Recreational assessment of natural recreational resources of the Perm region - term paper. Territory of regulated recreational use What is included in the territories of regulated recreational use

08.03.2020

Territories of regulated recreational use include specially protected natural territories, as well as hunting and fishing grounds.

Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNTs) are plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in full or partly from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage. Specially protected natural territories (PAs) of the Tyumen region are objects of national heritage. These include areas of land and water surface that are of particular environmental, scientific, cultural and recreational importance. PAs have been completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, and a special protection regime has been established for them. In the context of intensive industrial development of Western Siberia, which is the main fuel and energy region of the Russian Federation, environmental protection issues are becoming the most important state task that must be addressed without delay using the results of modern scientific research in this direction.

On the territory of the southern zone of the Tyumen region, there are 3 categories of specially protected natural areas: state nature reserves: federal significance 2, wetlands of international importance 1

The wetland "Lakes of the Tobol-Ishim forest-steppe" meets the criteria of the Ramsar Convention. Specially protected natural territories (PAs) of the Tyumen region are objects of national heritage. These include areas of land and water surface that are of particular environmental, scientific, cultural and recreational importance. PAs have been completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, and a special protection regime has been established for them. In order to preserve the Tarmansky lake-bog complex - a unique natural object in the vicinity of the regional center - in 1958 the Tyumen State Zoological Reserve of republican, now federal significance was created. In the 1960s, as work was underway to reacclimatize the river beaver in the southern regions of the region, a network of species reserves was created, which were subsequently transformed into complex reserves of regional significance, as well as a number of objects of exceptional importance for the reproduction of waterfowl and near-water birds. Not so long ago, orders were signed in the Tyumen region defining the status of two new natural monuments of regional significance. One of the documents establishes the Ryamovoe Swamp in the Omutinsky District as a specially protected natural object. The area of the natural monument is over 2 thousand hectares. The new status will allow better control of the ecological situation in the territory, which is the source of the Vagay River. The second decree expands the boundaries of the natural monument Poluyanovsky forest in the Vagay district. Now its area will increase from 260 to 554.8 hectares. Thus, this entire forest area, the main wealth of which is centuries-old cedars, falls under special protection.

Table 6. Specially protected natural areas.

	Name	Area, ha	Short description
federal reserve	Tyumen		Among the objects of protection there are such species as black stork, spotted eagle, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon, oystercatcher, eagle owl. Unique natural complexes are subject to protection - the southernmost tracts of spruce forests with an admixture of cedar, fir, linden, juniper and heather, as well as
federal reserve	Belozerovsky		The goals of creating the reserve are: preservation, restoration and reproduction of economically, scientifically and culturally valuable, as well as rare and endangered species of animals. The main objects of protection include all types of terrestrial vertebrates, as well as the unique lake-forest-steppe complex of the Tobol-Ishim forest-steppe.

Thus, at the beginning of the XXI century. A fairly extensive network of protected areas of various categories operates in the region: 4 state reserves, 8 state complex biological reserves of federal significance, 48 state complex zoological reserves of regional significance. In addition, there are state natural monuments (more than 50), reproductive and hunting sites of regional importance (4) and wetlands of international importance (4), mainly for the protection of waterfowl habitats, as well as green areas around some settlements. The total area of protected areas within the region is 6.2%.

Figure 7. Location map of Belozervsky (a) and Tyumensky (b) reserves

Figure 8. Map-scheme of the protected areas of the Tyumen region.

Figure 9. Map-scheme of fishing and hunting grounds.

Thus, we can conclude that the Tyumen region has significant areas of hunting grounds, which makes the region especially popular among hunters. Hunting in this region is allowed for fur-bearing animals, except for those protected by the Red Book, as well as for bears and ungulates. That is, all segments of hunting are represented, including hunting for waterfowl.

3
Russian International Academy of Tourism
Dmitrovsky branch
Course work

By discipline: Recreational resources
On the topic: Recreational assessment of natural recreational resources of the Perm region
Completed by: St. 12 groups Jalalyan A.M.
Checked by: Associate Professor Pospelova A.A.
_________
(signature)
May 13, 2006, Dmitrov.
Content:
Introduction3
4
I. Recreational assessment of landscapes
1.1. Relief 4
1.2. Water objects 5
1.3. Land cover 9
1.4. Resources of mushroom, berry lands and lands with medicinal
plants 12
1.5. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape 12
1.6. Landscape and recreational potential and
landscape and recreational zoning of the territory 12
II. Territory reglaminated recreational
use
2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds 13
2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural
territories 15
III. Bioclimate
3.1. Solar radiation mode 24
3.2. Atmospheric circulation 25
3.3. Wind regime 25
3.4. Thermal 25
3.5. Humidity and Precipitation Mode 26
3.6. Bioclimatic potential and bioclimatic
zoning of the territory 27
IV. Hydromineral and unique natural resources
4.1. Mineral waters 28
V. Conclusion 29
Introduction

In this work, a study and analysis of the natural recreational resources of the Perm region will be carried out.
The purpose of this work is to study the suitability of the natural recreational resources of the Perm region for the purposes of tourism activities. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to do the following - to study and characterize:
relief
Water bodies
ground cover
Resources of mushroom, berry lands and lands with medicinal plants
Hunting and fishing grounds
Bioclimate
Hydromineral and unique natural resources
After that, we can analyze and draw conclusions.
The object of study in this paper is the natural recreational resources of the Perm region.
At the end of the work, we will be able to summarize all our conclusions and characterize the natural recreational resources of the Perm region as favorable or unfavorable for the development of tourism.
Natural recreational resources

1. Recreational assessment of landscapes

1.1. Relief

The relief of the region was formed under the influence of mountain-building processes in the Ural Mountains (Hercynian folding, about 250 million years ago), as well as marine and continental sedimentation on the ancient crystalline basement of the platform.
The large (about 80% of the territory) western part of the region is located on the eastern outskirts of the East European Plain, where low-lying and flat terrain prevails, which is not very favorable for recreation. In the east, in the meridional direction, the Ural Mountains stretch, occupying 20% of the region's territory.
The mountainous part of the region is represented by the mid-mountain relief of the Northern Urals and the low-mountain relief of the Middle Urals. The border between them is drawn at the foot of Mount Oslyanka (59 degrees north latitude). The mountains in the north of the region are the highest part of the region. Here is the highest point of the Perm region - Tulymsky Stone (1496 m) and other significant peaks: Isherim (1331 m), Prayer Stone (1240 m), Khu-Soik (1300 m). Stones in the Urals are mountains that rise sharply above the rest of the area. In the past, all the Ural Mountains were called the Belt Stone. The mountains of the Middle Urals are the lowest part of the Ural Mountains. The highest heights here are in the Basegi ridge (Middle Baseg - 993 m).
The highest point of the Perm region - the Tulymsky ridge
The flat part of the region has a hilly and hilly relief with a height of 290 - 400 meters above sea level. Uplands (Tulvinskaya Upland, Ufimskoye Plateau, Northern Ridges) and lowlands (the wide low valley of the Kama, partially coinciding with the Cis-Ural marginal foredeep) stand out on it.
The flat areas of the region have a two-tiered geological structure: a crystalline base and a sedimentary cover of marine origin. Once on the site of the modern plain was the ancient Perm Sea. It was relatively shallow, well warmed up to the bottom, so plants and animals developed abundantly in it. From their remains, mixed with rocks, modern rocks and minerals were formed: limestone, anhydrite, gypsum, salt, oil, coal.
Relief assessment for therapeutic recreation.
It is possible to create paths of 1,2 and 3 degrees of complexity.
Terrain assessment for sports tourism.
The relief of the region is represented by both flat areas and areas located in the aisles of the Ural Mountains, which contributes to the development of various sports.
Relief assessment for speleotourism.
Features of the local geological structure are conducive to the formation of caves. The Ural Mountains have over 500 caves. Particularly stand out among them: the ice Kungur cave.
Relief assessment for mountain tourism and mountaineering.
For these purposes, the northern part of the Ural Mountains, located in the Perm region, is most predisposed. Mountaineering is possible.
1.2. water bodies

