Euthyroidism treatment drugs are inexpensive but effective. What is drug-induced thyroid euthyroidism? Why is euthyroidism dangerous?

• M. pneumonia - causes pulmonary (respiratory) mycoplasmosis;
• M. incognitus - causes a generalized form of mycoplasmosis;
• M. hominis - causes the urogenital form of mycoplasmosis;
• M. genitalium - causes the urogenital form of mycoplasmosis;
• U. urealyticum - causes the urogenital form of mycoplasmosis.

The causative agents of the disease are sensitive to antibacterial drugs from the group of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. Also, outside the human body, they die from boiling, disinfecting solutions and from exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Causes and mechanism of development of mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasmosis is transmitted sexually (genital form), household contact (urogenital form), airborne (pulmonary form) and vertical (from a mother with a urogenital form, causing a pulmonary form in the fetus or child) ways.

Human mycoplasmosis is divided into respiratory (pulmonary) and urogenital. Each has its own characteristics of the course and treatment. Respiratory is treated by a general practitioner or pulmonologist. Urogenital - urologist or gynecologist.

A certain type of mycoplasmosis has its own incubation period. Let's consider them separately.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis

It is transmitted by airborne droplets or from mother to fetus through the placenta. It is divided into mycoplasmal bronchitis and mycoplasmal pneumonia (pneumonia). The first ones are similar downstream to flu or another viral infection, only with a longer course.

The incubation period is 1-2 weeks. In rare cases, it reaches 3-4 weeks. It starts with fever, nasal congestion and severe cough. After accession to the process of the lungs, an even greater increase in temperature occurs, cough becomes with a small amount of sputum, occurs dyspnea. The duration of this variant of mycoplasmosis is about 2-3 months.

In severe cases of the disease, it is necessary to stay in the hospital. For therapy, antibiotics, antitussives (in the first few days), expectorants, antipyretics and vitamins are used. Antifungal drugs are also used in the treatment.

Urogenital mycoplasmosis

Clinical manifestations after the ingestion of mycoplasma begin to develop after a period of time from 3 days to 3 weeks. In 80% of cases, infection occurs sexually. However, contact is not excluded. There are asymptomatic, acute and chronic. It manifests itself in minor discharge from the vagina or urethra. Just concerned about the itching of the genitals, cramps when urinating, pain in the lower abdomen. In women, a violation of the menstrual cycle is possible, in men, pain in the scrotum and anus.

Chronic mycoplasmosis sooner or later leads to various complications. For women, this is most often infertility, permanent miscarriages or premature births. In this case, the child becomes ill with a pulmonary form of the disease. For men, infertility is most common. Both sexes may experience pyelonephritis(kidney inflammation), cystitis(inflammation of the bladder), arthritis (inflammation of the joints).

The consequences of mycoplasmosis of the respiratory form are bronchiectasis (irreversible expansion of the bronchi) and pneumosclerosis (replacement of normal lung tissue with connective tissue). These are the most common complications. But with the wrong treatment, more serious consequences are possible. This is encephalitis(inflammation of the brain) or a generalized lesion (when almost all organs and systems of human organs are included in the disease process).

Prevention of mycoplasmosis

There is no vaccine for mycoplasmosis. Therefore, for the prevention of the pulmonary form, it is necessary to follow the same methods as for other colds. And in order to avoid the genital form of the disease, it is necessary to exclude casual sex, especially unprotected ones, carefully examine pregnant women, properly process gynecological instruments, and adequately treat patients with mycoplasmosis.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis is a rather difficult task. This is explained by the fact that with this disease there are no signs characteristic only of him. They can also be found in a number of other pathologies. But the presence of chronic inflammation of the genitourinary system can push the doctor to think about mycoplasmosis, after which the doctor's thoughts are confirmed or refuted in the laboratory.

Mycoplasmosis does not have symptoms that would be characteristic only of this disease. All complaints that a patient can make are also found in other pathologies of the respiratory or genitourinary system. However, the combination of several signs helps to prompt the doctor to the idea of ​​the need to examine the patient for mycoplasmosis.

Mycoplasma can infect the human respiratory system (respiratory or pulmonary mycoplasmosis) and urogenital (urogenital mycoplasmosis). Depending on the localization of the disease, complaints will differ.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis includes the following symptoms: in the first days from the onset of the disease, a sore throat appears, nasal congestion occurs and a strong, paroxysmal dry cough, there is an increase in body temperature up to 38 ° C. After 1-2 weeks, the temperature rises to 39°C, the cough becomes paroxysmal, with a small amount of sputum, sometimes streaked with blood. Appears strong dyspnea, blue lips. This suggests that the lungs were involved in the process. This condition can last up to three months.

Signs of mycoplasmosis of the genitourinary system can be so mild that the patient does not pay attention to them for a long time. First of all, patients notice slight discharge from the vagina or urethra. Itching in the area of ​​the glans penis and urethra in men and in the area of ​​the entrance to the vagina in women will also be characteristic signs. They may be disturbed by cramps and discomfort during urination. If the infection spreads higher in the body, then women may intermenstrual bleeding, irregular menstruation, pain in the lower abdomen of a pulling nature. In men, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis are divided by the affected organs. If the testicles and their appendages are involved in the process, then the above complaints are accompanied by heaviness in the scrotum, its slight swelling. If the prostate gland is affected, then there is frequent nighttime urination, pressing pains in the lower abdomen or anus. Urine becomes cloudy, sometimes streaked with pus.

Complications of mycoplasmosis

Considering that the causes of mycoplasmosis are a small microorganism that does not always cause any complaints in the patient, complications of the disease are often possible. These include bronchiectasis (pathological irreversible expansion of the bronchi), encephalitis(inflammation of the brain) pyelonephritis(kidney inflammation). As well as arthritis (inflammation of the joints), infertility, premature birth, frequent miscarriages. That is why, in order to prevent such serious consequences, it is necessary, at the slightest suspicion of mycoplasmosis, to consult a pulmonologist, gynecologist or urologist (depending on the affected system).

Treatment of mycoplasmosis

Treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis

For the treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis, antibacterial drugs are the main ones. Most effective against mycoplasma:

• tetracyclines - tetracycline (750-1000 mg per day, divided into 3 doses), doxycycline (200 mg per day, divided into 2 doses);
• fluoroquinolones - ofloxacin (600 mg per day, divided into 2 doses), ciprofloxacin (1000 mg per day, divided into 2 doses);
• macrolides - sumamed (500 mg 1 time / day or 1 g once), erythromycin (2000 mg per day, divided into 4 doses), clarithromycin (1500 mg per day, divided into 3 doses), azithromycin (1 g once or 500 mg 1 time / day).

The duration of treatment can take from 7 days (in mild cases) to 21 days (in severe cases). Antibiotics for mycoplasmosis are selected strictly individually.

