Evaluation of lumber production in Canada. Forestry and woodworking industry of the world For which countries is the forestry and woodworking

Canada is one of the largest forest powers, and it is difficult to overestimate the role of forestry in the country's economy. At present, it provides a significant share in Canada's exports - a positive balance in foreign trade in forest products, according to 2002 data, is more than 32 billion dollars (1) (Hereinafter - Canadian dollars. - Ed.) In the forest industries over 360 thousand Canadians work, and their enterprises are scattered throughout the country: more than 350 rural settlements are economically completely dependent on their work. The enterprises of the largest cities of Canada - Vancouver, Montreal and Toronto - are also engaged in the processing of forestry products.

Forestry in Canada is one of the most advanced in the world in terms of technological equipment, management organization and strict environmental standards of logging operations carried out here. An important feature of forestry in Canada is that almost the entire forest fund is state-owned: 94% of all forests are in provincial or federal ownership, which fundamentally distinguishes Canada from the United States, which also has huge forest resources (in the United States, on the contrary, more 60% of the forests are privately owned).

Differences from the United States can also be traced in the efficiency of forest management - having a larger area of ​​commercial forests compared to the United States, Canada harvests timber products 2.5 times less (more than 180 million cubic meters compared to 460 million cubic meters), which is about 42% of the natural growth of timber (in the US - 70%), and half of Canada's forests are still unaffected by economic activity. At the same time, the role of forestry in the country's economy and in its foreign trade is especially great.

Forest Fund of Canada

Forest resources - one of the main wealth of Canada (10% of the total forested area of ​​the planet), they occupy 45% of its territory. Therefore, logging is carried out in almost all provinces and territories of Canada, but 40% of Canadian commercial timber is supplied by one province - British Columbia. Industrial, or commercial, includes 235 million hectares of forests out of 418 million hectares of the total forested area; every year logging is carried out on the territory of about 1 million hectares. It is important to note that forestry for the purpose of logging is carried out only on the territory of 119 million hectares, or 28.5% of the forested area. There are many so-called open forests in Canada in swamps, rocky and other barren lands, as well as light forests - they occupy approximately 37% of the total forested area, all other productive forests are located either in hard-to-reach places or on the territory of protected national and provincial parks.

The total timber reserves in the forests of Canada are estimated at almost 20 billion cubic meters. m, which is approximately equal to the wood stocks in the United States. Boreal (northern) forests make up 82% of forest land, the main species of which are spruce, fir, aspen, birch and pine. In the southern regions and on the coasts, beech, hemlock (coniferous tree) and maple, which is the national symbol of the country, are added to them.

The vast majority of the northern country's reserves are valuable long-staple softwood, the demand for which is consistently high in the world. Logging area increased from 852,000 ha in 1991 to just over 1 million ha in 1997, with about 90% (892,000 ha in 1997) of this area being clear-cutting, while selective felling occurs mainly in small forest areas.

The greatest growth in the scale of development of the territory of logging in 1991-1997. was recorded in Quebec (from 230 thousand to 363 thousand ha, but clear-cutting was used here in less than 80% of logging areas). Another province with large logging areas is Ontario, where the logging area has been stable over the past decade at around 198,000 ha; in British Columbia it has even been reduced from 193,000 ha to 176,000 ha due to more intensive forest management (2). 70% of forest products are sawlogs, veneer logs and fasteners, a little more than a quarter of the harvest is used for pulp production.

The area of ​​reforestation in Canada in the last decade has remained approximately the same - 450-500 thousand hectares per year (3). However, it is also necessary to take into account the high rates of natural reforestation and wood growth. Back in 1968, only 2% of commercial forests were planted, the rest were of natural origin (4) .

In 1970, the level of maximum allowable felling, set by government agencies, was approximately 2 times higher than the actual level of logging, while reforestation was carried out on 17% of the developed territories, the remaining 17 million hectares remained withdrawn from the forest fund due to felling and forest fires ( 5). In 2000, the maximum allowable felling was about 233 million cubic meters. m, and real logging amounted to a little over 200 million cubic meters. m, i.e. the level of use of acceptable norms was more than 85% (6) .