Rivers form the basis of the hydrographic network of the region. All of them belong to the basin of one river - the Kama, the largest left tributary of the Volga. By the way, if we approach strictly from the standpoint of the science of hydrology, taking into account all the rules for identifying the main river, it turns out that not the Volga, but the Kama flows into the Caspian Sea. Along the length of the Kama (1805 km) - the sixth river in Europe after the Volga, Danube, Ural, Don and Pechora. The vast majority of its tributaries are small, that is, less than 100 km. 42 rivers of the region have a length of more than 100 km each, but of them only Kama and Chusovaya belong to the category of large rivers (more than 500 km).
The longest and most abundant rivers of the Perm region:
The rivers of the Western Urals are very picturesque and diverse in character. Some are typically flat (these are all the right tributaries of the Kama: Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Obva and others; some are left: Veslyana, Lupya, South Celtma, Tulva, Saigatka). They have a calm current, a winding channel with numerous meanders, islands, channels, and aquatic vegetation. Their floodplains abound with oxbow lakes, and are often swampy.
The left-bank tributaries of the Kama, originating in the Ural Mountains, in the upper reaches are typically mountain rivers with a fast current. Along the banks of these rivers, there are often outcrops of numerous stones and picturesque cliffs. The channel is replete with rifts, rapids and small waterfalls. When they reach the plain, the rivers lose their mountainous character.
Vishera river. Stone Vetlan.
The main source of nutrition for the rivers of the Western Urals is melt water (more than 60% of the annual runoff). Therefore, the rivers of the region are characterized by prolonged freezing, high spring floods, low summer and winter low water. Forests significantly affect the regime of rivers. In the northern part of the region, due to forests, thick snow cover, and in the northeast and mountains, the flood lasts longer than in the south. Near the rivers of the forest-steppe south, the duration of freeze-up is shorter, they break up early in spring, and in summer there are high rain and flash floods. In the north-east of the region (the basin of the Vishera River), the rivers are full-flowing all year round. The level rise in spring exceeds 7-10 m, the current is fast (up to 2-3 m/s), the waters are cold, and the ice cover is thick. In the south, in summer, the rivers become very shallow and even dry up. In some harsh winters with little snow, small rivers freeze to the bottom. In the east, due to the high development of karst, disappearing rivers are not uncommon, there are second underground channels, watercourses with increased mineralization and hardness.
Ponds and reservoirs. Ponds were created in the Kama region for a variety of purposes: to regulate the flow of small rivers, for the needs of small-scale energy, timber rafting, fishing, water supply, irrigation, and to decorate rural areas. The largest ponds:
Nytvensky (6.7 sq. km) on the Nytva River
Seminsky (area 5.2 sq. km) on the Zyryanka River
Ochersky (area 4.3 sq. km) on the Travyanka River
The most ancient ones were created 150-200 years ago at the old Ural factories. Now about five dozen such veteran ponds as Ochersky, Nytvensky, Pashiysky, Pavlovsky, Yugo-Kamsky and others have become a kind of monuments of history and culture.
In the region there are also larger reservoirs than ponds - reservoirs created in connection with the construction of hydroelectric power stations: Kamskoye and Votkinskoye on the Kama, Shirokovskoye on Kosva.
lakes poetically called "the blue eyes of the planet." In the Perm region, there are a variety of types of lakes: deep and shallow, small and medium, flowing and drainless, surface and underground, floodplain, karst, tectonic, natural and man-made, fresh and salty, overgrown, completely lifeless and rich in fish, with beautiful names and completely unnamed. However, most of the lakes are small, floodplain and nameless.
In terms of the number of lakes, the Kama region is inferior to other Ural regions. The total area of lakes in the Perm region is only 0.1% of its area.
The largest lakes are located in the north of the region:
l Chusovskoye (19.4 sq. km)
b Big Kumikush (17.8 sq. km)
b Novozhilovo (7.12 sq. km)
The deepest lakes (all of them are of karst origin):
b Rogalek (depth 61 m)
b White (depth 46 m)
Bolshoye in the Dobryansky district (depth 30 m)
Lake Igum (25.6 g/l) in the Solikamsk region has the highest salinity among surface lakes.
The largest of the underground is currently considered the lake in the grotto of Friendship of Peoples in the Kungur Ice Cave (about 1300 sq.m). In total, more than 60 lakes were found in this cave. Lakes are also known in other karst caves - Pashiyskaya, Divya, Kizelovskaya.
Lake Goluboe is a bulge of an underground river.
Since many rivers of the Perm region originate in the mountains, their temperature regime often does not meet the required assessment for a beach and bathing holiday. In the south, many rivers disappear during the summer season, which is caused by karst phenomena. Climatic conditions generally do not correspond to the necessary. There is no beach season.
Perhaps the development of yachting, which is most consistent with the Kama and a number of other rivers, of which there are many, as well as numerous ponds and reservoirs.
Rafting is carried out on rivers on boats and rafts.
1.3. land cover

Podzolic and sod-podzolic soils with low natural fertility predominate in the Perm region. There are sod-carbonate
(along river valleys), alluvial-soddy, soddy-meadow, leached chernozems, clayey and heavy loamy. In the Suksun, Kungur and adjacent areas there are degraded chernozems, dark gray, gray and light gray forest-steppe soils, which have the highest natural fertility in the region.
The nature of the soils in the Kama region, significant slopes of the surface, intense summer rains contribute to the development of erosion: more than 40% of the arable massifs of the region are subject to it to one degree or another.
The vast majority of soils need to increase fertility through the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, and 89% of arable areas require liming.
The main type of vegetation on the territory of the Perm region is forests, which occupy 71% of the territory. The main tree species are dark coniferous: spruce and fir. At the same time, spruce clearly prevails.
As we move from north to south of the region, the share of deciduous species gradually increases, the undergrowth, shrub layer, grassy and ground cover change. In the northern regions of the flat part of the region, spruce-fir forests are distributed in large continuous massifs. Under the canopy it is dark and humid, so the undergrowth and grass cover are poorly developed, and green mosses predominate in the ground cover, hare oxalis on the elevations of the relief, and cuckoo flax in the depressions. Such forests in the Kama region are usually called Parma. They are allocated to the subzone of the middle taiga.
To the south of the latitude of the city of Berezniki, linden is mixed with spruce and fir at limestone outcrops. In these forests, which form the subzone of the southern taiga, the shrub layer is more diverse, the moss cover is replaced by herbaceous vegetation. South of the city of Osa, the forests are changing again. From broad-leaved species, in addition to linden, maple, elm, elm, sometimes oak appear, and among shrubs - warty euonymus and common hazel. This is a subzone of deciduous-taiga forests. The most typical site of such a forest has been preserved on the right bank of the Tulva River, in the Tulvinsky Reserve.
Along swampy river valleys and near peat bogs, the so-called sogre forests (spruce, spruce-alder, pine) are developed. They are characterized by the depressed state of the tree cover: dry top, short stature, curvature of the trunks. The ground cover is dominated by sphang mosses.
Pine forests are common in the north-west of the region, on sandy-argillaceous sediments left over from glaciation, along sandy terraces of large rivers. Among coniferous forests, pine forests occupy the second place in the region.
Small-leaved birch-aspen forests make up a rather large share among the tree plantations of the Kama region. Many of them are of secondary origin (they arose during the natural change of vegetation at the site of fires and during the felling of dark coniferous species). In the forests of the northeastern and eastern parts of the region, along with dark coniferous species, there are light coniferous species - cedar and larch.
A significant part of the region's forests (over 50%) are mature and overmature stands. About 20% of the forested area is accounted for by young forests. The rest is medium-aged forests. Since intensive logging is carried out on the territory of the region, permanent forest nurseries have been created to organize reforestation work, where planting material is grown.
Meadow vegetation is common both in interfluves (dry meadows) and in river valleys (water meadows with the highest natural productivity). About 10% of the territory is occupied by meadows and pastures in the region. Swamp vegetation is represented on 5% of the territory
swamps in the Perm region, they are widely distributed, both upland and lowland. Swamps and lakes in the north of the region are traces of the former continental glaciation. Part of the swamps was formed as a result of natural processes in slow-flowing reservoirs. Often, human economic activity leads to swamping: intensive deforestation, the creation of reservoirs, the construction of dams, and the laying of roads.
There are over 800 bogs in the Perm region, the peat deposits of which can be of industrial importance. But the development of peat in many swamps is not recommended because of their role in water conservation, biological and other valuable qualities. In addition, vitamin-rich cranberries, cloudberries, and princesses grow in swamps. Many swamps are good haylands.
The largest swamps are located in the north of the region:
Big Kamskoye (area 810 sq. km)
Djurich-Nyur (area 350 sq. km)
Byzimskoye (area 194 sq. km)
1.4. Resources of mushroom, berry lands and lands with medicinal plants