Symptomatic drugs are also used to treat pulmonary mycoplasmosis. These are antitussives (codterpin 1 tablet no more than 4 doses per day, stoptusin 1 tablet in 3 doses) - they are used in the first few days of illness with a painful paroxysmal cough. Expectorants (Ambroxol 1 tablet in 3 doses, Lazolvan 1 tablet in 3 doses, ACC 1 sachet in 4 doses) - with a painful cough with sputum difficult to pass. Antipyretics (paracetamol 1 tablet in 4 doses, nimid 1 tablet in 2-4 doses, ibuprofen 1 tablet in 3 doses) - with an increase in body temperature from 38 ° C. For sore throats - sprays with antiseptics (Yox, Stoptusin, Givalex) or tablets (Decatilene, Strepsils) - every 3-4 hours. With nasal congestion - spray or drops (nazol, noxprey, aquamaris, naphthyzinum).

In severe cases, treatment should take place strictly in a hospital under the supervision of a physician.

Treatment of urogenital mycoplasmosis

The main drug in the treatment of urogenital mycoplasmosis, as well as respiratory, is an antibiotic. Groups and dosages are the same. However, the duration of treatment is from 3 to 7 days. This is due to the milder course of the disease. In addition to this drug, antifungal drugs are used (fluconazole 100 mg, 1 tablet daily for 10 days or 500 mg once after a course of antibacterial drugs). Probiotics to restore microflora (Linex 1 capsule in 3-5 doses, Bifiform 1 capsule in 3-4 doses, Lacidophil 1 capsule in 3-4 doses). To strengthen the immune system, vitamins are used (Vitrum, Kvadevit, Undevit - 1 tablet in 4 doses) and immunostimulants (Laferon 1 tablet in 3 doses, interferon is instilled into the nose every 2 hours).

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in women to all of the above adds vaginal suppositories with antibiotics (metronidazole 1 suppository at night for 10 days, gravagin 1 suppository at night for 7-10 days).

After the end of therapy, a woman needs to undergo a control study. To do this, 10 days after the last antibiotic tablet, a female doctor (gynecologist) takes a smear and does a sowing. This procedure must be carried out three times, during each subsequent menstrual cycle. Only if during these three months all the results are negative, the woman can be considered healthy.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in men adds to the general principles of ointment or cream containing antibacterial substances (metrogil, oflokain - rub into the head of the penis 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks). At the end of the treatment, the treatment is monitored. Any method of laboratory research that is available in a medical institution, a male doctor (andrologist or urologist) checks for the presence of mycoplasma in the body.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children is one of the most difficult tasks. The reason for this is the severity of the course of the disease. It is recommended that all children be hospitalized after such a diagnosis is made.

The basis for eliminating the cause of the disease are antibiotics. If the child is under 12 years old, then he is shown macrolides in the form of a suspension or capsule, and if the condition is extremely severe, then intramuscularly or intravenously fluoroquinolones.

The approximate scheme for the treatment of mycoplasmosis in children includes drugs such as:

• Antibacterial drug - azithromycin (Sumamed) - 10 mg / kg of body weight;
• Expectorants - Dr. Thais syrup, Dr. MOM syrup - up to 6 years, ½ teaspoon, from 6 to 12 years, 1 teaspoon, from 12 years, 1 tablespoon 4-6 times a day.
• Antipyretic - nurofen - up to 3 years, 2.5 ml 2 times a day, from 3 to 6, 5 ml 2-3 times a day, from 6 to 12, 7.5 ml 4 times a day, from 12 years old, 10 mo 4 times a day day.
• Probiotic - bifiform 1 capsule 2-3 times a day.
• Immunostimulator - interferon leukocyte instilled into the nose every 2 hours.
• Plentiful drink.

A pediatrician (pediatrician) will prescribe a complete treatment depending on the symptoms, the condition of the child and his age. In no case should you self-medicate.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis with folk remedies

Treatment of mycoplasmosis with folk remedies can be allowed only with the urogenital form, not complicated course. Here are a few recipes that are good to use for asymptomatic or asymptomatic variants:

• Steep 3 tablespoons of goldenrod herb in 3 cups of boiling water for 45 minutes. Take ½ cup 4-6 times a day for 21 days.
• 15 g of the collection (upland uterus, winter-green herb and wintergreen) pour 3-4 glasses of hot water and leave for 45-50 minutes. Take ½ cup 5 times a day for 21-28 days.
• Pour 2 tablespoons of oak bark and 1 tablespoon of boron uterus with 1 ½ cups of boiling water, leave for 30-45 minutes. Use as a vaginal douche 2 times a day.

Prevention of mycoplasmosis

There is no specific prophylaxis (vaccine) against mycoplasmosis.

From pulmonary mycoplasmosis, it is necessary to adhere to the same rules as for other respiratory tract infections (hardening, maintaining immunity, taking vitamins).

Prevention of mycoplasmosis of the urogenital form includes compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, adequate sterilization of gynecological instruments, water purification in public pools. It is also necessary to adequately identify and treat patients with mycoplasmosis. We must not forget about safe sexual intercourse. In addition, women need to undergo a preventive examination by a gynecologist every six months.

Mycoplasmosis in women

The incubation period after contact with mycoplasmas ranges from 4 to 55 days (average 14 days). But due to the fact that most often mycoplasmosis in women occurs in asymptomatic or asymptomatic forms, it is practically impossible to determine the moment of infection. The ratio of the incidence of mycoplasmosis in men and women is 1:2.

Due to the fact that the sexual route of transmission of the infection is predominant, women are able to become infected not only directly through sexual contact, but also through everyday contact - through towels, sheets or gynecological instruments.

Increase the frequency of detection of mycoplasmas in patients and a low level of social status, the use of hormonal contraception instead of condoms, a sexual partner with various sexually transmitted diseases.

Mycoplasmosis in women is classified according to the location of the lesion:

• mycoplasma bartholinitis(damage to specific glands near the entrance to the vagina);
• mycoplasma vaginitis(damage to the mucous membrane of the vagina);
• mycoplasma endometritis(damage to the inner lining of the uterus);
• mycoplasmal salpingitis (damage to the fallopian tubes), etc.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in women

For convenience, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in women were divided into mycoplasmosis of the external and internal genital organs. External include damage to the vagina, urethra, specific glands at the entrance to the vagina. And the internal included damage to the inner lining of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

With mycoplasmosis of the internal genital organs, the infection rises from below and affects the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Symptoms of damage to these organs are pain in the lower abdomen, profuse vaginal discharge, fever, menstrual irregularities, intermenstrual bleeding , infertility and throw out.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in women

Several laboratory methods are used to diagnose mycoplasmosis. These include:

The main complications of mycoplasmosis in women include an abscess of the gland of the vestibule of the vagina (purulent inflammation), inflammation of the bladder and kidneys, infertility, habitual miscarriages, chronic endometritis(inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus), placental insufficiency (pathology of the placenta, causing a number of diseases in the fetus), intrauterine diseases of the fetus without pathology of the placenta.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in women

After the end of treatment, it is necessary to undergo a control study of the effectiveness of treatment. To do this, 10 days after taking the last antibiotic tablet, the female doctor (gynecologist) takes a smear and does a sowing. This procedure must be carried out three times, during each subsequent menstrual cycle. Only if during these three months all the results are negative, the woman can be considered recovered from mycoplasmosis.

