situation at the scene, for example, when establishing the location of the shooter. This necessitates ballistic studies at the scene of the incident and careful recording of interconnected traces and signs of the use of firearms by photographing, measuring and recording. In the production of ballistic research, the methods of forensic photography and trace science are widely used, especially for identification purposes.

In the study of traces of a shot and ammunition, spectral, x-ray and chemical analyzes are used. Gas-liquid chromatography and infrared spectrometry are used to study lubricant particles and sediment. In the study of gunshot injuries on the body and clothing, forensic ballistics is closely related to forensic medicine.

Among the tasks solved by forensic ballistics, an important place is occupied by the establishment of essential for the case firearm properties.

The fact that an object is related to a firearm is essential for the correct qualification of a crime, and in some cases determines the presence or absence of the corpus delicti itself, for example, in cases of illegal carrying, storage, manufacture or sale, as well as theft of firearms (Articles 222-226 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The issue of the relevance of standard factory-made weapons (military, hunting, sports) to firearms is decided by an investigative or judicial examination.

With regard to handicraft or specially adapted firearms, this issue requires expert study. In the process of research, the presence of signs of such weapons listed in the previous paragraph is checked.

To determine the reliability of the weapon and the lethal force of the projectile, experimental shooting is carried out, during which the initial velocity of the projectile, and its kinetic energy, are determined using special installations.

Determination of the type, system and model of firearms allows you to judge its essential properties: purpose, design, rate of fire, lethal force, trajectory and range of the bullet (this information is also used to determine the legality of the use of this weapon by a certain person and establish the sources of its acquisition).

The type of firearm is understood as its class, which has related design and ballistic characteristics, due to the general purpose. Accordingly, combat (military), service, civilian (self-defense, hunting, sports) and atypical (criminal) weapons are distinguished. The system is understood as the original design of a weapon, which is given an independent name, most often by the name of the designer, for example, PM - Makarov pistol, Smith-Wesson revolver, Mosin rifle, etc. Constant modernization, improvement of weapons lead to the appearance within the same system of its various designs: models or samples of weapons, which also differ in the year of development or putting into service.

The most important part of a firearm is its barrel. On the basis of the device of the barrel, the weapon is classified into rifled and smoothbore. The rifling is a helical recess in the bore that gives the bullet a rotational motion as it passes through the barrel, which ensures greater accuracy and range. Most systems of modern firearms are rifled. Shotguns and homemade weapons are usually smoothbore.

The length of the trunk varies long, medium and short-barreled weapon. Long-barreled weapons include military and training and sports rifles, as well as hunting rifles; to the medium-barreled - military submachine guns and machine guns; to the short-barreled - pistols and revolvers, as well as most of the home-made weapons; short- or medium-barreled also includes sawn-off shotguns, i.e. rifles, guns and carbines, in which part of the barrel has been removed. The shortening of the barrel significantly worsens the ballistic properties of the weapon.

Also an essential feature of the device of the barrel is its caliber, i.e. the diameter of the bore, measured in a rifled weapon between two opposite fields (protruding sections of the bore). The caliber of handguns ranges from 5.6 to 11.45 mm. In hunting firearms systems, the caliber is designated differently, in particular, caliber 12 corresponds to a bore diameter of 18.2 mm, and caliber 32 corresponds to a diameter of 12.7 mm with certain intermediate values.

According to the action of the mechanism, weapons differ automatic and non-automatic. In automatic weapons, operations for reloading and firing shots are carried out due to the energy of combustion of the powder charge. In non-automatic weapons, they are carried out manually. Modern military weapons are automatic - self-firing or self-loading. Hunting and homemade weapons are usually non-automatic.

Determining the health of the weapon and its suitability for firing becomes essential for the investigation when it is necessary to establish the possibility of a single shot or automatic firing from a given weapon in the specific circumstances of a criminal case.

It should be borne in mind that the forensic criterion for the suitability of a weapon for firing differs from the general technical one. So, from the point of view of weapons technology, a weapon with defects in the aiming device, butt handle, severe wear of the barrel, etc. is subject to repair or write-off, i.e., is technically faulty. However, from the point of view of forensic ballistics, such defects do not prevent the criminal use of firearms weapons.

As a result of a forensic investigation, the following can be established:

1) the weapon is serviceable and suitable for shooting;
2) the weapon is serviceable, but in the presented form for one reason or another (hardened lubricant, barrel clogged with earth, etc.) is unsuitable for shooting;
3) the weapon has individual malfunctions (absence of a front sight, weakening of the springs, slight swelling of the barrel, etc.) that do not prevent systematic shooting;
4) the weapon is defective, but under certain conditions it is possible to fire single shots from it, for example, single shots from a machine gun in the absence of a magazine, shots from a pistol in which a nail is inserted instead of a striker, shots from a revolver with a faulty trigger mechanism by pulling the trigger by hand, etc. P.;
5) the weapon is defective and unsuitable for shooting. First, an external examination of the weapon and testing of the interaction of its parts is carried out. In this case, X-ray survey or gammography of the weapon is recommended. Then, an incomplete or complete disassembly of the weapon is carried out with a study of the existing malfunctions and their impact on the possibility of firing shots. Of great importance for the conclusions is the experimental firing of weapons, carried out with the obligatory observance of safety rules.