650 plant species have been noted, including 67 rare and endemic ones.
Species quantity allows us to talk about a wide variety of species. There are territories (reserves, sanctuaries) where the abundance of growing plants is also high.
1.5. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape

The landscape has high attractive properties. Attractiveness is given to it by a large number of rivers and reservoirs, landscape and relief features. As well as a number of other features.
1.6. Landscape and recreational potential and landscape recreationrational zoning of the territory

The environmental assessment varies greatly from unfavorable (near Perm) to favorable. In general, the characteristic is moderately favorable.
Landscape and recreational potential is characterized by 3 points.
The general assessment is a favorable territory for recreational development.
2. Territory of regulated recreational use

2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds

In total, there are about 60 species of mammals, over 200 species of birds, almost 40 species of fish, 6 species of reptiles and 9 species of amphibians in the Perm region. More than 30 species of mammals are of commercial importance.
Of the carnivores, the pine marten is widely represented in the region. Its favorite habitats are overripe, cluttered forests, especially in the southern regions. The Perm region is one of the first places in the country in terms of the number of martens. Stoats and weasels live everywhere in the forests. In the southern and central regions - badger and otter, and in the northern - wolverine. Throughout the territory, except for the very south, bears and lynxes are found, although their numbers are small. The wolf is also found everywhere.
Most of the region's animals are of European origin, but Siberian species also penetrate. So, at the end of the nineteenth century, columns appeared in the eastern regions.
Of the artiodactyls in the Kama region, moose prevail, living along forest edges and copses. In winters with little snow, roe deer enter the eastern regions from the neighboring Sverdlovsk region. Deer penetrate from the Komi Republic to the northern regions.
Most carnivores and artiodactyls are of great commercial importance. Hunting for some of them (sable, otter, marten, elk) is possible only with special permits (licenses). Roe deer and reindeer are under protection, hunting for them is prohibited.
The wolf, wolverine and lynx cause considerable damage to animal husbandry and therefore hunting for them is encouraged. Small mustelids (polecat, weasel) destroy mouse-like rodents, but sometimes they contribute to the spread of infectious diseases (tick-borne encephalitis, rabies).
A lot of work is being done in the region on acclimatization and artificial breeding of some species of game animals - beavers, raccoon dogs, muskrats, arctic foxes and minks.
Of the 200 species of birds in the region, the most common are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills, several species of tits, among migratory birds there are starlings, thrushes, rooks, swallows. Of the birds of prey, eagles, owls, crows and magpies are most often found. Of the birds, the capercaillie, black grouse and hazel grouse are of the greatest commercial importance.
The reservoirs of the region are inhabited by more than 30 species of fish, of which 15 are of commercial importance. Such mass species as bream, roach, sabrefish, perch, pike form the basis of fishing and recreational fishing.
The stocks of the main commercial species are in a satisfactory condition, however, the commercial fish productivity of the Kama reservoirs is one of the lowest in Russia and is only 2-3.5 kg/ha. Low rates of commercial productivity of reservoirs are due to shortcomings in the organization of fishing, as well as the low production capacity of reservoirs. The main limiting factors are massive industrial pollution and the unfavorable hydrological regime of reservoirs.
Despite the high level of anthropogenic pressure, the main fishery reservoirs of the region - the Kama and Votkinsk reservoirs - provide more than 90% of the catch, which is an average of 850-100 tons of fish over the past decade.
The reform of state management systems had a negative impact on fisheries. Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a steady decline in catches of almost all major commercial species. The catches of bream, pike perch, pike, as well as roach and sabrefish at the Votkinsk reservoir have dropped sharply. With an increase in the number of blue bream, its catches did not increase.
Catches of amateurs, licensed fishing and poaching are practically unaccountable. But even assuming that the unrecorded prey of poachers and recreational fishermen is equal to organized fishing, there is an underutilization of the commercial stock.
Positive trends are observed in the dynamics of commercial fish in the Kama reservoirs. The number and catches of burbot, catfish, and asp are growing.
The stocks of sterlet in the Votkinsk reservoir were favorably affected by the long-term work of Kamuralrybvod on transplanting spawners into the reservoir.
The reservoirs of the north of the region - numerous lakes and oxbow lakes - are practically not mastered by organized fishing. The main reasons are the inaccessibility and complexity of the catches.
In the reservoirs of the region, 3 species of fish require special protection measures: taimen, sterlet of the upper Kas population and brook trout. In recent years, there has been some stabilization in the number of the first two species. The state of the population of brook trout in the basin of the river. Iren catastrophic. The experience of the Ulyanovsk region, where in the early 1990s specialized reserves were created to save the brook trout, shows that the restoration of a seemingly extinct species is possible.
As we can see, the Perm region has rich resources for the development of hunting and fishing tourism.
2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural areas

The following reserves are represented in the Perm region:
Vishera Nature Reserve:
Number of lichen species: 100
Number of moss species: 286
Number of species of higher plants: 528
Vegetation:
The nature of the vegetation of the southern and northern parts of the reserve differ. In the south, middle taiga forests dominate, nemoral and forest-steppe species are found, in the north - north taiga forests. In the forest stand, the dominance of Siberian fir and Siberian pine was noted, an increased role of herbs compared to shrubs, and a wide distribution of associations with the participation of ferns were noted. Mountain middle taiga dark coniferous forests rise to a height of up to 400 m above sea level, giving way to northern taiga forests. The following altitudinal belts are distinguished: 1) mountain-forest (up to 600 m above sea level); 2) subalpine (about 600-850 m); 3) mountain-tundra (about 850-1000 m); 4) belt of bald deserts (over 1000 m). As an addition to this scheme, within the subalpine belt, there are: a subbelt of park crooked forest and tall-grass underaltic meadows and a subbelt of mountain wastelands with Siberian juniper, dwarf birch thickets (from Betu1a nana), k, etc.......... .......

2. Territory of regulated recreational use

2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds

Of the carnivores, the pine marten is widely represented in the region. Its favorite habitats are overripe, cluttered forests, especially in the southern regions. The Perm region is one of the first places in the country in terms of the number of martens. Stoats and weasels live everywhere in the forests. In the southern and central regions - badger and otter, and in the northern - wolverine. Throughout the territory, except for the very south, bears and lynxes are found, although their numbers are small. The wolf is also found everywhere.

Most of the region's animals are of European origin, but Siberian species also penetrate. So, at the end of the nineteenth century, columns appeared in the eastern regions.

Of the artiodactyls in the Kama region, moose prevail, living along forest edges and copses. In winters with little snow, roe deer enter the eastern regions from the neighboring Sverdlovsk region. Deer penetrate from the Komi Republic to the northern regions.

Most carnivores and artiodactyls are of great commercial importance. Hunting for some of them (sable, otter, marten, elk) is possible only with special permits (licenses). Roe deer and reindeer are under protection, hunting for them is prohibited.

The wolf, wolverine and lynx cause considerable damage to animal husbandry and therefore hunting for them is encouraged. Small mustelids (polecat, weasel) destroy mouse-like rodents, but sometimes they contribute to the spread of infectious diseases (tick-borne encephalitis, rabies).