Mycoplasmosis in men

The incubation period for mycoplasmosis in men ranges from 4 to 55 days (average 14 days). But due to the fact that most often mycoplasmosis occurs in asymptomatic or asymptomatic forms, it is practically impossible to determine the moment of infection. Men get sick less often than women. The ratio of the incidence of mycoplasmosis in men and women is 1:2.

Mycoplasmosis is divided according to the location of the lesion:

• mycoplasmal urethritis (damage to the urethra);
• mycoplasma prostatitis(damage to the prostate);
• mycoplasmal orchitis (infection of one or both testicles)
• mycoplasmal epididymitis (damage to the epididymis).

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men

Mycoplasmosis does not cause characteristic symptoms in men. Most often, everything proceeds almost imperceptibly and there is no thought to consult a doctor. The disease begins with minor discharge from the genitals and unmotivated discomfort. Also, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men include itching and pain in the penis. In rare cases, there may be pain in the perineum, scrotum, and even give into the anus.

With mycoplasmal urethritis, symptoms include purulent discharge of various amounts, cloudy urine, discomfort in the glans penis, itching or burning throughout the urethra. If this is an acute course of mycoplasmosis, then the signs are more pronounced and this may prompt a man to go to the hospital. But in the chronic course, there are practically no complaints, the patient does not go to the doctor, which can lead to various complications.

Mycoplasmal prostatitis occurs in men who already suffer from urethritis, and due to predisposing factors, the infection penetrates into the gland itself. These factors include regularly interrupted or prolonged sexual intercourse, the presence of frequent constipation, drinking alcohol, etc. Patients may notice more frequent urination at night, the appearance of purulent threads in the urine or even clouding of the urine. With a long course of chronic prostatitis, a decrease in potency occurs.

With mycoplasmal epididymitis and orchitis, a man feels slight pulling pains in the scrotum, rarely there may be a slight swelling of the scrotum, which the patient may not notice.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in men

Some laboratory methods are used to diagnose mycoplasmosis. These are such as:

With untimely or incorrect treatment mycoplasmosis in men can cause a number of complications. These include:

• Mycoplasma pyelonephritis(inflammation of the substance of the kidney);
• Mycoplasma cystitis(cystitis);
• male infertility(caused by a violation of the movement of spermatozoa or their formation);
• Mycoplasma arthritis (inflammation of the joints).

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in men

Treating just one man is not enough. It is necessary that the sexual partner also undergoes diagnostics and, if necessary, is treated. Otherwise, re-infection is possible.

Mycoplasmosis in children

Mycoplasmosis in children is a rather serious disease that is caused by mycoplasmas and has a number of clinical signs. The incubation period ranges from 4 days to 3 weeks (depending on the form of the disease). Just like adults, children can be carriers of mycoplasmas or the disease can be asymptomatic. The appearance of clinical signs in these cases is possible after stress or against the background of reduced immunity. Infection can occur in utero (from a sick mother), by household means (through towels, bedding, underwear), sexually (with sexual perversion, rape) and by airborne droplets (infection occurs quite rarely).

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in children

Mycoplasmosis in children is divided into clinical forms:

• respiratory - affects the upper respiratory tract;
• pneumonic - affects the lower respiratory tract;
• urogenital - affects the genitourinary system;
• perinatal - affects the fetus from the mother;
• generalized - the defeat of the whole organism, an extremely severe form.

Mycoplasmosis in children, depending on the form, causes the following symptoms:

Respiratory form: From the beginning of infection to the development of the clinic, it takes from 4 to 7 days. The body temperature rises to 38 ° C, however, intoxication (weakness, body aches, headache, drowsiness) no. The upper parts of the respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi) are affected. Rarely, symptoms of obstruction (difficulty inhaling and exhaling air) may occur. It flows quite easily. However, with improper treatment, complications may occur: the attachment of other microorganisms, lymphadenopathy (damage to the lymphatic system), cervical lymphadenitis (inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes).

Pneumatic form: From the beginning of infection to the development of the clinic, it takes from 1 to 3 weeks. The onset can be either acute or gradual. With acute development in a child, the body temperature rises to 39°C within a week, after which it remains at 37.5-38°C for another 4 weeks. Signs of intoxication are slightly pronounced, the upper and middle respiratory tracts are affected (up to medium-sized bronchi), mild dyspnea, enlarged liver and spleen, there may be pain in the joints. With a gradual onset, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in children are more severe. During the week, body temperature fluctuates from 37.5 to 38°C, after which it rises to 39°C and does not go astray for a long time. Signs of intoxication are pronounced, the lower respiratory tract is affected (down to the level of the lungs), severe shortness of breath, lips become blue. There is bilateral inflammation of the lungs. Dry, painful, paroxysmal cough is characteristic, which after 3-4 weeks of the disease becomes wet, a large amount of purulent yellow sputum leaves, possibly even with blood. Complications of this form of childhood mycoplasmosis can be sinusitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), otitis media(ear infection), pyelonephritis(kidney inflammation), hepatitis(inflammation of the liver), DIC syndrome (pathology of blood clotting), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), emphysema (increased airiness of the lung tissue).

Urogenital form: incubation period from 3 days to 3 weeks. The symptoms are the same as in adults. Rarely seen in adolescence. Minor discharge from the urinary organs, mild itching, discomfort, possible cramps during urination, pulling pains in the lower abdomen, in guys heaviness in the scrotum. For diagnosis, the same methods are used as in men and women. Complications can be cystitis(inflammation of the bladder), pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), endometritis(inflammation of the uterus), salpingo-oophoritis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries), epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis), orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), prostatitis(inflammation of the prostate). Long-term effects include infertility(both male and female), spontaneous miscarriages.

perinatal form: infection occurs in utero from a mother with mycoplasmosis. The child is born prematurely, does not correspond to its developmental period, has severe respiratory and brain disorders, pathological jaundice. The immune system is also poorly developed. This is evidenced by the development of thrush, a long-term non-healing umbilical wound. It is also possible intrauterine death of the fetus.

Generalized form: this mycoplasmosis in a child affects almost the entire body. The process involves the cardiovascular system, nervous, musculoskeletal, skin. Survival in this case is not very high.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children

In severe cases, an antibiotic must be added to all of the above drugs. In children, a group that allows the treatment of mycoplasmosis is a group of macrolides (azithromycin, sumamed, vilprafen, clindamycin). The doctor selects the dosage and convenient form of release (capsules, tablets, syrup) individually, depending on the condition and age of the child. Together with antibiotics, it is necessary to take probiotics that will help restore the normal microflora in the body (bifidumbacterin, linex, bifiform). If the signs of intoxication are too large, then intravenous stream or drip special solutions for detoxification are prescribed along with diuretics (at an age dosage). Also, drugs are needed that will improve the state of the immune system (interferon, viferon, cycloferon).

Generalized and perinatal forms of mycoplasmosis are treated only in a hospital, in an intensive care unit.

It is necessary to treat mycoplasmosis in children strictly under medical supervision. Self-medication or non-compliance with the medical treatment regimen can lead to unwanted complications.

Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy

mycoplasmosis during pregnancy found 2-2.5 times more often than without it. And in women suffering from "habitual" abortions, mycoplasmas are detected in 25% of cases. This is a serious reason to think about the problem. There is an opinion that mycoplasmosis in pregnant women so common due to changes in the hormonal background, as well as other physiological processes that occur with a woman (for example, the state of the immune system).