Establishing the possibility of a shot without pulling the trigger(the so-called spontaneous shot) is essential for establishing a deliberate, careless or accidental shot, on which the criminal-legal assessment of the actions of the shooter depends.

Shots without pulling the trigger are possible from both faulty and serviceable weapons. The immediate cause of the shot in these cases is the action of the striker on the primer of the cartridge case, leading to the ignition of the powder composition as a result of a strong general concussion of the mechanism, the fall of the weapon, blows with the weapon or on the weapon, especially on the trigger, the rear end of the striker or the part connected to the striker. The decisive influence on the possibility of a spontaneous shot is exerted in this case by the state and mechanism of action of the trigger device, which releases the firing pin, trigger or bolt being cocked.

In the process of expert research, the details of the mechanism of the weapon are studied in their original state, after which a partial disassembly of the weapon is carried out. Before the production of experiments, the circumstances and conditions under which a shot could have occurred at the scene of the incident are carefully studied, and expert versions are developed that are verified by a series of experiments.

Restoration of sawn off markings on weapons (number, year of manufacture, factory) allows you to establish the legal owner of the weapon and its connection with a previously committed crime: theft, robbery, murder.

Stamping a marking causes a change in the properties of the metal at the location of the strokes of the designation: hardness, plasticity, electrical conductivity, solubility, etc. The recovery techniques are based on this.

After a preliminary inspection of the external parts and the identification of areas where the destroyed signs were supposedly located, an incomplete disassembly of the weapon is carried out in order to detect markings on the internal parts of the weapon.

The pre-examined surface is ground, polished and degreased. Then chemical, electrochemical or magnetic recovery methods are applied.

Establishing the group affiliation of the source of origin of ammunition(in particular, the type, type, kind of cartridges, gunpowder, bullets, shot, buckshot, shells and wads) allows you to judge the type of firearms for which they are intended or in which they are used at the crime scene. If there are comparative samples of ammunition confiscated from the persons being checked, group identification can be carried out or the source of origin of the ammunition can be established, which can serve as one of the evidence of the connection of such persons with the crime event.

Two types of gunpowder are used to equip cartridges: smoky and smokeless. Cartridges for military weapons are equipped with smokeless powder. Smoke powder is used in hunting weapons and homemade cartridges.

The study of the shape, size, color of unburned powders found on a damaged barrier (clothing, corpse skin, etc.), as well as the chemical composition of soot, makes it possible to determine the type and grade of gunpowder used by criminals. This is essential for judging the type of cartridge used by the offender and for comparison with the ammunition found on him.

Bullets for cartridges of various types differ in shape, height, caliber, presence of a shell and its material. The so-called special bullets have a special device. In addition to the jacket and core, these bullets have a cup filled with incendiary, tracer or explosive substance - depending on the purpose of the bullet.

In the cartridges of a hunting rifle, bullets, shot or buckshot are used. The composition of the shot, especially shot of handicraft origin, is very diverse. In addition to lead, tin, arsenic, antimony, alloys may contain many other components in various proportions.

The study of the chemical composition of the raw materials used by criminals to make the shot provides valuable evidence through a comparative study of the shot found at the scene and found on the suspect. Such a study is carried out by spectroscopy. Its high sensitivity makes it possible to use even microquantities of compared materials (laser microspectral analysis). If the qualitative and quantitative compositions of the compared shot coincide, it can be concluded that it was manufactured at the same shot foundry. When handicraft shot "chop" is found, one should keep in mind the possibility of identification by means of a traceological examination of the tool (chisel, chisel, knife, tongs, etc.) that was used to make the shot. The projectile and the powder charge are fastened with the help of a sleeve, which is a cylindrical or bottle-shaped cup made of iron or brass. Cases for cartridges for hunting rifles are sometimes made of cardboard. Sleeves of various cartridges are very diverse in their design, method of fastening with a bullet and markings.

The spent bullets and cartridge cases found at the scene provide valuable data on the type of cartridge used by the perpetrator. Establishing the type of cartridge makes it possible to judge the system or range of systems of the used firearms, which is very important for its search, and to obtain valuable evidence when the appropriate ammunition is found in the suspect.