A lot of work is being done in the region on acclimatization and artificial breeding of some species of game animals - beavers, raccoon dogs, muskrats, arctic foxes and minks.

Of the 200 species of birds in the region, the most common are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills, several species of tits, among migratory birds there are starlings, thrushes, rooks, swallows. Of the birds of prey, eagles, owls, crows and magpies are most often found. Of the birds, the capercaillie, black grouse and hazel grouse are of the greatest commercial importance.

The reservoirs of the region are inhabited by more than 30 species of fish, of which 15 are of commercial importance. Such mass species as bream, roach, sabrefish, perch, pike form the basis of fishing and recreational fishing.

The stocks of the main commercial species are in a satisfactory condition, however, the commercial fish productivity of the Kama reservoirs is one of the lowest in Russia and is only 2-3.5 kg/ha. Low rates of commercial productivity of reservoirs are due to shortcomings in the organization of fishing, as well as the low production capacity of reservoirs. The main limiting factors are massive industrial pollution and the unfavorable hydrological regime of reservoirs.

Despite the high level of anthropogenic pressure, the main fishery reservoirs of the region - the Kama and Votkinsk reservoirs - provide more than 90% of the catch, which is an average of 850-100 tons of fish over the past decade.

The reform of state management systems had a negative impact on fisheries. Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a steady decline in catches of almost all major commercial species. The catches of bream, pike perch, pike, as well as roach and sabrefish at the Votkinsk reservoir have dropped sharply. With an increase in the number of blue bream, its catches did not increase.

Catches of amateurs, licensed fishing and poaching are practically unaccountable. But even assuming that the unrecorded prey of poachers and recreational fishermen is equal to organized fishing, there is an underutilization of the commercial stock.

Positive trends are observed in the dynamics of commercial fish in the Kama reservoirs. The number and catches of burbot, catfish, and asp are growing.

The stocks of sterlet in the Votkinsk reservoir were favorably affected by the long-term work of Kamuralrybvod on transplanting spawners into the reservoir.

The reservoirs of the north of the region - numerous lakes and oxbow lakes - are practically not mastered by organized fishing. The main reasons are the inaccessibility and complexity of the catches.

In the reservoirs of the region, 3 species of fish require special protection measures: taimen, sterlet of the upper Kas population and brook trout. In recent years, there has been some stabilization in the number of the first two species. The state of the population of brook trout in the basin of the river. Iren catastrophic. The experience of the Ulyanovsk region, where in the early 1990s specialized reserves were created to save the brook trout, shows that the restoration of a seemingly extinct species is possible.

As we can see, the Perm region has rich resources for the development of hunting and fishing tourism.

2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural areas

The following reserves are represented in the Perm region:

Vishera Nature Reserve:

Number of lichen species: 100

Number of moss species: 286

Number of species of higher plants: 528

Vegetation:

The nature of the vegetation of the southern and northern parts of the reserve differ. In the south, middle taiga forests dominate, nemoral and forest-steppe species are found, in the north - north taiga forests. In the forest stand, the dominance of Siberian fir and Siberian pine was noted, an increased role of herbs compared to shrubs, and a wide distribution of associations with the participation of ferns were noted. Mountain middle taiga dark coniferous forests rise to a height of up to 400 m above sea level, giving way to northern taiga forests. The following altitudinal belts are distinguished: 1) mountain-forest (up to 600 m above sea level); 2) subalpine (about 600-850 m); 3) mountain-tundra (about 850-1000 m); 4) belt of bald deserts (over 1000 m). As an addition to this scheme, within the subalpine belt, the following are distinguished: a subbelt of park crooked forests and tall grass underaltic meadows and a subbelt of mountain wastelands with Siberian juniper, thickets of dwarf birch (from Betula nana), large willows, woody elfins, and herbaceous psychrophytes. The mountain-tundra belt is characterized by a more or less dense cover of mosses and lichens and is similar to the zone of the arctic lowland tundra. In the bald deserts, which are characteristic only of the highest ranges, epiphytic lichens dominate.

Number of fish species: 6

Number of reptile species: 1

Number of bird species: 143

Number of mammal species: 35

Animal world:

The fauna of the reserve in general has a typical taiga appearance with a common habitat in the same area of characteristic European (pine marten, European mink) and Siberian (Siberian salamander, nutcracker, red-backed vole, Asian chipmunk, sable) species. In some areas, there are inhabitants of open steppe (field harrier, kestrel, common mole) and near-water (great merganser, carrier) spaces, amphibious species (grass and moor frogs, muskrat, beaver, otter) and species characteristic of the tundra zone (ptarmigan , arctic fox, reindeer).

Of the mammals, rodents are the largest - 16 species, then carnivores - 15, insectivores - 6, bats - 3, ungulates - 3, lagomorphs - 2 (the number of species is to be specified). Some of them are only occasionally found in the reserve, not being its permanent inhabitants - mustachioed and water bats, raccoon dogs, etc. Widespread: common shrew, red and common voles, ermine, pine marten, wolverine, bear, elk.

The avifauna of the reserve and adjacent territories is unique, which was the reason for the allocation of this area to the Ripeysky ornithogeographic district due to the presence of representatives of various faunas here. A number of nesting, as well as migrant and migratory birds (golden plover, merlin, crunch, harshnep, waxwing, bluetail, yellow-winged warbler, scurry, Lapland plantain, etc.) are characteristic only for the territory of the reserve and are extremely rare or irregular in other areas of the Perm areas. In general, taiga inhabitants are common - hazel grouse, three-toed woodpecker, spruce crossbill, black-throated thrush, nutcracker.

Of the amphibians, the grass frog is common, of the reptiles, the viviparous lizard.

Fish belong to three faunal complexes - Arctic, Ponto-Caspian and boreal-plain. Most species are cold-loving, there are glacial relics. The most numerous and ubiquitous river minnow, European grayling.

Basega Nature Reserve

At present, the Basega Ridge is the only part of the taiga in the Middle Urals that has almost completely survived from cutting down and serves as an "island" where many species of plants and animals of this region have found refuge. Eight rivers of the reserve are protected as spawning grounds for valuable species of fish - taimen and grayling. The Perm Regional Executive Committee established a buffer zone with a total area of 25.6 thousand hectares along the border of the reserve.

The reserve has no natural boundaries. The borders are marked with full houses on quarterly clearings. The territory of the Basegi reserve is stretched in the meridional direction along the mountain range. The distance between the northern and southern borders is about 25 km, between the western and eastern - 8-9 km.

11 small rivers flow on the territory of the reserve, their width is from 3 to 10 m. All of them are typically mountainous, with a significant slope of the channels, high flow speed (from 3 to 5 and even 8 m/s). Flowing from the western slope of the ridge, the rivers Big Empty, Small and Big Baseg, Lyalim flow strictly to the west, flowing into the river. Usva. The Porozhnaya and Khariusnaya rivers flow from south to north and are also tributaries of the Usva. The Korostelevka river with numerous tributaries originates in the intermountain basin to the east of the ridge, flows from north to south and flows into the river. Vilva. The spring flood, starting on April 25-30, usually lasts about 40 days and, as a rule, does not pass in one wave, but with 4-5 water rises. During the period of powerful heavy rains in the middle and at the end of summer, the rivers swell again, almost reaching the level of the spring flood.

The largest rivers of the reserve are Usva and Vilva. The largest width of the first of them is 92 m, the depth is from 30 cm (on the rifts) to 2.2 m. The water level can fluctuate greatly over the years and seasons, the amplitude reaches 1.5 m. The Usva flows to the east, then to the north, turns west a third of the way and, having rounded the Basegi ridge, rushes to the southwest and flows into the river. Chusovaya. The beginning of freeze-up on Usva falls on the period from October 20 to November 24. Ice keeps from 175 to 218 days. Its thickness ranges from 6 to 78 cm. Ice drift lasts an average of 6 days. The waters of the river are rich in oxygen and are not polluted.