It should be said about the recreational and biological significance of Canadian forests. Although Canada's main wealth is boreal forests (30% of the world's), 15 ecological zones have been identified in the country, in which you can find both coastal rainforests and Arctic woodlands. About 180 endemic (peculiar to this territory) tree species grow in Canadian forests, about two-thirds of Canada's 140,000 plants, animals and microorganisms live in forests. The turnover of "forest tourism" is estimated here at several billion dollars annually. Non-timber forest products also play a significant role in the life of the local and aboriginal population of Canada, especially maple sap, widely used for the production of Canada's national drinks, mushrooms, berries and wild fruits. Their total production is estimated here at more than 240 million dollars annually (7). The country plans to double the consumption of non-timber forest products, taking into account the fact that their nomenclature consists of about 500 items.

A special problem of preserving the forest fund is the fight against forest fires. In 1997, over 6,000 forest fires occurred in Canada, half of them due to causes related to human negligence or economic activity. At the same time, in 1997 alone, more than 620,000 hectares of forests burned out, which covers almost one and a half times the territory of reforestation. The largest area of ​​burnt forests is in the province of Quebec (393 thousand hectares) and within the Northwest Territories (127 thousand hectares). The largest number of fires occurs in the provinces of Ontario (1.6 thousand fires per year) and British Columbia (1.2 thousand) (8). In 2002, the total area of ​​burnt and unrestored forests in Canada was estimated at 2.8 million hectares (9) .

Forest pests cause noticeably greater damage to the forest fund - in 2001, the area of ​​forests destroyed by pests amounted to 18.6 million hectares.

It should also be noted that out of 418 million hectares of forested area in Canada, 22.8 million hectares are classified as "national forest heritage" and remain, according to relevant legislation, in a natural, untouched by economic activity state. Another 27.5 million hectares of forest land has a protected status and logging operations are prohibited on them (10). No commercial deforestation is allowed in national parks (11) under federal jurisdiction. We are talking about three dozen parks, the area of ​​​​which now exceeds 130 thousand square meters. km. On the contrary, in the parks of provincial subordination (there are at least a thousand of them), logging is allowed under certain conditions, which are formulated by provincial legislation. In general, more than 70 thousand square meters. km of forest areas are either protected in national parks, or used for hunting grounds, or belong to water protection zones - naturally, logging is also not carried out here.

timber industry

The presence in the neighborhood of the largest consumer of forest products - the United States - and the richest resource base explain the high development of the forest industry in Canada, which is now one of the main sectors of the Canadian economy. In 1997, the timber industry in Canada supplied 188 thousand cubic meters to the market. m of roundwood, including more than 148 thousand m (3) of sawmill and fastening materials, over 31 thousand cubic meters. m of wood for the production of pulp, 5 thousand cubic meters. m of fuel wood and about 3 thousand cubic meters. m of wood for industrial use. Loggers from British Columbia (69,000 m3) and Quebec (42,000 m3) are the largest roundwood suppliers (12). In subsequent years, the total volume of forest industry production and its structure remain approximately the same, with maximum changes of the order of 4-5 thousand cubic meters. m per year, one way or the other.

As already noted, most of the forest fund is owned by the provinces (71%) and the federal government (23%, mainly within the northern territories (13)), and only 6% of the forests are owned by private owners (14). It is interesting to note that the area of ​​private forests is relatively declining: in the early 1970s, it was 9% of the total forest area. The number of private forest owners is estimated at 425,000. At the same time, 80% of private forests are located to the east of the province of Manitoba, mainly in the Atlantic provinces. Comparing the ownership structure with the United States, where over 60% of all forests are privately owned, it follows that the form of ownership is not decisive in the nature and intensity of forest management (15) .