The presence of urogenital mycoplasmosis causes a huge risk of preterm birth and the birth of a child with extremely low body weight. It is believed that mycoplasmosis during pregnancy most often caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum than by other species.

Urogenital mycoplasmosis quite often causes postpartum or post-abortion complications that are severe, accompanied by high fever and can lead to undesirable consequences. Also, mycoplasmosis in pregnant women is able to penetrate through the fetal bladder, causing inflammatory changes in the fetal membranes and the inner lining of the uterus. These conditions just cause premature births and early abortions. It is generally accepted that asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic variants of the course are more dangerous for a pregnant woman and more often contribute to the development of complications.

The child can become infected from the mother both during pregnancy and during childbirth. The more premature a child was born, the more severe will be the manifestations of mycoplasmosis in him. Mycoplasma is found in the spinal cord and in the respiratory system.

To prevent such severe consequences for the mother and unborn child, pregnant women should be examined for genital mycoplasmosis. It is advisable to do this even during the planning of the child.

If a woman came to the gynecologist with complaints of slight vaginal discharge, and the doctor detects yellowish discharge and symptoms of inflammation of the cervix and vagina in the mirrors, then she must be sent for laboratory diagnostics.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy

Treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy should be based on the basic principles:

• it is necessary to prevent the transmission of microorganisms to the fetus and unborn child,
• therapy is prescribed only if mycoplasmas are found in an amount of at least 100 CFU per 1 ml (colony-forming units),
• treatment must be complete and not harm either the fetus or the expectant mother.

Because most antibacterial drugs can cross the placenta and cause fetal malformations, the doctor must carefully consider the choice of medication. Given the deterioration of the immune system when carrying a child, a woman should take a large amount of vitamins. There are special vitamins for pregnant women, in which the content of all substances is increased by 2-3 times. This, for example, pregnavit, vitrum prenatal, elevit. But the treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy still will not do without antibiotics. The safest are drugs from the group of macrolides. They have the least effect on the fetus, do not cause malformations and have the shortest course of administration. The most optimal of all drugs in this group is to prescribe josamycin. It must be taken only from the second trimester of pregnancy (not earlier than 12 weeks). This is due to the fact that up to 12 weeks the fetus is forming organs, and after that they only increase in size. Therapy regimen: take 500 mg 3 times a day (7-10 days). Or another option is possible: drink azithromycin 1 g once, and then 250 mg for 3 days.

After the course of therapy is completed, and the doctor does not see signs of inflammation in the mirrors, it is necessary to conduct a control study. It is made 1 month after taking the last antibiotic tablet.

We must not forget that together with the expectant mother it is necessary to treat her sexual partner as well. Otherwise everything mycoplasmosis symptoms may return again.

Urogenital mycoplasmosis

Urogenital mycoplasmosis is caused by two types of bacteria: Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. Of all the inflammatory lesions of the genitourinary system, mycoplasmosis has recently taken 40-45%. Due to the fact that patients rarely go to the doctor and are increasingly self-medicating, or do not pay attention to the signs of the disease at all, advanced forms of the disease are increasingly common, with many complications.

The incubation period for genital mycoplasmosis ranges from 3 days to 3 weeks. But due to the fact that the disease is often asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic, it is not possible to determine the time of infection. The ratio of the incidence of mycoplasmosis in men and women is 1:2.

The route of transmission of urogenital mycoplasmosis is mainly sexual. However, it is possible to become infected in the household way - through bed linen, towels. Also, women can get mycoplasmosis at a gynecologist's appointment with poor processing of instruments (through gynecological mirrors, gloves).

Symptoms of urogenital mycoplasmosis

Urogenital infection caused by mycoplasmas is divided into acute, chronic and asymptomatic. Very often, mycoplasmosis is detected during a routine examination by a gynecologist by chance.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men are minor discharge from the urethra, slight itching inside the canal or on the head of the penis, pain during urination, and discomfort in the genital area. Also, when the testicles and their appendages are affected, mild soreness and slight swelling of the scrotum occur. When a genital mycoplasma infection is attached to the prostate, there may be an increase in nocturnal urination, slight pressing pain in the anus or lower abdomen.

Symptoms in women are divided into mycoplasmosis of the external and internal genital organs. Signs of damage to external organs include slight itching in the area of ​​​​the entrance to the vagina, minor discharge from the urethra or vagina. And if mycoplasma enters the internal genital organs, pain in the lower abdomen, in the lumbar region or anus may occur. The menstrual cycle is disturbed, possible intermenstrual bleeding. With an advanced form of genital mycoplasmosis in women, “habitual” miscarriages or infertility. Also, if a sick woman still managed to get pregnant, then stillbirth of the fetus or premature birth is not excluded. In this case, the child has a number of pathologies.

Diagnosis of urogenital mycoplasmosis

In order to correctly diagnose a urogenital infection of the genitourinary system, examination and laboratory methods of research are necessary. On examination, you can detect inflammatory changes, swelling, redness, erosion, soreness. This will lead the doctor to the idea that the presence of any microorganism is possible. For clarification, laboratory diagnostic methods such as:

It is imperative to undergo examination and treatment of the sexual partner. Otherwise, re-infection is possible.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis

The source of the disease is a person infected with mycoplasmosis. In the acute course of pulmonary mycoplasmosis, the pathogen is excreted from the body 10-11 days from the onset of the disease. And with a chronic variant of the course, it reaches 12-13 weeks.

Transmission occurs mainly by airborne droplets, but household transmission is also possible (through a handshake, children's toys, various objects).

After the transfer of respiratory mycoplasmosis, immunity is developed, which lasts up to 10 years.

The incubation period of the disease is 1-2 weeks.

Symptoms of respiratory mycoplasmosis

Initially, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis resemble flu or other viral infection. There is an increase in body temperature up to 37.5-38.5 ° C, dry, hacking cough, there is a feeling of sore throat, stuffy nose. A little later, after a few days, the infection goes down into the bronchi. In this regard, the cough intensifies, becomes unbearable and paroxysmal. Sometimes with a small amount of sputum. In the future, the lungs are involved in the process, mycoplasma pneumonia (pneumonia) occurs. The above features are accompanied by a strong dyspnea and there may be blood streaks in the sputum. With adequate and timely treatment, the subsidence of the disease processes occurs from 3 weeks to 3 months. Mycoplasmosis in patients with weak immunity is characterized by complications in the form of meningitis(inflammation of the membranes of the brain), arthritis (damage to the joints), nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys). It is also possible to become chronic. In this case, it is necessary to periodically examine the patient for the development of bronchiectasis (pathological and irreversible airiness of the lungs and bronchial dilatation) and pneumosclerosis (replacement of normal lung tissue with connective, scar tissue).