Vilva originates on the western slope of the Ural Range, 50 km east of the reserve. Its length is about 170 km. The greatest width of the river is 84 m, the depth varies from 60 cm to 2.2 m. At the same time, during the spring flood, the water level rises by 4 m, and its fluctuations over the years and seasons range from 1.5 to 4 m. Vilva are characterized by later (by 2-3 days) in comparison with Usva terms of the onset of freeze-up and earlier (by 5-6 days) ice drift, so the ice cover on Vilva lasts almost 10 days less than on Usva. The bottom of both rivers is sand and gravel, rapids are frequent, dotted with detrital material.

Quite a few streams and springs flow into the rivers, some of them are very short - about 2 m. The springs are confined to hollows, but sometimes they are also found on hills, causing swamping. The soils of the mountainous regions of the Western Urals are poorly studied. The territory of the reserve belongs to the zone of podzolic loamy-stony soils of the western slope of the Urals.

The reserve is home to 51 species of mammals, more than 150 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles and 3 species of amphibians. Such species diversity of animals in a relatively small area is explained by the heterogeneity of natural conditions, including vertical zonality. An analysis of the fauna of the mountainous regions of the Middle Urals allowed E. M. Vorontsov (1949) to put forward a hypothesis at the end of the 40s, the essence of which is that animals inhabited the Ural mountainous country not from the west and east, but vice versa: during the Ice Age, the Urals, and in particular Basegi, was a place where birds and animals were preserved, settling as the glacier retreated to the plains of the European part of the USSR and Western Siberia. True, today most scientists believe that Siberia and the plains of the European part of the USSR were the centers of settlement of terrestrial vertebrates, from which the settlement of the Urals proceeded, which, by the way, is not a significant barrier to the movement of these animals.

The fauna of the Basegi reserve is typical of the taiga zone. There are many species of animals and birds common with the fauna of the forests of the more western European plains, but Siberian forms also play a significant role. European fauna species include the bank vole, wood mouse, common vole, marten, European mink, and most bird species; to representatives of the Siberian fauna - Siberian weasel, sable, red-backed vole, red-gray vole, Siberian subspecies of roe deer; from birds - bunting-remez, bluetail, nightingale rubythroat, dark-throated thrush.

Many animals are represented in the reserve by specific Ural subspecies that are not found outside this mountainous country. E. M. Vorontsov considers mole, common shrew, wood mouse, red-backed vole, housekeeper vole, dark vole (South Ural subspecies) to be such species, and from birds - capercaillie, goshawk, long-tailed owl, brambling, common and reed buntings, forest curler, dipper. He also includes the Baseg three-toed woodpecker, the brambling Krestyannikov, the Belousov forest hawker, and the Ural bunting Vlasov as endemics (the names of the subspecies are given in honor of biology students who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War).

Among the mammals in the reserve, the most numerous are small insectivores (8 species) and rodents (19 species), as well as carnivores (14 species).

The common mole is found in meadows and edges of spruce-fir forests, is quite common in the reserve, but its numbers are small here.

Shrew shrews are one of the largest groups of animals in the reserve. With tiny sizes of animals in some years, their total weight in forest landscapes can be more than 70% of the total weight of all vertebrates. There are 6 species in this group. Of these, the most numerous are the common and medium shrews, which live in almost all natural complexes of the reserve. The lesser shrew inhabits a variety of forest areas and meadows, especially along the banks of rivers and streams, and is also quite numerous. The even-toothed shrew, quite rare in the flat part of the Perm region, also turned out to be common in the reserve.

The white hare is found almost everywhere, especially in forest-meadow areas and in sparse forests.

Rodents are very diverse in the territory of the reserve. The flying squirrel is occasionally found in the tall coniferous and deciduous forests of the reserve. Chipmunk is very rare in the reserve and lives in river valleys in areas with cedar. The squirrel, one of the main fur-bearing game animals of the Perm region, is common in all forests, except for purely deciduous ones. In some years, squirrels are very numerous, in others, when the seeds of coniferous trees fail, the animals make mass migrations, leaving the territory of the reserve. In the forests of the Basegi Ridge, squirrels also make local migrations, periodically moving in different years and seasons to forest areas with a sufficient harvest of cones. In addition to the seeds of coniferous trees, in the summer, squirrels feed on mushrooms, berries, sometimes succulent parts of herbaceous plants and large seeds. The number of mice on the Basegi Ridge is quite high.

There are few mouse-like rodents in the reserve. These are field and forest mice. In the river valleys and on the lawns you can meet the baby mouse - the smallest rodent of our fauna. The animal prefers tall grass thickets, while living not only in shelters underground, but sometimes weaves a spherical nest from dry blades of grass, firmly attaching it to the stems of herbaceous plants, sometimes at a height of up to 1.5 m. Baby mice weigh 6-7 g , very rarely come across "giants" weighing up to 9 g. In the 40s, there was a gray rat, which practically disappeared with the destruction of permanent human dwellings.

The most diverse among rodents are hamsters (9 species), some of them are very numerous. Finds of forest lemmings in the Kama region are rare, but in the reserve this northern taiga animal is quite abundant in moss dark coniferous forests.

On the other hand, the more southern voles - the common and field voles - are relatively rare and live mainly in meadow biotopes. In wetter places, the root vole is found. Forest voles are numerous in the reserve, which are found in all forest communities. This is a bank vole - a species of European mixed and broad-leaved forests, as well as Siberian taiga species - red and red-gray voles. All three species are common in forests and light forests, and in summer they can also be found in meadows. Red-backed and red-gray voles go higher into the mountains than the red-backed voles, penetrating to the remains on the tops of the ridge, populating rocky placers and mountain tundra. The water rat is also common in near-water biotopes, but in summer it can also live in subalpine meadows. In the reserve, this large vole is quite common. Muskrat is occasionally found in the Vilva Valley.

Of the ungulates in the reserve, there are elk, roe deer and reindeer. Elk annually in late autumn or early winter migrate from the foothills of the Perm region to the eastern slopes of the Urals. Even for such a huge animal, the snow cover of the ridge is too deep, so only a few elks winter in the reserve. The summer density of moose is 2-3 individuals per 1000 ha. In some years, reindeer come to Basegi from the Komi ASSR and the northern regions of the Perm region in winter, but large herds have not appeared in the last decade. Roe deer can migrate to the reserve from the eastern regions of the Urals in summer. It is as rare as the reindeer. In 1985, a wild boar was recorded for the first time.

The pine marten is a typical predator of the old dark coniferous forests of the reserve, mostly littered areas with hollow trees. Its number in the reserve is significant.

Weasels and stoats are common and found everywhere in various biotopes. There are numerous columns, mink and otter. The badger is rare and prefers open dry areas, forest edges. In winter, the wolverine is noted in the reserve, and wolves occasionally come. The fox lives in meadows and crooked forests. Brown bear and lynx are common in the forest belt.

Birds are the richest group of vertebrates in the Basegi Reserve in terms of species diversity, but they are still rather poorly studied. Almost every year, since 1978, when the staff of the Perm University began to study the fauna of this territory, the list of birds is supplemented with new species, most often Siberian.

There are 150 species of birds of 13 orders in the reserve. The most diverse are passerine birds, represented by 19 families and more than 70 species.

In the reserve, all corvids known in the Kama region are quite numerous: gray crow, raven, jackdaw, magpie, nutcracker, jay, and cuckoo. Only the rook had almost disappeared from the vicinity of the reserve by the middle of our century, which is probably due to the disappearance of the settlements. This can also explain the absence of the house sparrow in the area, which was quite common here in the 1940s. Only field sparrows live at the foot of the Southern Baseg and on the site of the former village of Korostelevka.

Dipper lives on the banks of fast-flowing rivers and streams. This small bird is not afraid of cold weather, it migrates to the south only after the reservoirs are completely frozen.

