In accordance with PBU 5 01. Accounting for inventories. Organizational costs include

14.07.2021

Assets used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services), acquired directly for resale, and also used for the management needs of the organization.

Inventory accounting tasks

The main tasks of accounting in this area:

control over the safety of material assets in places of their storage and at all stages of processing;

correct and timely documentation of all operations for the movement of material assets; identification and reflection of the costs associated with their procurement; calculation of the actual cost of used materials and their balances by storage locations and balance sheet items;

systematic monitoring of compliance with established stock standards, identification of surplus and unused materials, their sale;

timely implementation of settlements with suppliers of materials, control over materials in transit, unbilled deliveries.

Classification of inventories in accordance with PBU

Inventory accounting must be carried out in accordance with PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.01 N 44n).

According to the specified PBU, inventories include: raw materials, materials, etc., used in the manufacture of products intended for sale, assets used for management needs, intended for sale, as well as goods purchased or received from others legal or natural persons or intended for sale.

The main part of the inventory is used as objects of labor and in the production process. They are wholly consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of production.
Depending on the role played by various production stocks in the production process, they are divided into the following groups:

raw materials and basic materials;

auxiliary materials;

purchased semi-finished products;

waste (return), fuel;

containers and packaging materials, spare parts;

inventory and household supplies.

The accounting unit of the inventory, in addition to the item number, can be a batch, a homogeneous group, etc.

At the same time, the selected unit must ensure the formation of complete and reliable information on reserves, as well as proper control over their presence and movement.

Accounting for inventories on accounting accounts

The following synthetic accounts are used to account for the inventory:

Off-balance account "Special equipment transferred to operation".

Forms of primary documentation

Accounting for inventories is carried out on the basis of the following primary documents: a receipt order, a power of attorney, an act of acceptance of materials, a limit-fence card, requirements, an invoice for internal movement, an invoice for the release of materials, a warehouse accounting card for materials, a record of accounting for the balance of materials in the warehouse.

Inventory valuation

Inventory posting

In accordance with PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs of acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The actual costs of acquiring inventories can be:

amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);

amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

customs duties and other payments;

non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;

costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs;

other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

Estimated inventory at disposal

In accordance with PBU 5/01, when inventories are released into production and otherwise disposed of, they are evaluated by the organization (goods accounted for at sale (retail) cost) using one of the following methods:

at the cost of each unit;

at an average cost;

at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);

The application of one of the methods by type (group) of reserves is carried out during the reporting year.

Inventory of MPZ

In accordance with the requirements of regulatory enactments in the field of accounting, at least once a year, an organization must conduct an inventory of its property (assets).

During the inventory, the actual presence of the relevant property (assets) is revealed, which is compared with the data of accounting registers.

The procedure for conducting an inventory (the number of inventories in the reporting year, the dates of their conduct, the list of property checked during each of them, etc.) is determined by the head of the organization, except for cases when an inventory is mandatory.

Reflection in the balance sheet of data on inventory

Inventory data (remaining stocks at the end of the period) in the balance sheet are reflected in the item "Inventories".

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Inventories (IPZ): details for an accountant

How to reflect marriage in the accounting in the absence of fault of employees
Inventories (IPZ) of the organization should be guided by: - PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories ..." (hereinafter - PBU 5/01); - Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories ... property is subject to inventory (for example, inventories located in warehouse N ...). ... during storage and transportation of inventories within the limits of natural ...
Write-off of damaged goods in accounting and tax accounting when the guilty person is not identified
Inventories (IPZ) of the organization should be guided by: - PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories ..." (hereinafter - PBU 5/01); - Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories ... property is subject to inventory (for example, inventories located in warehouse N ..). ... during storage and transportation of inventories within the limits of natural ...
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Direct and indirect tax expenses
To the costs associated with the acquisition of inventories. Meanwhile, delivery services... . Secondly, semi-finished products are not inventories, but relate to work in progress ... act - PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”. In it, semi-finished products of own production ... also finished products are part of inventories intended for sale (final result ...
On the useful life and qualification of assets and liabilities
In PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" and 6/01 "Accounting for the main ... in PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" and 6/01 "Accounting for the main ...
Losses from shortages and damage to the inventory: about the norms of natural loss and not only
...) damage during storage and transportation of inventories (IP) can be taken into account for the purposes of ...) damage during storage and transportation of inventories (IP) can be taken into account for the purposes of ...) damage during storage and transportation of inventories - industrial stocks. Accounting for this type of expense...
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2 PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories"). Reflection of an asset in the OS ... ". PBU 5/01 FSBU "Stocks" Inventories that are obsolete, completely or ...
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PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" (Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia ... and Guidelines for accounting for inventories (Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia from ... to accounting as inventories at actual cost, which, when ... according to accounting "Accounting for inventories" PBU 5/01, approved ...
Is it possible to transfer fixed assets with a residual value of less than 40 thousand rubles. in the MPZ?
Categories of fixed assets into the category of inventories? The organization carries out production activities. From... the fixed asset category to the inventory category? On this issue, we adhere to ... "Accounting for inventories", as well as Methodological guidelines for accounting for inventories, approved ...
Accounting for computer equipment
It can be taken into account both as part of inventories and as part of the main ..., the computer must be taken into account as part of inventories. For documenting receipts, ... organizations of computer equipment are used, these are clearly inventories and they do not need to be assigned ...
TZV-MP - form for small business
This line does not reflect inventories that are part of work in progress ... reflect the value of balances in warehouses of inventories (at the beginning and end of the reporting ...
Raw materials with a long service life
PBU norms 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” and 6/01 “Accounting for the main ... can be taken into account as part of inventories, the cost of which is written off to expenses ... and not to fixed assets and inventories with tax positions. Moreover, how ... it will not be enough to recognize them as inventories. And therefore, as in ... use, it is reflected precisely in the composition of inventories, the value of which until the moment of use ...
Reflection of inventory results in accounting
In tax accounting, the value of surplus inventories and other property that are identified ...
Imported goods spoiled: how to take into account customs VAT, disposal costs and insurance compensation
Reflection in accounting of damage to inventories involves the attribution of losses to the account ... Methodological guidelines for accounting inventories, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated ...
Accounting in small businesses in 2017
PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" In accounting for inventories (IPZ) for small businesses ...