Although the vast majority of forests in Canada are state-owned, logging is carried out primarily by large timber companies - primarily national ones - on the basis of lease agreements, as will be discussed in more detail below. At the same time, the activity of American timber companies in Canada is also very significant - Weyerhauser, Union Camp, Georgia Pacific, etc. It is interesting that the American company International Paper is the largest private forest owner both in the USA and Canada. . Production is also carried out within the framework of forest farms, where private forest owners harvest wood from their relatively small plots. However, forest farms in Canada own only 3% of all commercial forests. For comparison, we note that in the United States, 40% of all forest owners have land up to 4 hectares, and their share in forest production is more noticeable.

The entire forest industry in Canada is divided into three independent industries - logging, pulp and paper and woodworking. A number of large companies have enterprises of the entire forest industry complex, which ensures a more efficient use of resources (sawmill waste is utilized as a raw material or energy source at woodworking enterprises, etc.).

The logging industry employs about 75 thousand people. The twenty largest companies provide 70% of the total production of softwood (50 million out of 72 million cubic meters). Six of the top ten lumber companies represent British Columbia. "Canfor Corporation" produced in 2002 more than 6.5 million cubic meters. m, and "West Fraser Timber" - almost 5 million cubic meters. m. Among the other largest loggers are Weyerhauser Canada, Abitibi-Consolidated, Slokon Corpse, Timbek, Weldwood, Bushanen Lamber, Tolko, Domtar, Interfor, Gee -Wee Irving", "Riverside", etc.

The pulp and paper industry has over 155 enterprises producing various types of paper and paperboard, but the main enterprises of a complex nature are located in remote areas close to logging enterprises. This allows more efficient use of waste from logging and sawmill operations. In 2002, paper production in Canada was estimated at $26 billion.

In general, in 2002, 4.5 thousand enterprises of various profiles belonged to the woodworking industry; most of them were small and medium enterprises. There were more than 9.5 thousand logging companies, mostly also small ones. Only pulp and paper mills in Canada tend to be large. Often they form the basis for the activities of complex companies in which all phases of logging and processing of forest resources are integrated. A little more than a dozen corporations belong to this kind of integrated firms in Canada, among which the leading place is occupied by Abitibi-Consolidated and Domtar (each of which has annual sales of about $ 3.5 billion), Cascades and Tembek (about $2 billion), Nexfor and Canfor (about $1.5 billion), West Fraser Timber and NorskeCanada (about $1 billion).

The total costs of the forest industry, which includes all three of its main sectors, for capital investments and operating costs in the 1990s amounted to 6.5-8.9 billion dollars a year, on average, they approached 7.0-7. 5 billion dollars. In 1990, the cost of forestry proper amounted to 2.4 billion dollars, in 1995 - 2.9 billion dollars, and then began to decrease markedly, reaching in 2001 1, 3 billion dollars. From one third to half of the costs of forestry are the costs of the private sector of the economy, while the main burden in this sector falls on the state budget, mainly the provincial one. However, it is important to note that the provinces also receive all income from rent payments for public forests owned by the state.

The main supplier of timber and forest industry products to the domestic market of Canada is the province of British Columbia (14 billion dollars in 2002), the second in economic importance - Quebec (about 12 billion dollars in 2002), and the third - Ontario (9.5 billion dollars). The same three provinces are leaders in terms of employment in the forest industry (Quebec -123 thousand in 2002, British Columbia - 87 thousand and Ontario - 86 thousand).

Domestic domestic consumption of paper and paperboard now stands at 7.6 million tons per year, with 4.9 million tons coming from waste paper recycling, including 1.6 million tons from imported waste paper. Therefore, the main focus of the Canadian timber industry is to maintain and expand export opportunities.

Foreign trade in timber products

Canada is one of the main exporters of forest products. The total value of exports in this area in 2002 amounted to 42.9 billion dollars. Now Canada supplies 250 different types of timber products to 175 countries of the world. More than half of Canadian timber products are exported to the United States (about 80% of all exports), the rest - mainly to European countries (8%) and Japan (7%). In general, the export of timber products provides 11% of the country's total export earnings, and its Canadian share in the world market is 19%.