In various types of forests there are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, woodpeckers - bile, three-toed and large motley, common cuckoo, oatmeal - remez, common and reed, lentils, brambling, warblers - willow and chiffchaff, garden warbler, garden warbler, meadow coinage, song thrush, fieldfare, forest hawker, bullfinch, waxwing, nuthatch, pika, forest pipit, spruce crossbill, great tit, hawk - sparrowhawk and goshawk.

In the mountain-meadow tall-grass glades with areas of forest and willow shrubs, there are buzzard, hobby, kestrel, corncrake, great snipe, forest pipit, white and yellow wagtails, lentils, garden warbler, gray warbler, meadow coin, chaffinch, warbler, willow warbler, hoodie.

Capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, common cuckoo, brambling, chaffinch, buntings - common, dubrovnik, crumb and remez, siskin, powdery, pika, willow warbler, green warbler and chiffchaff, forest convert, redstart, gray and garden warbler, robin, schur, blackbirds - white-browed and fieldfare.

In the mountain tundra and on stony placers, the bird fauna is very poor. Here you can meet peregrine falcon, common wheatear, meadow chaser, meadow pipit, mountain wagtail. During the ripening period of blueberries, capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse migrate here.

Along the rivers and floodplain swamps, there are mallards, teals - crackers and whistles, as well as waders - black and carrier, large merganser, garden warbler.

On sedge-sphagnum and sedge raised bogs inhabited by gray warbler, white wagtail, warbler, bunting - remez and reed, some sandpipers.

Of the species listed in the Red Book of the USSR, the white-tailed eagle and the peregrine falcon nest in the reserve, and the osprey and golden eagle are encountered on migration. E. M. Vorontsov (1949) indicated a black stork for the Basegi Ridge.

Only two species of reptiles have been recorded on the territory of the reserve: the viviparous lizard and the common viper. The latter is found in the reserve only at the foot of the mountains, in the driest and most well-heated areas. The viviparous lizard is much more widely distributed. It occurs along the edges of forests in the mountain-taiga zone, in meadows, is quite numerous in the strip of light forests and crooked forests, penetrates into rocky placers and into the tundra.

The reserve is inhabited by 3 species of amphibians - the common toad, common frog and moor frog. Gray toads are found at the foot of the ridge, i.e., along the outskirts of the reserve. At the same time, their number is greater in the extensive clearings adjacent to the reserve. Grass and moor frogs are inhabitants of the mountain-forest belt and subalpine meadows. Only a few animals occasionally penetrate into areas of light forests adjacent to meadows. In general, for the life of relatively heat-loving amphibians, the cold reservoirs of the reserve, which are slightly warmed up in summer, as well as the close level of cold groundwater, are not very favorable.

The riverine valleys and forest areas adjacent to mountain meadows and old clearings are most populated by animals. The population of birds and animals of recent cutting areas near the northern and southern borders of the reserve is very poor. Therefore, the taiga massif of the reserve is a natural "island", in which many animals and birds move from the adjacent, almost completely cut down areas.

Gremchansk, Gubakha, Dobryanka, Kizel, Krasnokamsk (56.6), Kungur (76.0), Lysva (75.9), Perm (1022.7) ), Solikamsk (106.6), Tchaikovsky (89.8), Chusovoy (54.7). Below are the economic and geographical characteristics of several of them. Aleksandrovsk is located on the western slope of the Middle Urals, on the Lytva River (Kama basin), 185 km northeast of Perm. Square...

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The share of nature reserves and national parks in the total area of the region is 3.9%. According to the official scientific and reference publication "Natural Reserve Fund of the Ryazan Region" (2004), as of January 1, 2004, the network of protected natural areas existing in the territory of the Ryazan Region includes the Oksky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, the Meshchersky National Park, the State nature reserve of federal significance "Ryazansky", protected forest area "Ramenskaya grove", protected areas of regional significance - 48 state nature reserves and 100 natural monuments. Five natural monuments were created specifically for the purpose of preserving valuable geological and paleontological objects, two natural monuments preserve man-made hydrological objects (large ancient ponds - Ermishinsky and Syntulsky). Natural monument Yerlinsky park-arboretum is actually a monument of gardening art, and therefore requires special measures to maintain it in a state different from the surrounding natural areas. Especially valuable forest areas within the water protection zones of water bodies, along reservoirs inhabited by beavers, around capercaillie currents and in honey-bearing forest areas have also been taken under protection. The territories of the reserve and the national park are classified as a wetland of international importance "Floodplain of the Oka River and a section of the floodplain of the Pra River within the Meshchersky National Nature Park (Ryazan Region)".

The Oksky State Natural Biosphere Reserve is a strictly protected area. Recreation and tourism are prohibited in the main territory of the Oksky Reserve. A promising direction for the use of the reserve in recreation is the organization of educational excursions.

The territory of the Meshchersky National Park is one of the most visited recreation areas among the central regions of Russia. Dozens of sightseeing bus routes pass through this territory, about 100 groups of sports trips lasting 8-10 days are organized, including water, ski, hiking, cycling, as well as about 1000 weekend trips. Autotourism is highly developed; on weekends of summer and autumn, up to 30 thousand cars leave for Meshchera. Several camp sites, bases of hunters and fishermen are open for visitors.

On the territory of the state nature reserve of federal significance "Ryazansky" it is possible to pick mushrooms and berries, excursions and walks.

In the protected zone of the wetland "Floodplain areas of the Oka and Pra rivers", the local population is allowed to hunt and fish. Hunting, fishing and other types of recreation are also popular in the rest of the territory. The magnitude of the loads is relatively small (See tab. 9).

Based on the data in Table 9, it can be concluded that most of the protected areas are located in the northern part of the Ryazan region on the territory of the Meshcherskaya lowland. The total area of the reserve, national park, sanctuaries and natural monuments, taking into account the overlap of some protected areas with each other, is more than 370 thousand hectares, including 177 thousand hectares of regional nature reserves and natural monuments. The area of protected areas is more than 9% of the area of the Ryazan region.

Table 9. Specially protected natural areas.

	Name	Short description
Reserve of federal importance	Oksky State Biosphere Reserve	It is located in the middle reaches of the Oka River, in the eastern part of the Meshcherskaya Lowland on the left bank of the Pra River, the left tributary of the Oka, on the territory of the Spassky District of the Ryazan Region. The number of protected species: animals - 57, birds - 251, plants - 867, fish - 36. Most of the reserve is pine forests with birch and oak forests, a significant area is occupied by swamps. Rich fauna: elk, wild boar, fox, otter, ermine, marten, raccoon dog, muskrat, squirrel, badger, mink, lynx, spotted deer, beaver; from birds - capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, crane, mallard, great snipe, snipe, woodcock, black kite, buzzard, sea eagle, black stork. Perch, pike, crucian carp, bream, ide, roach, silver bream, asp, pike perch, sterlet, catfish are found in reservoirs. Work is underway to restore the bison herd. On the territory of the reserve - a museum. The main purpose of creating the reserve is to preserve and increase the number of muskrat. Other goals of the reserve are the preservation of natural complexes typical for this region, with the totality of their components, the study of the course of natural processes and phenomena, the development of scientific foundations for nature conservation. A number of experimental works are also being carried out in the reserve.
Federal National Park	Meshchersky	The park is located in the north of the Ryazan region and covers the Klepikovskiye lakes, adjacent lowland swamps, the valley of the Pra River - a tributary of the Oka, as well as a system of shallow lakes and raised swamps on the watershed of Pra and Solotchi. Organized for the protection and study of natural, historical and cultural complexes of the Meshchersky region. The number of protected species: animals - 50, birds - 170, plants - 867, fish - 36. Main goals: creation of park infrastructure; wildlife protection (conservation of species and genetic diversity); scientific research and environmental monitoring; environmental education; development of recreation and tourism; study and preservation of cultural heritage; organization of international cooperation. About 1/3 of the territory of "Meshchersky" is made up of meadows, fields, settlements, where the traditional economic activities of the local population continue, grazing, picking berries and mushrooms. About five thousand guests visit the protected area every year - tourists, fishermen and other visitors.
State natural zoological reserve of federal significance	"Ryazan"	Organized on the territory of the Shilovsky and Spassky districts of the Ryazan region, within the Oka-Don lowland, in the floodplain of the Oka. The purpose of creating the reserve is the conservation, reproduction and restoration of wild animals in need of protection, together with their habitat, as well as maintaining the overall ecological balance. The special significance of the reserve is the protection of muskrat and places of mass flight and rest of geese. The objects of protection include: Russian desman, beaver, marten, otter, badger, elk, wild boar; capercaillie, black grouse, partridge, hazel grouse, waterfowl; water chestnut (chilim), as well as some medicinal plant species. In addition to valuable species of animals, there are a number of objects recognized as natural monuments on the territory of the reserve.
Wetland of International Importance	Floodplain sections of the Oka and Pra rivers	It is located on the territory of the Meshcherskaya lowland to the north of the bend of the Oka river between the cities of Ryazan and Kasimov, Ryazan region, Klepikovsky, Ryazansky, Spassky districts. It includes the valley of a river flowing in a flat area with an extensive meadow floodplain, which is replete with oxbow lakes, areas of swampy forests, and lake systems. An important place of concentration of waterfowl during the autumn and, especially, spring migration. Nesting place for the main hunting species of waterfowl in central Russia.