13.1, 13.2, 13.3 point 25

Documents and comments

By order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of May 16, 2016 N 64n, amendments were made to PBU 5/01 regarding organizations that have the right to apply simplified accounting and reporting methods and other organizations. In particular, the PBU is supplemented by clauses 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, which establishes the features of the assessment of acquired reserves and the write-off of other costs directly related to the acquisition of fixed assets. In addition, clause 25 of the PBU is supplemented with a new paragraph, which establishes that organizations that have the right to use simplified reporting methods may not create a reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets and not take them into account when calculating the corresponding balance sheet indicators at the end of the reporting year, net of.

The requirements of PBU 5/01 do not apply to credit institutions, as well as to state (municipal) institutions.

Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 19, 2001

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation

On approval of the accounting regulation "Accounting for inventories" PBU 5/01

As amended on: 27.11.2006 N 156n; March 26, 2007 No. 26n;
10/25/2010 N 132n, 05/16/2016 N 64n.

In pursuance of the Accounting Reform Program in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1998 N 283 (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 1998, N 11, Art. 1290), I order:

1. Approve the attached accounting "Accounting for inventories" PBU 5/01.

2. Recognize as invalid:

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of June 15, 1998 N 25n "On Approval of the Regulations on Accounting for Inventories" PBU 5/98 "(The Order was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on July 23, 1998, registration number 1570);

clause 1 of the List of amendments and additions to the regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 30, 1999 N 107n (the Order was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on January 28, 2000, registration number 2064);

clause 2 of the Amendments to the regulatory legal acts on accounting attached to the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2000 N 31n "On amendments to the regulatory legal acts on accounting" (the Order was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 26, 2000 ., registration number 2209).

3. To put this Order into effect starting from the financial statements of 2002.

Minister
A.L. Kudrin

Approved
order of the Ministry of Finance
Russian Federation
dated 09.06.2001 N 44n

Regulation on accounting

"Inventory Accounting"

I. General provisions

1. This Regulation establishes the rules for the formation in accounting of information on the organization's inventories. An organization is hereinafter understood as a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation (except for credit institutions and state (municipal) institutions).

(as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 25, 2010 N 132n)

2. For the purposes of this Regulation, the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories:

used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

intended for sale;

used for the management needs of the organization.

Finished products are part of inventories intended for sale (the end result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (picking), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law).

Goods are part of inventories purchased or received from other legal entities or individuals and held for sale.

3. The accounting unit of inventories is chosen by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these reserves, as well as proper control over their presence and movement. Depending on the nature of inventories, the procedure for their acquisition and use, a unit of inventories may be an item number, a batch, a homogeneous group, etc.

4. This Regulation does not apply to assets characterized as work in progress.

(clause 4 as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2007 N 26n)

II. Valuation of inventories

5. Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

6. The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, except for value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs of acquiring inventories include:

amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);

amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

customs duties;

non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;

costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, the cost of procurement and delivery of inventories; the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage unit of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); accrued prior to the accounting of inventories, interest on borrowed funds, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories;

the costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. These costs include the costs of the organization for processing, sorting, packing and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services;

other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The paragraph is excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2006 N 156n.