To determine the type of cartridge for a fired bullet and cartridge case, their shape, height, diameter, method of fastening (punching, crimping), bullet sheath material and cartridge case material, weight, markings, dimensions of the annular recess, slope and sleeve flanges are studied. The received data is compared with the existing tables and collections.

In cartridges for hunting weapons, in addition to the indicated parts, there are wads and gaskets that separate gunpowder and shot and cover the shot. Wads in factory cartridges are felt and cardboard. In the home-made manufacture of cartridges, a wide variety of materials are used as wads: paper, tow, cardboard, etc.

Firearm Identification - it is the most common forensic ballistic study. It can be carried out on shells and shells.

Identification of firearms by projectiles is based on the fact that when a projectile passes through the barrel, a microrelief of the barrel bore is displayed on the surface of the projectile, which has a pronounced individuality as a result of factory processing and subsequent operation. The formation of such an individuality is facilitated by the enormous pressure developed in the bore by powder gases, high temperatures, the mechanical action of projectiles, the chemical action of the combustion products of gunpowder and the decomposition of the capsule composition. Traces formed on the surface of the projectile are dynamic. The mechanism of their formation is very complex. At the beginning of its movement along the bore, the bullet has only translational motion, as a result of which primary marks are formed on its surface, having a direction parallel to the axial line of the bullet. In the course of its further movement under the action of the rifling fields, the bullet acquires an additional rotational motion. This leads to the formation of secondary traces in the form of bundles of traces located at an angle to the center line of the bullet. At the same time, large defects of the bore, located closer to the muzzle, destroy small lines that display the microrelief of the middle and especially the rear of the bore. Therefore, the features of the relief of the anterior part of the bore are of the greatest importance for identification. The microstructure of the bore becomes visible changes with each shot. Intensive operation of the weapon or unfavorable storage conditions can lead to such changes in the bore that, over time, can make individual identification of the weapon impossible.

The microstructure of the bore of a smooth-bore weapon is not inferior to that of a rifled weapon in terms of its individuality. At the same time, the mechanism for the formation of traces on shot and buckshot is more complex. As a result of the pressure developed by the powder gases in the bore and acting on the shot charge moving along the barrel in a compact mass, the phenomena of compaction, wedging and pressing occur in it. At the same time, contact marks from neighboring projectiles and friction marks appear on the shot and buckshot as a result of their movement from the walls of the bore. Contact traces can be used to determine the location of the investigated pellet in the charge, and traces from the barrel bore - for identification. It should be borne in mind that traces from the bore, or rather, a part of its cylindrical surface with traces from defects present on it, are formed only on the peripheral (adjacent to the barrel) surface of the projectile. Other surfaces may have contact patches from adjacent projectiles, which are more pronounced at the bottom of the charge.

When firing from guns with a choke (the so-called check drilling of the barrel), at the beginning of the funnel-shaped slope of the choke, the projectile is forced to rebuild. Such a restructuring leads to the formation of secondary marks in the form of smaller contact spots, less pronounced than the primary ones, and marks from the muzzle narrowing of the bore, which may coincide in direction with the primary marks or be located at some angle to them. The detection of secondary traces on the projectiles undoubtedly indicates that the shot was fired from a barrel with check drilling.

Since the marks on the test projectile are difficult to directly compare with the bore, test projectiles are fired from the weapon under test to obtain comparable images of the bore. Shooting is carried out in special bullet catchers (cotton, oil, water, etc.), which ensure the complete safety of traces from the bore on the projectiles.

Generic identification of firearms by bullets is carried out by comparing data on the caliber, number of rifling, angle of inclination, their direction, the width of the rifling fields, the degree of wear of the bore. The coincidence of these characteristics allows us to conclude that the compared bullets could have been fired from a gun of the same model or sample. Since the specified characteristics may coincide in different models of weapons, such a coincidence is not enough to accurately establish the model or model of the weapon. At the same time, the discovery of a difference in the compared weapon in terms of caliber, barrel arrangement, number of rifling, their direction, established by the traces on the bullets, is sufficient to categorically exclude the compared weapon without a comparative study of the individual characteristics of the barrel bore.

For the purpose of individual identification of weapons by shells, the macro- and microstructure of the bore, displayed in traces on the shells, is compared. Comparative research is carried out using comparative microscopes, sometimes photographic and mechanical scanning of the bullet surface or by comparing pre-made copies of the bullet surface.

The most effective and widespread are studies of traces on projectiles under comparative microscopes. They make it possible to combine traces of compared projectiles in one field of view (Fig. 26), use any magnifications necessary for comparing projectiles, provide optimal lighting conditions, the same position of compared objects, as well as prompt photographic fixation of detected matching features. A general characteristic of the traces on a fired bullet is obtained by photographic scanning of its surface, as well as by rolling a bullet over a wax composition, fusible metal or gelatin film. In addition, the electroplating method is used.