Diagnosis of respiratory mycoplasmosis

In order to make a diagnosis of pulmonary mycoplasmosis, one X-ray of the lungs and a complete blood count (as with other types of pneumonia) are not enough. There are a number of methods for determining the pathogen in a patient:

Treating mycoplasmosis of the respiratory tract is a lengthy and not an easy procedure. The main drug is antibiotics. Apply mainly a group of macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, sumamed, clarithromycin). If it is impossible or ineffective to use them, there are reserve antibiotics (tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones). The duration of treatment is much longer than with other infections, reaching 21-25 days. In the first few days of illness, when the cough is still dry and painful, antitussive drugs (codterpin, stoptusin) are used. In the future, until the cough stops, expectorants (ambroxol, lazolvan, ACC) are used. At elevated temperatures, it is necessary to take antipyretics (paracetamol, ibuprofen, nimisulide).

In no case should you engage in self-medication, mandatory monitoring of treatment by a doctor is necessary.

Mycoplasma in women - causes, symptoms and treatment. Elementary prevention of mycoplasma in women

Mycoplasma is a microorganism that occupies an intermediate position between bacteria, viruses and fungi, the "smallest" of the microorganisms existing in the world.

Due to the absence of a cell wall, experts believe that mycoplasma is larger than a virus.

It mainly lives on the epithelial cells of the genitourinary tract, intestines and respiratory tract.

What is mycoplasma in women

The disease that causes - mycoplasmosis - occurs with damage to the genitourinary tract, joints, respiratory organs and others.
There are three types of causative agents of urogenital

mycoplasmosis:

Mycoplasma genitalium;
- Mycoplasma hominis;
- Ureaplasma urealiticum.

In 40 - 80% of young women who do not have any complaints and symptoms of the disease, Ureaplasma urealiticum is isolated in a vaginal smear. Similarly, Mycoplasma hominis is determined in 21 - 53%. Therefore, the opinion of most scientists is currently inclined to believe that mycoplasma is a conditionally pathogenic microorganism. This means that this pathogen can be latent in the human body for a long time without causing any diseases. And it is activated only under the influence of some external or internal influences.

As can be seen from the statistics, mycoplasmas, not having pathogenic properties, live in the body for a long time asymptomatically, but can provoke the development of diseases when pathogenic agents enter the body.

Mycoplasma in women - causes

Ways of transmission of mycoplasma:

Sexual - upon contact with a patient or a carrier;
- vertical - from the mother to the fetus: through the amniotic fluid or at the time of birth;
- household - is extremely rare due to the extremely small

Stability of mycoplasma in the environment and a short period of its existence. There are discussions about this.

If during the inflammatory process mycoplasma is found in women, the causes of its occurrence can be varied:

unprotected sex;
- the beginning of sexual activity at a young age;
- different sexual partners;
- transferred gynecological diseases;
- STIs are sexually transmitted infections.

The causes of mycoplasma in a woman can be any event that leads to a decrease in immunity:

Deterioration in the quality of life;
- abortion, pregnancy;
- taking medications that reduce overall immunity - hormones, antibiotics, immunosuppressants, etc .;
- constant stress;
- radiation therapy, etc.

Mycoplasma in women - symptoms

Diseases that cause the development of mycoplasmosis in women:

Gardnerellosis - bacterial vaginosis (causative agent - Mycoplasma hominis);
- urethritis (pathogen - Mycoplasma genitalium);
- pyelonephritis (pathogen - Mycoplasma hominis);
- inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages (causative agent - Mycoplasma hominis).

When the infection spreads beyond the genitourinary tract, joints (arthritis), meninges (meningitis), lungs (pneumonia) are affected.

Mycoplasmosis of the urogenital area in women does not have any specific clinical manifestations, on the basis of which a confident diagnosis can be made.

According to some sources, in women with a urogenital infection, mycoplasma is detected in 80%, in those suffering from infertility - in 51%.

Mycoplasma in women, it manifests itself with nonspecific symptoms that are characteristic of all infections of the urogenital tract.

Symptoms of mycoplasma in women:

Vaginal discharge - colorless, scanty or copious;
- itching and burning, pain or discomfort during intercourse;
- dysuric phenomena (burning during urination);
- bleeding of varying intensity between periods;
- Pain in the lower abdomen and lower back;
- General manifestations of intoxication: headaches, weakness, lethargy, fatigue, poor sleep.

The incubation period is from several days to a month, but in most cases, the symptoms after its expiration do not disturb the patient and proceed sluggishly. But in most cases, mycoplasmosis in women is asymptomatic. A vivid exacerbation and symptoms of mycoplasma in women occur when a concomitant infection occurs or exposure to external factors. Chlamydia, fungi, some bacteria provoke the development of mycoplasmosis. Therefore, the diagnosis of mycoplasmosis is not made on the basis of complaints and clinical symptoms.

Mycoplasma in women - diagnosis

The main thing in the final diagnosis is laboratory research. As a rule, if there is no reason to suspect mycoplasmosis, tests for the detection of mycoplasma are ordered last. First, the most dangerous pathogens of urogenital infection - chlamydia, gonococci - are excluded.

Specific research methods for mycoplasma include:

PCR - diagnostics (polymerase chain reaction) - determines the presence of mycoplasma DNA fragments in a vaginal smear, the fastest (result - after 30 minutes), but very expensive;
- bacteriological method - cultivation of microflora in the patient's biomaterial, long (4 - 7 days), but the most accurate;
- immunofluorescent - carried out with a special dye to detect antibodies to mycoplasma.

The bacterioscopic method - the study of biomaterial under a microscope - is irrelevant due to the negligible size of the microorganism. It is invisible even at the maximum magnification of the electron microscope.

To obtain an accurate result, one of these research methods is sufficient. Research data can be false-positive and false-negative. Therefore, it is necessary to duplicate the analyzes two to three weeks after treatment.

Some dangerous complications of mycoplasma in women

Complications can be pyelonephritis, in more severe cases - infertility.

Mycoplasmosis is especially dangerous during pregnancy. It is fraught with the development of endometritis, which can lead to infection of the fetus, increased uterine tone, which causes bleeding, early abortions, miscarriages. Severe bleeding with loss of consciousness can be fatal.

Mycoplasma in women - treatment

Drug treatment of mycoplasma in women begins only in cases where it is reliably known that the direct cause of the inflammatory disease is mycoplasma. The appointment of drugs is done only after tests confirming the presence of mycoplasma in the body of a woman.

Treatment of mycoplasma in women is a rather complicated process due to the absence of a membrane in mycoplasma and resistance to some antibiotics. When affected by mycoplasma, antibacterial drugs that treat almost all infections due to the destructive effect on the wall of the microorganism are useless (penicillins, cephalosporins). Therefore, for the treatment of mycoplasmosis, modern antibiotics of the latest generations of other groups and with a different mechanism of action are used.

Therapeutic regimens are used using tetracyclines (Doxycycline), macrolides (Azithromycin, Sumamed), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), protected aminopenicillins, aminoglycosides. Doses, duration of treatment are determined individually.

Timely appointment of antibiotic therapy leads to a cure in almost 95% of cases. But in some cases, it is not possible to “overcome” mycoplasma on the first try. Repeated courses of treatment with replacement of the antibiotic are necessary.