7. The actual cost of inventories in their manufacture by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the relevant types of products.

8. The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (reserve) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

9. The actual cost of inventories received by the organization under a donation agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

For the purposes of this Regulation, the current market value means the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

10. The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. Assets transferred or to be transferred by an entity are valued at the price at which the entity would normally charge similar assets in comparable circumstances.

If it is impossible to establish the value of the assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the cost of inventories received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds is determined based on the price at which similar inventories are acquired in comparable circumstances.

11. The actual cost of inventories, determined in accordance with and of this Regulation, also includes the actual costs of the organization for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use, listed in this Regulation.

12. The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

13. An organization carrying out trading activities may include the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to central warehouses (bases), incurred before they are transferred for sale, to be included in the cost of sale.

Goods purchased by an entity for sale are valued at their acquisition cost. An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate the purchased goods at the selling price with a separate allowance for markups (discounts).

13.1. An organization that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, can evaluate acquired inventories at the supplier's price. At the same time, other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories are included in the cost of ordinary activities in the full amount in the period in which they were incurred.

13.2. A micro-enterprise that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize the cost of raw materials, materials, goods, other costs for the production and preparation for sale of products and goods as part of the costs of ordinary activities in the full amount of as they are acquired (implemented).

Another organization that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize these costs as expenses for ordinary activities in the full amount, provided that the nature of the activity of such an organization does not imply the presence of significant balances of material and production stocks. At the same time, significant balances of inventories are considered to be such balances, information about the presence of which in the financial statements of the organization is able to influence the decisions of users of the financial statements of this organization.

13.3. An organization that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize expenses for the acquisition of inventories intended for management needs as expenses for ordinary activities in the full amount as they are acquired (implemented). ).

14. Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract.

15. Excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2006 N 156n.

III. Issue of inventories

16. When inventory is released (except for goods accounted for at sale value) into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is carried out in one of the following ways:

at the cost of each unit;

at an average cost;

at the cost of the first in time acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);

The use of one of these methods for a group (type) of inventories is based on the assumption of the sequence of application of the accounting policy.

17. Inventories used by the organization in a special manner (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or stocks that cannot normally replace each other, can be valued at the cost of each unit of such stocks.

18. Evaluation of inventories at the average cost is made for each group (type) of stocks by dividing the total cost of the group (type) of stocks by their number, which are formed respectively from the cost and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and the stocks received during this month.

19. Estimation at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that inventories are used within a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. Inventories that are the first to be put into production (sales) must be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of inventories in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of goods, products, works, services sold takes into account the cost of early acquisitions.

21. For each group (type) of inventories, one assessment method is applied during the reporting year.

22. Evaluation of inventories at the end of the reporting period (except for goods accounted for at sale value) is made depending on the accepted method of estimating inventories upon their disposal, i.e. at the cost of each unit of inventory, the average cost, the cost of the first acquisitions.

(as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2007 N 26n)

IV. Disclosure of information in financial statements

23. Inventories are reflected in the financial statements in accordance with their classification (distribution into groups (types)) based on the method of use in the production of products, performance of work, provision of services or for the management needs of the organization.

24. At the end of the reporting year, inventories are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined on the basis of the methods used for estimating reserves.

25. Inventories that are morally obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality, or the current market value, the sale price of which has decreased, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year, less a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets. The reserve for the decline in the value of material assets is formed at the expense of the financial results of the organization by the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of inventories, if the latter is higher than the current market value.

This paragraph may not be applied by an organization that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting.

26. Inventories owned by the organization, but in transit or transferred to the buyer on bail, are accounted for in accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract, with subsequent clarification of the actual cost.

27. Accounting statements are subject to disclosure, taking into account materiality, at least the following information:

on methods for assessing inventories by their groups (types);

about the consequences of changes in the methods of estimating inventories;

on the value of inventories pledged;

on the size and movement of reserves for depreciation of material assets.

II. Valuation of inventories

5. Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual costs of acquiring inventories include:

amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);

amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

customs duties;

non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;

costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, the cost of procurement and delivery of inventories;

the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage unit of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); accrued prior to the accounting of inventories, interest on borrowed funds, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories;

other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

For the purposes of this Regulation, the current market value means the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

11. The actual cost of inventories, determined in accordance with paragraphs 8 and these Regulations, also includes the organization's actual costs for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use, listed in paragraph 6 of these Regulations.

12. The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Information about changes:

By order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n, the Regulation was supplemented by clause 13.1

Information about changes:

By Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n, the Regulation was supplemented by clause 13.2

Information about changes:

By order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n, the Regulation was supplemented by clause 13.3

Inventories are assets used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services), purchased directly for resale, and also used for the management needs of the organization.