Information about the microstructure of traces on the surface of a bullet can be obtained using a profiler in the form of a curve. In this form, it can be transferred to the computer memory. In the future, the machine could be tasked with processing information about all experimental traces and comparing it with traces on the studied pool.

Identification of firearms by cartridge cases no less effective. Traces of firearms on cartridge cases used for identification are divided into three groups: 1) traces formed during loading; 2) traces formed during the shot; 3) traces formed when the cartridge case is removed from the weapon. The value of these traces for identification is not the same. When loading on the body of the sleeve, traces are formed from the lips of the store, the lower part

Rice. 26.

the shutter cup, which sends the cartridge into the chamber, the walls of the chamber, the ejector hook, which jumps over the edge of the cartridge case cap. These traces (with the exception of the trace from the ejector hook) are of no practical importance for individual identification.

Of decisive importance for identification are traces formed during the shot. This is explained by the fact that in the process of firing in the chamber, the pressure of powder gases develops, under the influence of which the plastic material of the sleeve and especially the primer is pressed with great force against the front section of the bolt and the walls of the chamber. As a result, the structure and features of the relief of the firing pin, bolt cup, and chamber are reflected on the walls of the case, its bottom, and especially the primer.

When the bolt is retracted to the rear position, the ejector hook grabs the sleeve and pulls it out of the chamber, as a result of which a pronounced mark remains on the inside of the edge of the sleeve cap. With further movement, the sleeve encounters a protrusion of the reflector, which leads to its ejection from the weapon. The mark from the protrusion of the reflector remains on the bottom of the sleeve and can be used for identification.

Generic identification of firearms by spent cartridge cases is possible due to the fact that the design features of systems and models are expressed in the difference in size, shape and relative position of parts of firearms that leave traces on the cartridge cases. Determining the model of a firearm and carrying out its generic identification by cartridge cases, they study the size, shape and location on the cartridge case of traces from the firing pin, bolt cup, ejector and reflector. The data obtained is compared with the corresponding characteristics of the systems according to tables or catalogs of models of firearms. Model determination and generic identification of firearms by case can be automated. To do this, the signs of all known systems and models of firearms are encoded and entered into the computer memory. Generic features of an unknown weapon are compared with the information contained in the system's memory, which provides information about a specific model, system, or range of systems characterized by established features.

They proceed to individual identification only after the coincidence of the generic and specific properties of the compared weapon is established. The difference between these properties, for example, the method of processing the shutter cup, the size and location of the reflector, and some others, is exclusive, that is, sufficient for a negative conclusion.

Individual identification of firearms is based on a comparison of the microrelief of weapon parts displayed in traces. In this case, the traces of the bolt cup and striker striker on the primer and the bottom of the sleeve are of decisive importance. The microrelief of traces from the ejector and reflector is also successfully used. In the study of static traces of the bolt cup on the sleeve, the method of directly comparing them with the bolt cup (after the appropriate disassembly of the weapon) can be used. The method of comparing traces is more common, for which experimental shots are made into the sleeve catcher. For experimental shooting, cartridges are selected that best correspond to the investigated cartridge case in terms of the material of the cartridge case, primer and manufacturing time. For control, it is useful to take cartridges made of a more plastic material.

Separate analysis begins with the study of experimental cartridge cases, in which traces from parts of firearms are revealed, characteristic features displayed in such traces, and their stability is traced. In the course of such a study, magnifiers, stereoscopic instrumental and comparative microscopes are used. A shell casing from the crime scene is subjected to a similar study, in which they seek to identify the relevant features. Then they proceed to a comparative microscopic examination, to which all traces found are subjected. Along with the microscopic, the photographic method of research is used. It consists in the fact that micrographs are obtained from the compared traces, which are cut into characteristic points and combined. Thus, a match or mismatch of traces from the compared parts of the weapon can be traced.

Identified matches should be evaluated in terms of their specificity and whether they form an individual (unique) population.

A significant place in forensic ballistics is given to establishing the circumstances of the use of firearms.

1. Was this weapon fired and how old was it? This may support the version that the firearm and its owner were connected to the event under investigation, and the absence of traces of a recent shot may indicate a staged suicide, for example, when a gun was found on a corpse with gunshot wounds.

The proof that the weapon was fired is the discovery in the bore of the decomposition products of the powder charge and primer composition. Often, unburned and half-burned powders are found in the barrel. To determine their belonging to a powder charge, microscopic examination of the detected particles, a thermal test (for ignition) and chemical analysis are carried out. The prescription of the shot is currently established by the traces of the shot only tentatively. The indisputable sign of a recent shot is the smell of powder smoke, which can be felt at the muzzle, the chamber and from the spent cartridge case.