The development of ecological tourism in the Ryazan region is promising, due to the large number of preserved unique natural complexes, mainly the Meshcherskaya lowland (See Fig. 4).

Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) include: nature reserves, natural monuments, protected forest areas, national parks, nature reserves. The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects: botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, complex, landscape.

The strict nature protection function of protected areas determines the regulation of the use of these territories for other types of economic development. At the same time, the uniqueness of these natural objects determines their high value for educational tourism, which allows us to consider protected areas as important natural recreational resources, the use of which in tourism should be strictly regulated. Permissible type of recreational activity in protected areas is recorded in the passport of a specific protected object.

Nature reserves, natural monuments and protected areas of the forest are territories allocated for unique, rare or typical natural complexes, the protection of which is entrusted to the land users of these territories: forestries, forestries, if the protected areas are located on the lands of the state forest fund (SFF), or rural administration, if they are located within the lands of former collective farms, state farms, etc. The land users of these protected areas are not involved in the organization of recreational activities on them.

Consider the types of protected areas and their purpose.

Botanical reserves, created to protect certain types of vegetation, are usually used for regulated winter hunting or fishing.

AT zoological reserves , where representatives of the fauna are protected, the regulated collection of mushrooms, berries and medicinal plants is allowed.

Geological and hydrological reserves are of interest for walking educational tourism, school excursions and training sessions for students of geographical and geological faculties of universities.

For the purposes of educational tourism, of particular importance are complex reserves , in which tourists are introduced to rare species of flora and fauna, picturesque landscapes. As a rule, setting up tourist camps on the territory of nature reserves is prohibited, only the laying of tourist trails is allowed.

Monuments of nature- these are unique natural objects (waterfalls, caves, picturesque rocks, etc.) or memorial natural objects (for example, larch in the Yaropolets estate, under which A. S. Pushkin rested). Natural monuments are always tried to be included in tourist routes as the most attractive natural objects.

Protected areas of the forest are allocated by foresters as reference (typical) or unique forest areas important for the conservation and reproduction of certain plant formations. Their visit is usually included in the routes of ecological tourism.

National parks and reserves are special types of protected areas that have an administration whose function is to organize both nature protection and recreational activities. True, the significance of recreational activities in them is different: in reserves, the nature protection function dominates and the cognitive recreational function is limited, in national parks both functions are of equal importance.

National parks- these are environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, intended for use in environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. The task of national parks, along with the nature protection function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions. This provides for the development and implementation of scientific methods for the conservation of natural complexes in terms of recreational use. A differentiated protection regime is established on the territories of national parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics. In accordance with this, the territory of the parks is divided into the following functional zones:

· zone of protected regime - any recreational and economic activity is prohibited;

· zone of custom regime – preservation of natural objects under strictly regulated recreational use;

· zone of cognitive tourism - organization of environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park;

· zone of recreational use, including areas for recreation, sports and amateur hunting and fishing.

As can be seen from the established functional zoning of the territories of national parks, recreation and tourism are given a large place in them.

All over the world, national parks are actively covered by the tourism industry, performing, in addition to health-improving functions, the tasks of environmental education of the population. In Russia, national parks developed with a great delay, but in recent years interest in them has increased dramatically. Currently, there are 32 national parks in our country, and it is planned to organize another 40.

reserves- environmental institutions, the territory of which includes natural complexes and objects of unique ecological value, intended for use in environmental, scientific, scientific and educational purposes. Unlike national parks, nature reserves have a very limited recreational use, mainly for educational purposes only. This is reflected in the functional zoning of the reserves:

· zone of protected regime, in which flora and fauna develop without human intervention;

· a zone of scientific monitoring, in which the scientific staff of the reserve monitor the state and development of protected natural objects;

· zone of environmental education, where the nature museum of the reserve is usually located and strictly regulated trails are laid along which groups of tourists are guided to get acquainted with the natural features of the complex;

economic and administrative zone.

National and natural recreational parks (regional and local level)

The concept of sustainable development of nature and society provides for the creation of a network of specially protected natural and natural-historical-cultural territories, the area of which, according to world standards, should occupy 10-12% of the area of each state.

This network includes the following types of protected areas:

Nature reserves, natural monuments, protected areas of the forest, representing a certain educational interest for ecological tourism, recreational activities on the territory of which are organized by institutions that are not responsible for their protection;

Reserves (nature reserves) and national parks (organized to preserve the natural and cultural heritage of the country), in which the administration of these institutions is responsible for both recreational and environmental activities.

In national parks, unlike nature reserves, the recreational component is on an equal footing with the environmental one, and therefore their territory is not only an example of a valuable natural landscape complex, but also of interest for its recreational and aesthetic merits for visitors.

In most countries of the world, national parks have become the dominant form of protected areas. Under them, according to the definition of Maksakovsky N.V. (1996), the territories of the most valuable recreational, aesthetic and cognitive natural and historical and cultural resources are allocated for the purpose of using them in the field of tourism, excursion business and environmental education. Along with national parks, usually smaller natural and natural-historical parks of regional or local significance are created.

Recreational parks are necessary not only for remote exotic areas such as Kamchatka, but also for urbanized areas, especially in the zone of influence of large metropolitan areas. The formation of a network of protected recreational parks makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of losing valuable natural lands in suburban recreation areas.

Currently, the system of natural recreational parks of all levels in Russia is at the initial stage of formation. This is evidenced by:

Underdevelopment of parks (32 national parks in the Russian Federation);

The extreme unevenness of their distribution, as a result of which many physical and geographical regions are not represented in the network of national parks (there are only 6 national parks in Siberia, concentrated mainly in the Baikal region);

Lack of parks in the nearest radius of accessibility (up to 200 km) for most million-plus cities;

Incomplete coverage by national parks of exotic areas that attract the main unorganized flow of tourists.

All this sharply raises the question of the need to develop recreational parks in Russia in order to form an integral park system capable of solving the main environmental, recreational and educational tasks for eco-tourism facing our society.

National and recreational parks can have a variety of content and, accordingly, different technological forms.

The specifics of the parks are determined by the following factors:

General geographical location;

Character of the region: urbanized resorts or “wild territories”;

Position relative to large cities: agglomeration (Losiny Ostrov National Park), inter-agglomeration (Meshchersky National Park), extra-agglomeration (Komi Yu National Park);

Territory genesis: natural or natural-historical parks;

Functional recreational use: walking and landscape, mushroom and berry, hunting, sports and tourism, educational.

By analogy with world parks, one can distinguish the North American type (preserved natural complex) and the European type (picturesque rural landscape with historical and cultural complexes).

Maksakovskii N.V. proposed the following basic principles for the formation of a system of natural recreational parks in Russia.

Choice of geographic base is determined by the need to represent each of the 58 bioregions of Russia in the park system, which will allow to fully reflect the natural diversity of the country.