In connection with the publication by many companies of their financial statements under IFRS, the following definition is also common, given in the second standard (IAS 2): Inventories are assets:

1) intended for sale in the ordinary course of business;

2) used in the production process for the purpose of such sales;

3) in the form of materials and resources intended for consumption in the production process or in the course of providing services.

In the Russian balance sheet, inventories (line 210) include:

– raw materials, materials and other similar values;

– animals for growing and fattening;

- costs in work in progress;

– finished products and goods for resale;

- goods shipped;

- future spending;

- other inventories and expenses.

The economic essence of inventories The variety of forms of ownership in the period of a market economy, the expansion of the rights of enterprises in managing the economy, industry-specific features of production require alternative, and sometimes multivariate approaches in solving specific issues of methods and techniques for keeping records of industrial stocks.

Businesses now have a choice of different methods:

– organization of accounting for the procurement and acquisition of materials;

- reflection of the cost of materials remaining at the end of the month on the way or not taken out of the warehouses of suppliers;

- identifying deviations in the actual cost of material assets from accounting prices and their subsequent distribution between the materials used in production and their balances in warehouses.

Depending on the role played by various production stocks in the production process, they are divided into the following groups:

1) raw materials and basic materials;

2) auxiliary materials;

3) purchased semi-finished products;

4) waste (return), fuel;

5) containers and packaging materials, spare parts;

6) inventory and household supplies.

Raw materials and basic materials are the objects of labor from which the product is made and which form the material (material) basis of the product. Raw materials are the products of agriculture and the mining industry (grain, cotton, livestock, milk, etc.), and materials are products of the manufacturing industry (flour, fabric, sugar, etc.). Auxiliary materials are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, to give the product certain consumer properties, or to maintain and care for tools and facilitate the production process (spices in sausage production, lubricants, cleaning materials, etc.).

It should be borne in mind that the division of materials into basic and auxiliary is conditional and often depends only on the amount of material used for the production of various types of products. Purchased semi-finished products - raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages of processing, but are not yet finished products. In the manufacture of products, they play the same role as the main materials, i.e. constitute their material basis. Returnable production waste - the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products, which have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials (sawdust, shavings, etc.). From the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts are separately distinguished due to the peculiarity of their use. Fuel is divided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and household (for heating).

Containers and packaging materials - items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes, boxes). Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn parts of machines and equipment. Inventory and household supplies are part of the organization's inventory, used as means of labor for no more than 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months (inventory, tools, etc.). In addition, materials are classified according to their technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes, etc.

These classifications of inventories are used to build synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as leaving a statistical report on the balances, receipts and consumption of raw materials and materials in production and operational activities.

To account for the inventory, the following synthetic accounts are used: 10 "Materials" with the corresponding sub-accounts; 11 "Animals for cultivation and fattening"; 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets"; 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets"; 41 "Goods"; 43 "Finished products". Off-balance accounts: 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping"; 003 "Materials accepted for processing"; 004 "Goods accepted for commission"; Off-balance account "Special equipment transferred to operation".

The following sub-accounts can be opened for the “Materials” account:

1. "Raw materials and materials";

2. "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts";

3. "Fuel";

4. "Containers and packaging materials";

5. "Spare parts";

6. "Other materials";

7. "Materials transferred for processing to the side";

8. "Building materials";

9. "Inventory and household supplies", etc.;

10. "Special equipment and special clothing in stock";

11. "Special equipment and special clothing in operation."

In small enterprises, all inventories can be accounted for on one synthetic account 10 "Materials". Within each of the listed groups, material assets are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes. Each name, variety, size is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature-price tag. The nomenclature-price tag also indicates a fixed accounting price and a unit of measure for materials.

Inventories (IPZ) make up a significant part of the assets of the balance sheet of organizations. From January 1, 2002, their accounting must be carried out in accordance with PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.01 N 44n). Inventories include: raw materials, materials, etc., used in the manufacture of products intended for sale, assets used for management needs, finished products intended for sale, as well as goods purchased or received from others legal or natural persons or intended for sale.

Low-value and wearing items, previously related to the MPZ, are not mentioned in PBU 5/01. Assets with a useful life of more than 12 months used in the production of products, in the performance of work (rendering services, for the management needs of the organization), are classified as fixed assets (clause 4 PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 30.03.01 N 26n). And regardless of their initial cost.

The inventory accounting unit, in addition to the previously used item number, can be a batch, a homogeneous group, etc. In this case, the selected unit must ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about the reserves, as well as proper control over their presence and movement.

PBU 5/01 does not apply to:

- assets used in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services or for the management needs of the organization for a period exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months;

- assets characterized as work in progress.

In order to improve the legal regulation in the field of accounting and financial reporting, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation approved the Accounting Regulation "" (PBU 5/2012), which comes into force with the financial statements of 2013. The article discusses the main changes contained in this document.