The smell is unstable and quickly disappears, but under favorable conditions it can last a day or more. Immediately after the shot, the bore of the barrel is covered with a coating of intense black color (from black powder) or a faint gray color (from smokeless powder). Then, if the weapon was not cleaned, depending on the water content in the air, water droplets, islands of rust more or less quickly appear on the surface of the channel, and, finally, the surface of the barrel channel is covered with a continuous coating of rust.

2. What is the distance from which the shot was fired? Information about this becomes essential when investigating self-harm, cases of misuse of firearms, exceeding the limits of necessary defense, when investigating murders disguised as an accident, suicides, etc.

In forensic ballistics, three distances of a shot are distinguished: 1) a shot at close range; 2) shot at close range; 3) shot at a long distance. When fired at point-blank range, the muzzle of the weapon fully or partially comes into contact with the damaged surface. A close shot is one in which not only a bullet acts on the barrier, but also powder gases escaping from the barrel, soot and unburned powders. With a long-range shot, the effect of the specified additional factors of a shot on an obstacle is terminated.

A characteristic sign of a point-blank shot is the imprint of the muzzle of the weapon on the barrier - a stamp mark. Along with the muzzle, other details that are in the same plane are often imprinted: a namushnik, a casing, a ramrod. The stamp mark allows you to judge the type and caliber of weapons.

Hot powder gases, escaping at high speed from the bore, have high kinetic energy, mechanical and thermal effects. The nature and severity of this action is determined by the composition and state of the powder charge of smoky and smokeless powder, the length of the weapon barrel, the type of surface being damaged, and other conditions.

At a short distance (1-3 cm), powder gases retain the shape of the bore of a firearm and have a penetrating effect on the barrier. In this case, a tissue defect is formed, the dimensions of which can exceed the dimensions of the bullet by several times and will be the larger, the less the elasticity of the damaged barrier. At long distances, powder gases, meeting air resistance, acquire a mushroom shape and have a discontinuous effect on the barrier, which is expressed in tears of the edges of the inlet. The shape of this tear can be linear (slotted), cruciform or star-shaped. The size of the tear depends on the distance of the shot and the type of damaged barrier. So, when shooting at cotton fabric from military pistols of 7.62 mm caliber, the explosive effect of powder gases stops at a distance of 3 cm, when shooting from long-barreled military weapons (rifle, carbine) - at a distance of 9-10 cm, when shooting from hunting rifles 12 -20 calibers with factory cartridges - at a distance of 15, less often 25-50 cm.

The thermal effect of powder gases is expressed in subsidence, charring, burns, and in some cases in the ignition of the barrier. This action is manifested when firing from military pistols with smokeless powder from a distance of up to 10 cm, when firing from rifle sawn-off shotguns and hunting smoothbore guns from a distance of up to 30-50 cm.

An important sign of a close shot is the deposition of soot from the shot, which is formed as a result of the decomposition of powder and primer charges. The soot of the shot is deposited on the barrier around the bullet hole in the form of a black-gray spot of a rounded shape.

When firing from modern models of handguns, the soot of the shot is deposited on an obstacle located at a distance of no more than 30-50 cm. more).

Signs of a close shot include powder grains and particles of gun grease that have penetrated into the barrier. Most of the powder grains do not fly off further than 80 cm. Lubricant particles are ejected by 45-150 cm. When shot at close range on the surface of a damaged object, in some cases no traces of soot and embedded powders are found, or these traces are weakly expressed. This is explained by the fact that the bulk of the powder gases rush into the wound channel, on the walls of which these additional traces of the shot are deposited.

In obvious cases, traces of a close shot are established by ordinary inspection. However, when the shot is fired at a dark fleecy fabric, special techniques are required.

To detect powder soot, research methods in infrared rays are used: photography, photometric, spectrographic studies. To identify traces of metallization around the damage when firing lead projectiles, radiography of the damage in soft X-rays is recommended. This method can also be used to identify the area of powder soot deposition. Ultraviolet light inspection is used to detect grease particles.

3. What is the direction of the shot? First of all, you need to determine the inlet and outlet holes (in cases of through damage). The most reliable sign of an inlet is the presence of additional traces of a shot. The hole, around which there are traces of decay, soot and unburned powders, is the entrance. Valuable data for resolving this issue can be obtained by studying the structure of the hole. In typical cases, the hole has the shape of a funnel, with its wide part facing the direction of the bullet's flight (holes in glass, wood, bone, etc.). The atypical structure of the hole is observed when shot at point-blank range and from very close distances. It should be borne in mind that the entrance bullet hole does not always have a round shape, but can be oval (when hitting an object at an angle) and irregular in shape (when hit by deformed bullets, special-purpose bullets, when shot from sawn-off shotguns and shotguns).

The determination of the direction of flight of the bullet is facilitated by the detection of particles of the obstacle knocked out by the bullet in the direction of its movement.