It is necessary to treat the disease, and not the "result of the analysis", given the high percentage of asymptomatic carriage. The sexual partner will also have to undergo a course of treatment, otherwise it will not be possible to avoid re-infection: resistance to mycoplasmosis in the body does not develop after treatment. A short-term clinical improvement may occur, in the future the disease is activated again. The impetus may be the addition of another infection, reduced immunity, hormonal disorders.

As additional methods of treatment of mycoplasma in women are used:

Local preparations in the form of suppositories and douches (Chlorhexidine, Miramistin, Veromistin are effective as a solution for douching);
- immunomodulators (Cycloferon or Likopid, echinacea, aloe) multivitamins;
- physiotherapeutic methods of treatment;
- diet.

To avoid the development of local dysbacteriosis, suppositories with lactobacilli are recommended. Systemic probiotics (for oral administration) are prescribed after examination for dysbacteriosis.

Mycoplasmosis is not treated with folk remedies. During treatment, it is necessary to refrain from sexual intercourse.

Two weeks after treatment, it is necessary to re-examine both sexual partners in order to prevent relapse.

The content of the article:

Mycoplasmosis in women is a disease of an infectious nature caused by single-celled bacteria mycoplasmas. These simple microorganisms can live on the genital mucosa for a sufficiently long period of time, but do not disturb a person. That is why it is often not possible to detect mycoplasmas immediately. The question of the presence of bacteria that cause the disease is asked only with the appearance of the first symptoms characteristic of the pathology. In this regard, doctors recommend undergoing treatment, even if the bacterium was detected during tests in the diagnosis of other diseases, but there is no clinical picture indicating the development of mycoplasmosis.

In total, 16 types of mycoplasmas are known to medicine, the habitat of which can be the human body. 10 varieties of the microbe are observed in the mouth, the remaining 6 are found on the mucous membranes of the organs of the genitourinary system. The complexity is caused by insufficient knowledge of some types of mycoplasmas, which prevents the correct diagnosis.

Three types of mycoplasmas are considered the most dangerous for human health. These include:

Mycoplasma genitalium (Mycoplasma genitalium)
- Mycoplasma hominis (Mycoplasma hominis)
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mycoplasma pneumoniae).

In cases where analysis has shown the presence of other species, there is no cause for concern. The first two are of interest to us, since they cause mycoplasmosis of the genitourinary system. And Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes diseases of the pulmonary system.

Mycoplasma prevalence statistics

Most often, the above two types of bacteria (Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis) settle on the mucous membranes of the genital organs, regardless of gender and age of a person.

Thus, Mycoplasma hominis is observed on the surface of the genital organs at birth in 25% of girls. The risk of infection in boys is much lower.

It is not excluded cases when children who received an infection during the passage through the birth canal recovered in the future without any treatment. This is more common in boys than in girls.

In this regard, among the grown-up schoolgirls who abstain from sexual activity, Mycoplasma hominis is found only in 8-17%. Those who have contact with a partner and become sexually active have a higher risk of detecting Mycoplasma hominis because the bacterium is transmitted sexually.

Mycoplasma hominis can be present on the genitals in 20-50% of women, while men are less susceptible to infection, in addition, after a certain period of time, the bacterium is not detected in them at all.

Mycoplasma genitalium also occurs in humans, however, it is less common than Mycoplasma hominis. Therefore, if Mycoplasma hominis is present in the analysis in women, treatment should be carried out.

How is mycoplasmosis transmitted?

The main route of transmission of the infection is sexual contact with an infected person. At the same time, the risk of developing mycoplasmosis is equally high both during genital and anal or oral sex. The only way to prevent infection is the use of a mechanical method of protection. Often, mycoplasmosis is characterized as a sluggish disease, and symptoms may not appear immediately, but only a few months after the bacterium enters a healthy body. The danger of mycoplasmosis lies in the fact that due to the lack of signs indicating the disease, most of the infected people do not even suspect that they are carriers of the infection.

Also, the transmission of mycoplasmas occurs at the birth of a child, when it passes through the genital tract of a mother infected with a dangerous bacterium. Since the habitat of microorganisms is the secrets of the genital organs and mucous membranes, due to the large accumulation of mycoplasmas in this area, the risk of infection by the fetus is quite high.

Doctors do not exclude infection with mycoplasmosis through household items, however, it cannot be said with absolute certainty that the bacterium can enter the body in this way.

Mycoplasmas are able to live in the cells of the human body for several months or even years, without disturbing the woman and without causing any clear symptoms that could be a reason to see a doctor.

In women, the presence of mycoplasmas is evidenced by mild pain of a pulling nature, most often manifested before menstruation, translucent vaginal discharge, and discomfort during the release of the bladder. Most clearly, these symptoms are observed during menstruation and with the onset of menopause. You should also be wary if the beginning and end of menstruation are accompanied by the appearance of rare brown spotting.

With mycoplasmosis, a woman complains of pain in the middle and end of menstruation. During ovulation, traces of brown whites, drops of blood can be seen on the underwear. The condition of the skin changes, various kinds of imperfections appear: acne and subcutaneous acne, greasy shine and oiliness, dryness, pigmentation. Rarely: pain in the liver, increased frequency of colds.

Pregnant women infected with mycoplasmas should be under special supervision of specialists, as there is a risk that the fetal egg will be infected. As a result, the mother's body rejects the fetus, a miscarriage occurs. In 7 out of 10 cases, infection with fetal mycoplasmas in the early stages leads to spontaneous abortion. If, nevertheless, the fetus began to develop, or was infected in the later stages of gestation, then developmental deviations are likely. The bacterium is capable of inhibiting all organs of the fetus. As for the most pregnant woman suffering from mycoplasmosis, she may develop severe toxicosis, polyhydramnios, placental abruption.

Consequences of mycoplasmosis in women

The cause of complications in the presence of the disease are bacteria of the species Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium is less common.

1) Urethritis- the appearance of an inflammatory process in the urethra (urethra). Characteristic signs: burning, itching, pain in the urethra. The present pain intensifies at the time of the release of the bladder. Most often, such a complication as urethritis develops with the participation of Mycoplasma genitalium.

2) Gardnerellez or otherwise vaginal dysbacteriosis. It is observed when infected with mycoplasmas of the hominis species.

3) Vaginitis- a disease of the genital organs (vagina), in which the inflammatory process causes damage to the site. At the site of destruction of the epithelium by mycoplasmas, itching, burning are felt, these symptoms are accompanied by discharge mixed with pus and mucus, which have an unpleasant odor. In moments of intimacy, a woman experiences increasing pain.

4) Endometritis- an inflammatory disease in which mycoplasmosis spreads higher and causes the development of infection on the internal mucous membrane of the uterus and cervix. Clinical picture: the appearance of discomfort and pain in the lower abdomen, discharge with blood during and before ovulation. Often, women with endometritis cannot become pregnant, and if this happens, there is a risk of spontaneous abortion in the early stages. Mycoplasma hominis contributes to the development of endometritis.

5) Salpingoophoritis- an inflammatory process in the uterine appendages (fallopian tubes, as well as ovaries). Due to bacterial damage to the mucous membrane of the fallopian tube, edema occurs, which can cause obstruction and, as a result, infertility. The disease develops against the background of the spread of Mycoplasma hominis.

6) Cystitis- inflammation of the bladder and pyelonephritis - an infectious disease of the kidneys can also be caused by Mycoplasma hominis.