The new PBU, to a greater extent than the current PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories", is closer to the requirements of IFRS.
The main changes that come into force relate to the following points (Figure 1):

Overview of the main changes in inventory accounting that come into force with the adoption of the Accounting Regulation "Inventory Accounting" (PBU 5/2012)

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Sec. 1 PBU 5/2012 establishes the rule for the formation in accounting and financial statements of information on the reserves of organizations (with the exception of credit institutions and state (municipal) institutions) that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with paragraph 2 of Sec. 1 PBU 5/2012 in accounting, the following objects are recognized as reserves (Figure 2):

Objects recognized as reserves in accordance with PBU 5/2012

Rice. 2

Thus, the scope of the document has been expanded. In addition to, as well as resources intended for sale in the course of the ordinary activities of the organization (goods and finished products), PBU 5/2012 includes assets that are in the process of production for subsequent sale (performance of work, provision of services) in the course of the ordinary activities of the organization , that is, work in progress (Figure 3).

Comparison of the scope of PBU 5/2012 and PBU 5/01

Rice. 3

In accordance with paragraph 3 of Sec. 1 PBU 5/2012 reserves are not recognized:

1) raw materials, materials, products intended for use in the creation of non-current assets of the organization;

2) financial investments of the organization, including those intended for resale;

3) material assets held by the organization in safekeeping, in the process of processing as raw materials to be supplied, on the basis of a commission agreement, in the process of transportation, etc.

If the designation of recognized inventories changes in such a way that they can no longer be recognized as inventories (for example, materials previously held for resale become held for the creation of non-current assets), the entity transfers such inventories to another appropriate class of asset.

The inventory accounting unit is established by the organization in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these reserves in the accounting and financial statements of the organization, depending on the type of reserves, the procedure for their acquisition, creation and use. The inventory accounting unit can be an item number, a batch, a homogeneous group, an individual object or part of it.

Among the changes made to PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories", it is important to determine the moment of recognition of inventories in accounting.

In accordance with paragraph 6 of Sec. 1 PBU 5/2012 reserves will be taken into account at the time of transition to the organization of economic risks and benefits associated with the ownership of reserves. As a rule, such a moment coincides with the transfer of ownership or the transfer of assets. The transition to managing economic risks and rewards coincides with the transfer of assets in the event that inventories need to be shown on the balance sheet prior to the transfer of ownership. For example, in case of deferred payment, when, under the terms of the agreement between the parties, the ownership transfers to the buyer upon payment.

PBU 5/01, as well as the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines), do not mention the moment of recognition of reserves and its dependence on the transfer of ownership. The Guidelines determine that if the organization does not have the right of ownership to the material assets received, the latter are accounted for on off-balance accounts.

Paragraph 36 of the Methodological Instructions refers to the need to capitalize uninvoiced deliveries, that is, incoming stocks for which there are no settlement documents. This refers to assets without a specific status, which the organization may not have the right to own. PBU 5/2012 does not set out the procedure for accounting for uninvoiced deliveries. If these reserves are recognized on the balance sheet of the organization, one must proceed from the general criterion for obtaining, together with the assets, the corresponding economic risks and benefits, as well as from one's own professional judgment.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Sec. 2 PBU 5/2012, stocks are evaluated upon recognition in accounting at the amount of actual costs for their acquisition, procurement, processing, production, delivery to the place of their use or sale, bringing them into the condition necessary for their use or sale.

The exceptions are producers of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, as well as organizations engaged in brokerage activities on the commodity exchange. In accordance with paragraph 19 of Sec. 2 PBU 5/2012, such organizations have the right to evaluate reserves when they are recognized as an asset and on subsequent reporting dates at the current market value. An organization that has made a decision to estimate reserves in accordance with this paragraph is obliged to consistently adhere to this decision in the future.

The following amounts are included in the cost of inventories when they are acquired from other persons (Figure 4).

Amounts included in the cost of inventories when they are acquired from others

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The amounts paid and (or) payable to the supplier are included in the cost of inventory, taking into account all premiums, discounts and other incentives provided to the organization in connection with the purchase of inventory, regardless of the form of their provision. Consider an example of the formation of the cost of inventory in the case of a discount by the supplier.