A valuable sign of the entrance bullet holes are wiping belts (or pollution and plating). When a bullet penetrates into an obstacle, it, pushing a part of the obstacle material forward and pushing it apart, leaves the particles on it on the obstacle material. As a result, a grayish wiping belt several millimeters wide is formed around the bullet hole. The belt is formed due to various contaminants present on the bullet (particles of shot soot, gun grease, metal particles from the barrel and the bullet itself).

The inlet and outlet openings in the glass can be identified by the fan-shaped relief of the side faces of the glass in the resulting cracks. In radial cracks, the expanding part of the fan-shaped pattern is directed towards the flight of the bullet, in concentric cracks, towards the shooter.

Having established the inlet and outlet holes in the barrier, one should proceed to establishing the angle at which the bullet pierced the barrier. To resolve this issue, first of all, the angle formed by the wound channel and the damaged surface is examined. For this purpose, a straight rod of the appropriate diameter is inserted into a blind or through channel with a sufficient thickness of the damaged object, which will show the angle and direction of the bullet's flight. Approximate data on the angle of impact can also be obtained by studying the topography of additional traces of a shot and bullet damage.

In cases of a right-angle shot, additional shot marks are arranged in the form of a regular circle with a bullet hole in the center. When firing at an angle, additional traces of the shot are located in the form of an oval, and the bullet hole is not in the center, but eccentrically closer to the side from which the shot was fired. Establishing the place from which the shot was fired is carried out by sighting. Its method depends on the type and number of holes. The simplest way of sighting is sighting through a paper tube inserted into the holes in the two panes of the window frame. When the holes are located at considerable distances, a thread is stretched between them, the direction of which will indicate the direction of the bullet's flight. It should be borne in mind that the data obtained in this way may be inaccurate when sighted at a distance of more than 50 m. In this case, the bullet's flight path (curve) deviates markedly from the ideally straight line of sight.

The place from which the shot was fired can also be established by the calculation-graphic method. For this purpose, large-scale plans of the scene are drawn up with the exact designation of the damage caused by the bullet on the furnishings, which are connected by a straight line. The horizontal projection of the plan shows the location of the bullet's flight line relative to the furnishings (top view), the vertical projection shows the upward or downward direction of the bullet's flight and its level (side view) (Fig. 27).

During the inspection of the damaged barrier, the surface on which there is a gunshot injury, the inlet and outlet holes, the wound channel, traces of the action of powder gases are examined: tears, subsidence, charring, deposits of powder soot and powders, scree shots and other traces of a shot. By studying them, you can get a lot of valuable data to determine the distance and direction of the shot, the relative position of the weapon and the damaged barrier, the place of the shot, and in some cases, the system of the weapon used. Therefore, all damaged barriers must be subjected to a thorough examination at the place of their discovery (preferably with the participation of a forensic ballista), the data obtained are recorded, and the physical evidence itself is properly seized and, if necessary, sent for examination.

When a hole is detected, its location on an object (wall, ceiling, piece of furniture, etc.) is carefully determined, for which the most accurate measurements of the height of the hole above the floor or ground level, its location relative to two fixed landmarks, such as the walls of a room, are made, as well as regarding other objects damaged by this shot. By examining the surface on which there is damage, they seek to identify all the available traces of the shot: a belt of wiping, subsidence or charring, tears, cracks, powder soot zones, traces of grease, embedded powders. At the same time, the sizes of damages and zones, their shape, location on the object and relative to the main damage are noted. Inspection is carried out using a magnifying glass and a source of ultraviolet rays. The structure of the bullet channel and the traces in the depth of this channel are carefully examined. It is necessary to detect the particles of the obstacle knocked out by the projectile and describe their nature and location. Research, measurement, description and photography of holes and additional

Rice. 27.

L- where the bullet was found B - bullet holes in the bulkhead, AT - entrance holes in the window, VL - bullet line, KP - area where it could be

shot fired

nitrous traces of a shot must be made before the removal of the obstacle associated with a change in its original position and state, for example, in connection with sawing out a part of the obstacle, the removal of a bullet stuck in it, etc.

If the obstacle cannot be sent for examination as a whole, the part containing the traces of the shot (at least 20 x 20 cm) is cut out and photographed, orienting the location of the hole relative to the sides and parts of the object.

Gunpowder grains, especially in cases where they do not adhere firmly to a damaged barrier, should be placed in a clean test tube.

If there is a hole in the glass, it must be glued on one side to a sheet of clean paper, which will prevent the glass from falling apart when removed. If the barrier is destroyed, you need to collect its parts, restoring their position, and remove them in the same way. When examining damaged clothes or shoes, their name, material, color is described. Gunshot injuries with additional traces on the outside and inside are sheathed with pieces of pure white matter and sent for examination in their entirety. Cutting out parts of clothing in these cases can significantly complicate the study. Existing clothing should not be folded along the line of existing damage, nor should it be sent for examination when wet.