7) Infertility. Due to the appearance of endometritis and salpingo-oophoritis, which are a complication of mycoplasma infection, a woman is unable to become pregnant. Since the endometrium of the uterus is damaged, during fertilization, the egg is rejected by the inflamed tissue and cannot be implanted. The inflammatory process causes the walls of the fallopian tubes to swell, which leads to blockage and blockage of the path for sperm cells that the eggs cannot reach. As a result, the chance of conception is low.

8) Pathological processes during pregnancy. Early childbirth and miscarriages at the beginning of pregnancy are caused by damage to the endometrium of the uterus, which is unable to ensure the normal functioning of the fetus.

9) Autoimmune diseases- a violation of the human immune system, forced for a long time to fight infectious and inflammatory processes occurring in the body.

Due to the risk of developing complications and the occurrence of other infectious diseases of the genital organs against the background of mycoplasmosis and violations of the vaginal microflora, diagnostics are carried out in a complex manner in order to identify all possible lesions.

The examination begins with a survey, during which the gynecologist records the existing complaints, assesses the presence of chronic diseases of the genital area or diseases transmitted through intimate contact. The doctor may also ask about the health of the patient's partner.

A necessary stage of diagnosis is a gynecological examination, when a specialist checks the condition of the mucous membrane of the genital organs - the vagina, cervix. Often the procedure allows you to identify the presence of discharge with pus and mucus, inflammation of the vagina and, as a result, its swelling, characteristic of mycoplasmosis. In addition, during the examination, the doctor may take a smear of mucous membranes.

Methods of laboratory diagnostics - PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and bacteriological examination of the biomaterial for the presence of microorganisms that cause infection in it - help to eliminate errors in the diagnosis.

Thanks to PCR, it is possible to determine the development of the disease in the initial stages, when the population of microbes is small. During PCR, the genetic material of a particular pathogen multiplies, after which it is easy to analyze its belonging to a particular species. In the treatment of mycoplasmosis, most often they are guided precisely by this method of diagnosis.

Serological analysis (ELISA, PIF) gives a chance to detect antibodies to a specific microorganism. However, this type of examination does not guarantee the accuracy of data on the effectiveness of treatment and the dynamics of the disease.

Bacteriological and microscopic examination helps to diagnose complications of mycoplasmosis and other diseases of the genital organs (vaginal dysbacteriosis, gonorrhea, vaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis). This analysis allows you to see all the existing diseases in order to prescribe the most effective therapy.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in women

If the analysis shows the presence of Mycoplasma species hominis or genitalium in the body, then this is not considered a reason for prescribing treatment. Therapy is determined according to the presence of diseases that mycoplasmas can lead to (inflammation of the urethra, uterus and appendages, bladder, kidneys, bacterial vaginosis). Only a doctor can prescribe drugs, self-medication can lead to complications and chronicity of the process.

When Mycoplasma hominis is infected, therapy is carried out similar to that prescribed for bacterial vaginosis, if the mucosa has become a habitat for Mycoplasma genitalium, then the pathology is treated in the same way as ureaplasmosis in women. In the event that mycoplasmosis has taken a chronic form or is accompanied by complications, antibiotic therapy is carried out, which involves taking several types of antibiotics at once. Other methods are also used - physiotherapy, immunotherapy, drip injection of solutions into the urethra.

It is advisable to treat two partners at once, otherwise, when one of them recovers, the infection will occur again.

Requirements for the implementation of treatment

Compliance with the doctor's prescriptions until the end of the treatment period.
- Cessation of sexual life during the elimination of mycoplasmosis.
- Follow the instructions of the gynecologist when taking medications.
- Do not stop treatment until the control laboratory tests.
- Stick to a diet, exclude fried, fatty, salty and spicy foods.

Drugs for the treatment of mycoplasmosis

For the treatment of mycoplasmosis, after a sensitivity test, the gynecologist will prescribe one of the antibiotics for you:

At a dosage of 100 mg, take twice a day. The duration of treatment is 10 days.

- Clarithromycin containing 250 mg of the active substance in one tablet, drink twice a day. The course lasts from one to two weeks.

- Josamycin (Vilprafen, Vilprafen Solutab) 500 mg is taken three times a day for 10 days.

- Levofloxacin 250 mg should be drunk for three days, using the drug once a day.

- Clindamycin 200-400 mg every 6 hours. The course is 1 week.

- Ofloxacin 200-400 mg once.

There are two regimens of administration: once 1 g (2 tablets of 0.5 g) of the drug or for 2-5 days, 0.25-0.5 g once a day. Azithromycin must be taken one hour before meals or 2 hours after.

Prevention of mycoplasmosis in women

The best prevention of infection with mycoplasmosis is the elimination of factors that can contribute to infection. For these purposes it is necessary:

Avoid promiscuity.

Use mechanical means of protection if there is no confidence in the health of the partner.

Conduct periodic screening for STDs.

Undergo timely treatment of identified diseases according to the instructions prescribed by the doctor.

Mycoplasmosis is a sexually transmitted infection that affects both men and women. With this disease, inflammation of the organs of the genitourinary system occurs. Mycoplasmosis is often asymptomatic and is discovered incidentally. Mycoplasmas are the smallest bacteria that live on plants and in the body of animals and humans. 16 types of mycoplasmas have been found in the human body. Of these, 6 species live on the mucous membranes of the genital organs and urinary tract; the remaining 10 species are in the mouth and pharynx. Mycoplasmosis is detected in 50-60% of patients suffering from chronic diseases of the genitourinary system. Mycoplasmas are detected in 5-15% of healthy individuals, which indicates the existence of an asymptomatic form of infection.

More than 40 types of mycoplasmas are known to science, the danger to humans is: mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma pneumonia and ureaplasma urealiticum, which can cause:

• inflammatory diseases - mycoplasmosis (ureaplasmosis) - of the organs of the genitourinary system in men and women;
• pathology of pregnancy, fetus and newborn: non-developing pregnancy, miscarriages, premature births, early rupture of amniotic fluid, fever during childbirth and in the postpartum period in mothers. During childbirth, the baby may be infected, and he may develop eye damage, pneumonia. Newborn girls may develop mycoplasmosis of the genitourinary system;
• changes in the structure of spermatozoa cause male infertility;
• female infertility.

Activation of the asymptomatic form of mycoplasmosis is possible with a decrease in immunity against the background of hypothermia, stress, etc., and, most importantly, during pregnancy. That is why the examination for mycoplasma and ureaplasma are as mandatory as the examination for all sexually transmitted infections in preparing a woman for pregnancy.

Causes of mycoplasmosis

The causative agent of mycoplasmosis are mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium). They are unique microorganisms that do not have a cell membrane (like bacteria), RNA and DNA. Mycoplasmas are similar in size to large viruses. Like viruses, they live and multiply inside cells, although they are not viruses.

How can you get mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasmosis can be contracted through sexual contact. Household infection is unlikely. In addition, during pregnancy, mycoplasmas can infect the fetus through vertical transmission, as well as transplacental. The frequency of vertical transmission of M. hominis ranges from 18 to 55% of infected mothers.