Example 1 LLC "Romashka" purchases materials from LLC "Luchik" worth 4,720,000 rubles. (including VAT - 720,000 rubles), while Luchik LLC provides a 5% discount. The services of an intermediary firm amount to 177,000 rubles. (including VAT - 27,000 rubles).
1. We will recalculate the cost of materials, taking into account the discount.
1) determine the amount of the discount:
RUB 4,720,000 x 5% = 236,000 rubles;
2) calculate the cost of materials without discounts:
RUB 4,720,000 - 236,000 rubles. = 4,484,000 rubles;
3) determine the amount of "input" VAT:
RUB 4,484,000 x 18/118 = 684,000 rubles;
4) the amount included in the cost of inventory will be 3,800,000 rubles. (4,484,000 rubles - 684,000 rubles).
2. We will reflect the operations for the purchase of materials in accounting:
1) received materials are credited:
Debit account 10 "Materials"
Credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" 3,800,000 rubles;
2) VAT on acquired valuables is taken into account:

Credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" 684,000 rubles;
3) expenses for the services of an intermediary company are reflected:
Debit account 10 "Materials"
Credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" 150,000 rubles;
4) VAT on the services of an intermediary company is taken into account:
Debit account 19 "Value added tax on acquired material assets"
Credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" 27,000 rubles;
5) payment for materials to the supplier and services to the intermediary company is reflected:
Debit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
Credit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" 4,661,000 rubles;
6) accepted for deduction of VAT on the cost of purchasing materials:
Debit account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees", subaccount "VAT",
Account credit 19 "Value added tax on acquired
material values" 711,000 rubles.
Thus, the initial cost of materials is 3,950,000 rubles. (3,800,000 rubles + 150,000).

RAS 5/2012 reflects the procedure for the formation of the cost of inventories when they are acquired on the terms of a deferral (installment plan) of payment. PBU 5/01 does not contain this provision. In this case, the cost of inventory includes the amount that would have been paid by the organization in the absence of a deferment (installment plan). The difference between the specified amount and the nominal amount of funds payable in the future is accounted for in the manner established for accounting for expenses related to the fulfillment of obligations on loans and credits received throughout the entire deferral (installment plan) period.

When an organization acquires inventories under contracts that provide for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in full or in part by non-monetary means (including an exchange agreement), the cost of inventories (in terms of the fulfillment of obligations by non-monetary means) is the amount at which the organization could sell the transferred non-monetary property for cash, property rights, works, services. If it is impossible to determine the specified amount, the cost of inventories is considered to be the book value of the transferred non-monetary assets, the actual costs of performing work, rendering services.

When an organization receives inventories as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital, the cost of inventories is considered to be their monetary value, determined by agreement between the founders.

Example 2 When LLC "Luchik" was created, it was decided that one of the founders would contribute his inventory as a contribution to the authorized capital. The monetary value of the contribution in accordance with the constituent documents is 25,000 rubles. The inventory has been taken into account.
In the accounting of the organization, a posting should be made:
1) the debt of the founder on the contribution to the authorized capital is repaid by the transfer of the inventory belonging to him:
Debit account 10 "Materials"
Credit of account 75 "Settlements with the founders" 25,000 rubles.
The cost of inventory in accounting amounted to 25,000 rubles.

The cost of inventories remaining upon disposal or recovered in the process of current maintenance, repair, reconstruction, modernization of fixed assets and other assets is considered to be the smallest of the following two values (Figure 5).

The procedure for the formation of the cost of inventories remaining upon disposal or recovered in the process of current maintenance, repair, reconstruction, modernization of fixed assets

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Example 3 LLC "Luchik" writes off the machine due to its unsuitability. Initially, the cost of the fixed asset was 500,000 rubles. The amount of accrued depreciation is 450,000 rubles. The book value of the fixed asset is 50,000 rubles. When the fixed asset was disposed of, scrap metal remained suitable for further use.
The following entries will be made in the accounting records:
1) the initial cost of the fixed asset is written off:
Debit of account 01 "Fixed assets", subaccount "Disposal",
Credit of account 01 "Fixed assets" 500,000 rubles;
2) the amount of accrued depreciation is written off:
Debit account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"
Credit of account 01 "Fixed assets", sub-account "Disposal", 450,000 rubles;
3) written off the residual value of the machine:

Credit of account 01 "Fixed assets", sub-account "Disposal", 50,000 rubles;
4) wages were accrued to workers involved in the liquidation of the fixed asset:
Debit account 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Other expenses",
Credit of account 70 "Settlement with personnel for wages" 10,000 rubles.
When accepting scrap metal for accounting, an independent expert determined its current market value, which amounted to 70,000 rubles.
The total value of the book value of assets being disposed of, the costs of their disposal and the costs of recovering reserves is 60,000 rubles. (10,000 rubles + 50,000 rubles) and is the smallest compared to the current market valuation;
5) materials suitable for further use are taken into account:
Debit account 10 "Materials"
Credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Other
income", 60,000 rubles.