In cases of shot damage, it is necessary to investigate and record the topography of the shot scree. For this purpose, large-scale photography is carried out and a diagram of the location of damage from pellets on the object is drawn up. Each pellet must be seized and attached to the case.

Forensic ballistics (ballistics - from the Greek ba11o - I throw) is a branch of forensic technology that develops tools and methods for detecting, fixing and examining firearms, ammunition and traces of their use in order to resolve issues that arise during the investigation of criminal cases. The main content of forensic ballistics is the study of the movement of projectiles (bullets, buckshot, shot) in the bore of a weapon and in the air, as well as the properties of the weapon, ammunition, the mechanism of the shot resulting from its traces.

Among the issues resolved by its methods, three main groups can be distinguished:

1) determination of the properties of firearms and ammunition that appear in the case as material evidence (for example, whether the item seized from the detainee is a firearm; what is the system and model of the weapon submitted for examination; is it suitable for shooting, etc.);

2) identification of weapons and ammunition by traces of a shot (for example, whether the bullet extracted from the body of the murdered person was fired from the given pistol; whether the cartridge case found at the scene of the incident was fired from the weapon of the accused);

3) establishing the circumstances of the use of firearms: the distance from which the shot was fired, the direction of the shot, the location of the shooter and the victim, the number of shots, their sequence, etc.

When solving a number of forensic problems, the object of research is not individual material evidence, but the situation at the scene, for example, when establishing the location of the shooter. This necessitates appropriate ballistic studies at the bridge of the incident and careful fixation of interrelated patterns and signs of the use of firearms by photographing, measuring and recording. In the production of ballistic studies, forensic photography and traceology methods are widely used, especially for identification purposes.

In a number of tasks solved by forensic ballistics, it is important to establish the properties of firearms that are essential for the case.

The fact that an object is related to a firearm is essential for the correct qualification of a crime, and in some cases determines the presence or absence of the corpus delicti itself, for example, in cases of illegal carrying, storage, manufacture or sale, as well as theft of firearms (Article 222- 226 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). With regard to standard factory-made weapons: military, hunting, sporting, the question of their relevance to firearms is decided by an investigative or judicial examination.

Determining the type, system and model of a firearm makes it possible to judge the essential properties of a weapon: purpose, design, rate of fire, lethal force, trajectory and range of a bullet (this information is also used to determine the legality of the use of this weapon by a certain person and establish the sources of its acquisition).

The type of firearm is understood as a class of firearms that has related design and ballistic characteristics, due to the general purpose. Accordingly, combat (military), service, civilian weapons (self-defense, hunting, sports) and atypical (criminal) weapons are distinguished. The system is understood as the original design of a weapon, which is given an independent name, most often by the name of the designer, for example, “PM” - a Makarov pistol, a Smith-Wesson revolver, a Mosin rifle, etc. Constant modernization, improvement of weapons lead to the appearance within the same systems of various designs of options: models or samples of weapons, which also differ in the year of development or commissioning.

The most important ballistic-forensic part of a firearm is its barrel. On the basis of the device of the barrel, rifled and smooth-bore weapons differ, first of all. Rifts are helical grooves in the bore that give the bullet a rotational motion as it passes through the barrel, which ensures greater accuracy and range. Most systems of modern firearms are rifled. Shotguns and homemade weapons are usually smoothbore. According to the length of the barrel, long-barreled, medium-barreled and short-barreled weapons are distinguished. Long-barreled rifles include military and training and sports rifles, as well as hunting rifles. Medium-barreled weapons include military submachine guns and machine guns. Short-barreled weapons include pistols and revolvers, as well as most homemade weapons. Short- or medium-barreled weapons also include sawn-off shotguns, i.e. rifles, shotguns and carbines, in which part of the barrel has been removed.

The shortening of the barrel significantly worsens the ballistic properties of the weapon. The third essential feature of the barrel device is its caliber, i.e. the diameter of the bore, measured in a rifled weapon between two opposite fields (protruding sections of the bore). The caliber of handguns in millimeters ranges from 5.6 to 11.45. In hunting firearms systems, the caliber is designated differently, in particular, caliber 12 has a bore diameter of 18.2 mm, and caliber 32 has a diameter of 12.7 mm with corresponding intermediate values.

According to the action of the mechanism, automatic and non-automatic weapons are distinguished. In automatic weapons, operations for reloading and firing shots are carried out due to the energy of combustion of a powder charge. In non-automatic weapons, they are carried out manually. Modern military weapons are automatic: self-firing or self-loading. Hunting and homemade weapons are mostly non-automatic.

Determining the serviceability of a weapon and its suitability for firing becomes essential for an investigation when it is necessary to establish whether it is possible to produce a single shot or automatic firing from a given weapon in the specific circumstances of a criminal case.