Choosing a territory for the park is determined by a combination of unique and typical properties in a given natural complex. The representativeness (specificity) of the landscape for a given bioregion is determined by the geographical location of the park. The recreational, aesthetic and educational value of the area is necessary for the organization of various forms of recreation in the park.

Key criteria for choosing a park area- high recreational potential (possibility of multifunctional recreational use, comfort of natural and climatic conditions, landscape diversity) and cognitive potential (concentration of natural and historical and cultural attractions).

It is also necessary to define additional criteria that determine the area and boundaries of the park:

Inclusion of ecologically key sites that maintain hydrological balance and a healthy human environment; ecological "autonomy" of the territory (basin principle - binding to watershed boundaries);

Resource-protective (resource-reproductive) significance of the territory (inclusion of high quality forests, high-quality sources of water supply, commercial hunting and fishing lands);

Transport accessibility (the share of the area of the national park located in the zone of easy transport accessibility should not exceed 50% of its territory);

Compatibility of the national park with the existing system of nature and land use (absence or low presence in the territory of the national park of anthropogenic elements alien to nature protection tasks);

Predominance of federal ownership of land and other resources in the territory (Goslesfond, Gosvodfond);

Correspondence of the external boundaries of the national park with visual boundaries (power lines, roads, canals, rivers, mountain ranges) and landscape (valuable ecosystems should be included in the entire national park);

It is desirable that the outer boundaries of the park correspond to administrative and economic (land of agricultural and forestry enterprises) and political and administrative boundaries (region, territory, etc.).

Additional factors in the formation of the Russian park system:

Organization of several parks in areas of strong urbanization to provide recreation for large masses of the urban population and disperse places of organized recreation throughout the region in order to regulate visits and more effectively protect natural complexes;

Formation of additional parks in bioregions with universally recognized unique exotic areas (for example, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the mountains of South Siberia);

Mandatory formation of national parks in every major subject of the Russian Federation on the territory of national autonomies.

Principles of placement of recreational parks in an urbanized area

There are stimulating and limiting factors for the organization of parks in urbanized regions. Drivers include the huge demand for active and positive outdoor recreation in major metropolitan areas. The limiting factors hindering the creation and development of suburban recreation areas are: strong development of the territory, excessive transport accessibility, a dense network of political and administrative boundaries and a complex land use system.

Recreational parks in an urbanized region should be represented by three forms:

Local natural parks, concentrated in the forest park zone, intended for one-day recreation;

Regional recreational parks located in the middle radius of accessibility and in some places on the periphery of the region, focused on weekend and possibly long-term recreation;

National parks occupying peripheral zones with a well-preserved natural environment.

Between recreational parks there is a buffer “vacuum” zone corresponding to highly developed agricultural or industrial production.

For such megacities as the Moscow region, a network of local recreational parks should be developed in the immediate vicinity of both the capital and large regional centers. Regional recreational parks for various purposes will be located in places of concentration of natural and cultural heritage sites in all sectors of the region.

The existing national park “Losiny Ostrov”, located in the very center of the metropolis, is unique not only in Russia, but also in the world.

On the outskirts of the Moscow region within a radius of 150 - 200 km there are several national parks: "Pereslavl-Zalessky" (Yaroslavl region), "Meshchera" and "Meshchersky" (Vladimir and Ryazan regions) and "Ugra" (Kaluga region).

At present, the creation of another series of national parks has been proposed: the natural-historical park "Central Russia" (Volokolamsk, Istra and Ruzsky districts), the historical "Verkhne-Moskvoretsky" (Mozhaisk district), "Volgusha" (Dmitrovsky district), Sergiev Posadsky, as well as a wide network of regional and local parks.

Topic: Bioclimate

1. Formation and significance of climatic resources.

Among natural resources, a special place is occupied by climatic . A person cannot be isolated from the air surrounding him.

The effect of climate on the human body is called bioclimate . In accordance with this, bioclimatic parameters differ from ordinary meteorological characteristics, since they represent a complex effect of the meteorological characteristics of air masses on the human body: temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure.

The climate is formed under the influence of three main climate-forming factors:

· solar radiation , which ensures the supply of light, heat and ultraviolet radiation to the earth;

· atmospheric circulation , which is associated with the transfer of air masses in atmospheric vortices (cyclones and anticyclones) and the presence of air mass separation zones (atmospheric fronts);

· underlying surface , which determines the redistribution of solar radiation and atmospheric circulation, depending on the nature of the earth's surface (meso- and microclimatic features of the area).

The climate has both positive and negative effects on the human body. Positive impact is usually used in recreational activities for the organization of climate treatment. Protection from negative factors is required in the form of climate prevention. The use of climatic factors is of great health significance in connection with the training effect of climate on the natural mechanisms of stimulation of the body's vital activity, worked out in the process of evolution: people in the process of historical development adapt to certain climatic conditions. The adaptability of a person to certain climatic conditions is called adaptation. When climatic conditions change (when moving from north to south and vice versa), the human body experiences significant adaptive loads that should be avoided in general, and when organizing recreation, it is imperative to take into account and choose the seasons when the level of adaptive stress of the body will be the lowest.

A person's habituation to new climatic conditions should occur gradually, over a certain time, called adaptation period , during which it is necessary to exclude additional loads on the body (sports trips, medical procedures, etc.). The adaptation period can last from several days to a month. In addition to climatic differences, it is necessary to take into account differences in time zones, i.e. temporary adaptation . With a sharp change in the biological cycle, desynchronosis develops, which adversely affects the entire system of the human body. Consequently, when characterizing different localities, a unified system of bioclimatic parameters is very important, which makes it possible to compare the bioclimatic conditions of different regions. Most people, living in urban areas, almost constantly stay in artificial microclimate conditions of housing and clothing, which weaken the mechanisms of adaptation. When organizing rest under the influence of a long stay of a person in natural conditions, especially when using climate procedures, the body's resistance to adverse environmental effects is significantly increased.

For a unified system for assessing the bioclimatic potential of a territory, as well as for assessing landscape and recreational conditions, a systemic assessment method developed in complex geography is used. The assessment is carried out both factor-wise and integrally according to the level of medical and climatic impact of the bioclimate on the human body.

In recent years, the bioclimate assessment developed at the Central Institute of Balneology (now the Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy) in 1988 by Butyeva I.F. was used. All bioclimatic parameters were evaluated according to the degree of their favorable effect on the human body. At the same time, unfavorable factors that have an increased load on the adaptive systems of the human body are named annoying . Meteorological conditions leading to a less pronounced tension of adaptive mechanisms in the human body are called coaching . In general, they are relatively favorable, and for most people who do not suffer from serious illnesses, they are useful conditions that have a training effect. sparing climatic conditions are favorable for all people without exception, including for weakened patients who are on medical rest in a sanatorium or resort.

The categorization of medical and climatic conditions provides scientifically based criteria for recommendations to the population when developing new territories, choosing a place of residence, planning and designing the profile of resort areas, organizing a sanatorium-resort process, increasing the effectiveness of sanatorium-resort treatment and organizing recreational recreation.

Based on the assessment of the bioclimatic potential and its components, an integral and factor-by-factor medical-climatic zoning of the territory is carried out.

2. Solar radiation mode

The solar spectrum consists of three main parts:

· infrared radiation , which determines the arrival of heat on the earth's surface, which manifests itself in the temperature regime;

· light radiation , which determines the insolation (light) regime;

· ultraviolet (UV) radiation, associated with the biological activity of the sun.

For tourism, light and ultraviolet regimes are of particular importance.

Insolation mode is determined by the duration of sunshine, that is, daylight hours during which various recreational activities are possible. The lack of sunshine duration observed in northern latitudes is an uncomfortable phenomenon. During the polar night, recreational activities are not possible.

In table. 3.1 shows the criteria for assessing the insolation regime.

Recreational assessment of natural recreational resources of the Perm region - term paper. Territory of regulated recreational use What is included in the territories of regulated recreational use

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