An important innovation is the inclusion of a capitalization requirement in the initial (actual) cost of stocks, the costs of fulfilling obligations for dismantling, removing stocks and restoring the environment in the area they occupy. This point is reflected in clause 14 of PBU 5/2012, according to which the cost of inventories includes:

the costs of bringing stocks to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes, including the costs of reworking, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of stocks;
costs for the procurement and delivery of stocks to the place of their use;
the amount of the estimated liability for dismantling, removal of stocks and restoration of the environment on the site occupied by them, which arose during the acquisition or creation of stocks.

Figure 6 shows a comparison of PBU 5/01 and PBU 5/2012 in terms of the composition of costs included in the cost of inventories, along with the amounts transferred in the event of their acquisition from other persons, on a deferred (installment plan) payment basis, under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in full or in part by non-monetary funds, receipt by the organization of stocks as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital, upon disposal or extraction in the process of current maintenance, repair, reconstruction, modernization of fixed assets and other assets.

Comparison of PBU 5/01 and PBU 5/2012 in terms of the composition of costs included in the cost of inventories

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Thus, PBU 5/2012 contains an additional cost item, which includes the amount of the estimated obligation to dismantle, remove reserves and restore the environment in the area they occupy, which arose during the acquisition or creation of reserves.

The cost of inventories during their creation, production and processing at different stages of the production process includes costs directly related to the implementation, management and maintenance of the production process (the cost of raw materials and materials, employee benefits, depreciation, maintenance and maintenance of fixed assets, depreciation of intangible assets) .

If the result of production is the release of more than one type of product (work, service), then those costs that cannot be attributed to the production of a particular type of product (work, service) are distributed among these types in proportion to the base established by the organization. As such a base, costs directly related to specific types of products, such as raw materials, materials, wages, etc., can be used. The organization establishes the basis for the distribution of these costs between the types of products (works, services) based on the principle of rationality and applies it consistently.

The cost of inventories does not include the following costs (Figure 7).

Amounts not included in the cost of inventories in accordance with clause 16 of PBU 5/2012

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In accordance with paragraph 6 of PBU 5/01, general business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

Questions arise regarding the inclusion in the cost of inventories of the costs of wages of employees of the procurement department, the costs of maintaining warehouses (bases), one part of these costs (sorting, packaging), according to the project, is included in the list in the cost of inventories, and the other does not apply to production and stock processing.

IAS 2 Inventories covers this point more clearly and in detail. Clause 10 of this Standard defines three groups of costs included in the cost of production, namely: production variable direct costs, production indirect variables costs, production permanent indirect costs, which are generally referred to as production overheads.

Examples of variable costs of the first group are raw materials and basic materials, the wages of production workers with accruals on it, etc. These are the costs that can be attributed directly to the cost of specific products based on primary accounting data.

Variable indirect production costs (the second group) include such costs that are directly dependent or almost directly dependent on changes in the volume of activities, but due to the technological features of production, they cannot or are not economically feasible to be directly attributed to manufactured products. Striking examples of such costs are the costs of raw materials in complex industries (during the processing of raw materials - coal - coke, gas, benzene, coal tar, ammonia are produced). When milk is separated, skimmed milk and cream are obtained. Divide the costs of raw materials by types of products in these examples can only indirectly.

The third group of costs, identified in paragraph 10 of IFRS - constant indirect overhead production costs - include those general production costs that do not change or hardly change as a result of changes in the volume of production (depreciation of industrial buildings, structures, equipment; expenses for their repair and maintenance; expenses for the maintenance of the shop management apparatus and other shop personnel).

The order of inclusion in the cost of each group of costs is clearly regulated and prescribed in IAS (IAS) 2 "Inventory".

Organizations with a complex production process or a large range of finished products have the right to determine the cost of inventory at planned (standard) costs. When using this method, the organization determines the cost of inventory as the planned cost of acquiring, producing and processing inventory. Standard costs are set by the organization based on the normal (usually required) volumes of raw materials and materials, labor, other resources and production capacity utilization and are subject to regular review in accordance with current production conditions.

Another important innovation concerns the approach to determining the actual cost of inventories in relation to trading organizations.

In accordance with clause 18, retailers with a large range of goods have the right to determine the cost of inventory based on their sale prices. When using this method, the organization determines the cost of goods at their selling prices, reduced by the amount of trade margins. In this case, the organization has the right to take into account the trade margin separately from the goods accounted for at their sale prices. In this case, the goods should be reflected in the balance sheet net of the trade margin. The value of trade margins is subject to regular review in accordance with the current conditions for the purchase and sale of goods.

At the moment, trade organizations have the right to attribute the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to central warehouses (bases) directly to costs (paragraph 13 of PBU 5/01). PBU 5/2012 does not contain this exception for trade organizations. A general procedure has been established for the formation of the actual cost of stocks: the costs of procurement and delivery of stocks to the place of their use are included in the cost of stocks. PBU 5/2012 left trade organizations only the right to use an alternative valuation method - at the sales price.