It should be borne in mind that the forensic criterion for the suitability of a weapon for firing differs from the general technical one. So, from the point of view of weapons technology, it is subject to repair or decommissioning, i.e. is technically faulty, the weapon has defects in the aiming device, stock handle, severe wear of the barrel, etc. However, from the point of view of forensic ballistics, such defects do not prevent the criminal use of firearms.

As a result of a ballistic-forensic study, it can be established:

a) the weapon is serviceable and suitable for shooting;

b) the weapon is in good condition, but in the presented form for one reason or another (hardened lubricant, barrel clogged with earth, etc.) is unsuitable for shooting;

c) the weapon has individual malfunctions (absence of a front sight, weakening of the springs, slight swelling of the barrel, etc.) that do not prevent systematic shooting;

d) the weapon is faulty, but under certain conditions it is possible to fire single shots from it, for example, single shots from a machine gun in the absence of a magazine, shots from a pistol in which a nail is inserted instead of a striker, shots from a revolver with a faulty trigger mechanism by pulling the trigger by hand, etc. P.;

e) the weapon is defective and unsuitable for shooting. First, an external inspection of the weapon and testing of the interaction of its parts is carried out. In this case, X-ray photography or gammagraphy of the weapon is recommended. Then, an incomplete or complete disassembly of the weapon is carried out with a study of the existing malfunctions and their impact on the possibility of firing shots. Of great importance for the conclusions is the experimental firing of weapons, carried out with the obligatory observance of safety rules.

Establishing the possibility of a shot without pulling the trigger (the so-called spontaneous shot). It is essential for establishing a deliberate, careless or accidental shot, on which the criminal-legal assessment of the actions of the shooter depends.

Restoration of cut markings

Restoration of sawn markings on weapons (number, year of manufacture, factory) allows you to establish the legal owner of the weapon and its connection with a previously committed crime: theft, robbery, murder.

After a preliminary inspection of the external parts and the identification of areas where the destroyed designations are supposed to be, an incomplete disassembly of the weapon is carried out in order to detect markings on the internal parts of the weapon.

The pre-examined surface is ground, polished and degreased. Then chemical, electrochemical or magnetic recovery methods are applied.

Establishing the group affiliation of the source of origin of ammunition (and, in particular, the type, kind, type of cartridges, gunpowder, bullets, shot, buckshot, cartridge cases and wads) allows one to judge the type of firearm for which they are intended or in which they were used at the crime scene . If there are comparative samples of ammunition confiscated from the persons being checked, a group identification can be made or the source of the origin of the ammunition can be established, which can serve as one of the evidence of the connection of such persons with the crime event.

Bullets for cartridges of various types differ in shape, height, caliber, presence of a shell and its material. The so-called special bullets have a special device. In addition to the jacket and core, these bullets have a cup filled with incendiary, tracer, or explosive, depending on the purpose of the bullet.

The study of the chemical composition of the raw materials used by criminals to make the shot provides valuable evidence through a comparative study of the shot found at the scene and found on the suspect. Such a study is carried out by spectroscopy. Its high sensitivity makes it possible to use even microquantities of compared materials (laser microspectral analysis). If the qualitative and quantitative compositions of the compared shot coincide, it can be concluded that it was manufactured at the same shot foundry. In cases where handicraft shot “chop” is found, one should keep in mind the possibility of identifying the tool (chisel, chisel, knife, pincers, etc.) that was used to make the shot by means of a traceological examination. The projectile and the powder charge are fastened with the help of a sleeve, which is a cylindrical or bottle-shaped cup made of iron or brass. Cases for cartridges for hunting rifles are sometimes made of cardboard. Sleeves of various cartridges are also very diverse in their design, method of fastening with a bullet and markings.

To determine the type of cartridge for a fired bullet and cartridge case, their shape, height, diameters, method of fastening (punching, crimping), bullet shell material and cartridge case material, weight, markings, dimensions of the annular recess, slope and sleeve flanges are studied. The received data is compared with the existing tables and collections.

In cartridges for hunting weapons, in addition to the indicated parts, there are also wads and gaskets that separate gunpowder and shot and cover the shot. Wads in factory cartridges - felt and cardboard. In the home-made manufacture of cartridges, a wide variety of materials are used as wads: paper, tow, cardboard, etc.

Identification of firearms. Represents the most common forensic ballistic examination. It can be carried out on shells and shells.

General provisions of forensic ballistics. Features of the use of special knowledge in the field of forensic ballistics in the investigation of crimes korma Vasily Dmitrievich Scope of application of special knowledge of forensic ballistics

transcript

What is forensic ballistics?

Connection of forensic ballistics with other sections of forensic science

Objects of forensic ballistic research

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