Risk Factors for Mycoplasmosis

• decreased immunity;
• abortions;
• transferred surgical operations;
• pregnancy and childbirth;
• infectious diseases.

Complications of mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasmosis is often the cause of the development of pelvic inflammatory processes in women - acute and chronic salpingitis, abscesses, parametritis, endometritis, adnexitis, etc. These infections pose the greatest danger to women during pregnancy (at all stages). They can cause abortion of the fetus, the formation of intrauterine infection.

Mycoplasmosis can lead to infertility in men, causing not only an inflammatory process, but also affect spermatogenesis and motor functions of spermatozoa.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis

The main method of diagnosis is culture - sowing on nutrient media. In addition, methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (study of specific antibodies) are used. DIF (direct immunofluorescence) is also widely used in our country, but is characterized by relatively low accuracy (about 50-70%).

Due to the wide spread of inapparent mycoplasmal infection in healthy individuals, only a fourfold increase in antibody titer in paired sera obtained in the acute stage and in the convalescence stage can be considered diagnostically significant.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in women

In women, the symptoms of the disease are:

• Whitish liquid discharge from the genitals, which periodically appear, may be a symptom of mycoplasmosis.
• The occurrence of itching in the external genitalia with mycoplasmosis in women.
• In the middle or end of menstruation, pain may appear, and brown discharge before and after menstruation may also be observed, which may be symptoms of mycoplasmosis.
• The appearance of blood discharge with mycoplasmosis during the menstrual cycle.
• Burning during urination is the main symptom of mycoplasmosis in women.
• Pain during mycoplasmosis during sexual intercourse.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men

In men, the symptoms of the disease are:

• clear discharge from the urethra;
• redness in the area of ​​​​the external opening of the urethra;
• itching, burning and pain when urinating;
• redness of the skin of the scrotum and pulling pains in the inguinal region (with epididymitis).

If mycoplasmas infect the prostate gland, the symptoms of urogenital mycoplasmosis will be the same as with prostatitis. Drawing pain in the groin, perineum and scrotum occurs if the epididymis is infected. If the disease is started, the appendage will increase in size, and the skin of the scrotum will turn red. Mycoplasmosis not cured in time can adversely affect the process of sperm production.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis

It is necessary to treat mycoplasmosis, even if there are absolutely no manifestations of the disease. This infection is dangerous for pregnant women, because intrauterine damage to the fetus occurs, which very often leads to malformations, miscarriages, premature births and stillbirths.

Treatment of the disease should be comprehensive, and therapy is necessary not only for the patient, but also for her sexual partners. General and local drugs are used that act directly on mycoplasmas, as well as immunomodulators. The main group of drugs for the treatment of mycoplasmosis is antibiotics, preference is given to tetracycline drugs, macrolides and fluoroquinolones.

When choosing a specific drug, the doctor is guided by the results of the tests and the individual characteristics of the patient. Antibiotics should be taken strictly according to the prescribed scheme, the course of treatment lasts 7-10 days. Topically applied suppositories containing metronidazole, as well as preparations for douching:

• miramistin,
• chlorhexidine.

To prevent the development of a fungal infection, which often occurs during antibiotic treatment, antifungal drugs (fluconazole) are prescribed. When taking antibiotics, intestinal dysbacteriosis often occurs. For its prevention, patients are prescribed eubiotics - preparations containing lacto- and bifidobacteria:

• linex,
• normoflorin,
• bifidumbacterin.

Restoration of microflora, after local antibiotic therapy, is also necessary in the vagina. For this purpose, suppositories containing lactic acid bacteria are used:

• acylact,
• lactobacterin.

Since immunity is usually reduced in mycoplasmosis, patients need therapy aimed at strengthening the immune status. For this, patients are recommended to take multivitamin complexes:

• biomax,
• vitrum,
• alphabet, etc.

and preparations based on natural immunomodulators:

• echinacea purpurea,
• lemongrass,
• ginseng,
• eleutherococcus.

At the time of treatment, it is recommended to abstain from sexual intercourse, or use barrier methods of contraception. While taking antibacterial drugs, alcohol is prohibited. After completion of the course of therapy, it is necessary to undergo a follow-up examination to evaluate its effectiveness. 10 days after the end of taking systemic antibiotics, the gynecologist takes a smear for examination. A similar procedure is repeated 3 times in the middle of each subsequent menstrual cycle. Only if the result of bacteriological examination is negative in each smear, it can be considered that the person has been cured of mycoplasmosis.

Prevention of mycoplasmosis

• Refuse casual sex, especially without a condom;
• Before starting sexual activity with a certain person, a complete mutual examination for sexually transmitted diseases;
• Refusal of paid sexual services;
• Annual screening for sexually transmitted infections.

Questions and answers on the topic "Mycoplasmosis"

Question:Hello, I had a dead baby, the heart stopped during contractions. The other day I found out that I was pregnant again, for about 8 weeks already, of course, it didn’t work out as planned, they found mycoplasmas before that, I haven’t had time to be treated yet, but I really want a child. How big is the risk of the mycoplasmas themselves or the treatment for the child, and is it possible to keep the pregnancy at all?

Answer: Hello! Treatment of mycoplasmosis (if necessary) during pregnancy is carried out after 16 weeks. Regarding the risks for pregnancy and the fetus, everything depends on the clinical situation: whether or not there are clinical manifestations of mycoplasmosis, since in most cases mycoplasmosis, being a conditionally pathogenic microorganism, does not require treatment.

Question:Hello! I’m 30 years old, I’m worried about yellowish discharge from the vagina with an unpleasant odor. I passed tests for genital infections, Mycoplasma genitalium was found, I drank a course of levofloxacin for 10 days. , isolated Streptococcus agalactiae, sensitive to ampicillin, azithromycin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, josamycin, levofloxacin, midecamycin, moxifloxacin, ofloxin, roxithromycin, spiramycin, vancomycin. What is the best antibiotic to take in my case? Thank you!

Answer: Hello. It is necessary to choose a drug from the list that is indicated as a result of the analysis.

Question:Good afternoon! For the treatment of mycoplasmosis, my wife was prescribed tampons with tetracycline ointment. But it turns out that the ointment is 1% eye and 3% regular. The question is, which one do you need? And is it possible to make love during treatment (with a condom)? Thank you.

Answer: Good afternoon! Ointment 3%, sex is strictly possible with a condom.

Question:My husband and I cannot have a child. My husband was diagnosed with urogenital mycoplasmosis and HPV. During my examination, nothing was found, the doctor did not prescribe anything for me for prevention. After the course of treatment, nothing was found in my husband, but his doctor insists that I undergo preventive treatment. What medications should I take for prophylaxis?

Question:Hello! I am 33 weeks pregnant. In the LCD, she took a smear and found Mycoplasma, prescribed azithromycin. I do not experience any clinical manifestations of mycoplasmosis. Before treatment, I would like to retake the analysis, tell me which one is right to take the analysis in the laboratory, so that it becomes clear whether treatment is necessary, and in general I would like to be examined correctly.

Answer: Hello! Mycoplasma is a conditionally pathogenic microflora and without clinical manifestations of mycoplasmosis, it does not require treatment.