PBU 5/2012 identifies the following alternative, calculation methods for the initial assessment of reserves (Figure 8).

Alternative Methods for Initial Reserve Estimation PBU 5/2012

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Methods of valuation at planned (standard) costs or at the sale price are primarily related to the valuation of work in progress, finished products, and goods. PBU 5/2012 states that valuation by selling value is appropriate for trading companies, and by planned costs - for organizations with a large range of reserves. Producers of agriculture, forestry and fisheries have the right to evaluate reserves at current market value.

The procedure for the current assessment of reserves is reflected in Sec. 3 PBU 5/2012.

Inventories are valued at the balance sheet date at the lower of the following values:

1) cost, determined in accordance with the methods discussed above;

2) the estimated price at which the stocks can be sold, less the costs necessary to complete the production and processing of the stocks, prepare them for sale and carry out the sale (hereinafter referred to as the net selling price).

If the booked value of inventories exceeds net realizable value, inventories are written down to net realizable value.

Signs of a possible excess of the current value of stocks over the net realizable value are the obsolescence of stocks, the loss of their original qualities, the decrease in their current market value, the narrowing of the markets for stocks, etc.

If the net realizable value of previously discounted inventories increases, such inventories are remeasured to net realizable value, but within the previously recognized impairment of inventories.

The write-down of inventories to net realizable value, as well as the loss of inventories, is recognized as an expense in ordinary activities in the period when there was a decrease in their value or a loss occurred. The revaluation of inventories to net realizable value, within the limits of the previously recognized markdown, is credited to the reduction of ordinary operating expenses in the period in which the increase in the net realizable value of the inventories occurred.

Inventories that cannot replace each other in the production process and in sales (for example, custom-made products) are valued at the cost of each unit of such inventory.

If inventories are a set of interchangeable (homogeneous) units, then their assessment at the reporting date is carried out in one of the following ways:

1) by weighted average cost;

2) FIFO ("first in, first out").

Inventories that have similar characteristics and perform similar functions in an entity's business should be valued consistently using the same valuation method.

The weighted average cost approach calculates the cost of each item of inventory based on the weighted average cost of inventories of interchangeable items at the beginning of the period and the cost of interchangeable items purchased or produced during a particular period. The weighted average cost may be calculated periodically as each additional batch of inventory items is received.

The FIFO valuation method is based on the assumption that inventories are used in the sequence in which they were acquired (received). The valuation of stocks that are the first to enter production (sale) corresponds to the valuation of the first acquisitions. When applying this method, the valuation of inventories not written off at the reporting date is made in the valuation of the most recent acquisitions.

The procedure for recognizing expenses associated with the acquisition, creation and storage of inventories is reflected in sect. 4 PBU 5/2012.

The cost of inventories sold is written off to ordinary operating expenses at the same time as the proceeds from their sale are recognized.

Stocks are reflected in the financial statements in accordance with their classification (distribution into groups, types) based on their nature and functions in the economic activity of the organization.

In the financial statements, the following information is subject to disclosure, taking into account materiality:

prime cost and accumulated amount of write-down of inventories to net realizable value at the beginning and end of the reporting period by groups (types) of inventories;
the cost of inventories recognized as an asset for the reporting period by groups (types) of inventories;
the cost of inventories recognized as expenses for ordinary activities for the reporting period by groups (types) of inventories;
the amount of the write-down of inventories to net realizable value recognized as operating expenses for the reporting period;
the amount of the revaluation of previously discounted inventories to net realizable value, deducted from ordinary expenses for the reporting period, and disclosure of the reasons that led to the increase in the net realizable value of inventories;
internal turnover between groups (types) of reserves for the reporting period by groups (types) of reserves;
the cost of acquired inventories that remain unpaid at the reporting date, as well as the value of pledged inventories;
methods for evaluating homogeneous reserves by their groups (types);
the consequences of changes in the methods for estimating homogeneous reserves compared to the previous reporting period.

Thus, a number of innovations require additional explanations from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. With regard to the purchase of inventories on a deferral (installment plan) basis, it is not clear what the nominal amount of cash payable in the future is. Also, the moment remains unclear regarding the procedure for determining the amount of the estimated obligation to dismantle, remove stocks and restore the environment on the site they occupy, which arose during the acquisition or creation of stocks.

September 2012

In accordance with PBU 5 01. Accounting for inventories. Organizational costs include

Inventory accounting tasks

Classification of inventories in accordance with PBU

Accounting for inventories on accounting accounts

Forms of primary documentation

Inventory valuation

Inventory posting

Estimated inventory at disposal

Inventory of MPZ

Reflection in the balance sheet of data on inventory

I. General provisions

II. Valuation of inventories

III. Issue of inventories

IV. Disclosure of information in financial statements

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