Canada's main exports are: softwood (24% of exports by value), paper and paperboard (19%), newsprint (15%) and pulp (16%).

In newsprint exports, Canada ranks first in the world, providing 21.7% of all deliveries to the world market (8.5 million tons in 2002); 87% of its annual production is exported to 70 countries of the world. Canada ranks second in the world in the supply of pulp: in 2002, it produced 25 million tons. Almost half of this volume (11.8 million tons) was sold abroad.

Since 2001, timber prices in Canada have been on the rise, driven mainly by growing demand for Canadian timber in dynamic China. In 2003 they were on average 20% higher than in the previous year (16) .

Canadian business circles consider this situation very favorable for the development of the industry.

However, as the world's largest exporter of softwood (17.2% of world exports), whose main market is in the United States, Canada is facing tough anti-dumping legislation in this country, whose government is trying to limit access to its market for cheap Canadian timber. Therefore, the legitimacy of the restrictions adopted by the United States is now being challenged by Canada in the structures of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and NAFTA. In 2002, the US imposed an 8.43% tax on softwood exports from Canada because it considers the government's rent payments to loggers to be artificially low, thereby effectively subsidizing logging operations in Canada. This view is not well understood in Canada, and in the last eight years alone, the Canadian government has spent $27 million on highly qualified attorneys litigating this situation before the US government, as well as in NAFTA International Trade Commission arbitration (17). In 2004, it was announced that the federal government of Canada had provided $20 million for a public awareness campaign on this issue, which it intended to conduct in the United States itself. Already in March 2004, the international WTO commission, created at the request of Canada, came to the conclusion that the US anti-dumping policy was incompatible with the requirements of the WTO, NAFTA specialists came to the same conclusion in April 2004, but so far the issue of removing duties on exports of soft timber from Canada remains open (18) .

The high dependence of Canada's economy on the export of forestry products poses special challenges for federal agencies in terms of coordinating efforts to ensure the country's export opportunities. It was this circumstance that dictated the adoption by the federal government of a special program for the export of timber (Canada Wood Export Program). The program, for which $35 million has been allocated for five years, provides for a joint and coordinated strategy for expanding the external market.

Forest management mechanisms

Forestry regulation in Canada is the responsibility of the provincial and territorial governments. It is the provinces that are primarily responsible for the exploitation of forests. Each of the provinces has its own forest legislation and implements its own system of administrative measures taken in this area.

The role of the federal government is reduced to the organization of research work, to the adoption of measures that ensure the protection of the environment, to the protection of the rights of the indigenous peoples of the country, however, the issues of foreign trade and monitoring compliance with international agreements in the field of forestry and trade are the exclusive competence of the federal government. forest products.

The overall strategy for the development of forestry is developed on the basis of national dialogue and interaction between different levels of government. To effectively organize such interaction, to harmonize interests and develop a common forest policy in Canada in 1985, the Council of Ministers of Forestry (Canadian Council of Forest Ministers) was created, whose members are ministers and heads of forest departments of all provinces and territories of Canada, including as only one of the members, the head of the federal Ministry of Natural Resources, which is responsible for forestry issues. The Council of Ministers decides strategic issues for the development of the forest sector of the Canadian economy, agrees on a regulatory framework for forest management and develops conditions for the accelerated development of forest industries. One of the latest initiatives of the Council of Ministers was the development of the national program "Forest 2020", which outlines measures for the development of the forest industry, taking into account forest protection and environmental requirements, for the development of research work in the field of forestry and for ensuring the participation of the public and all interested parties in decision making in forestry.

At the federal level, within the framework of the mentioned Ministry of Natural Resources, the Canada Forest Service operates, whose task is to develop and implement a national forestry policy, conduct research and development on the protection and management of the country's forest fund, and provide export opportunities for forest industry, collection and dissemination of information about forests and management methods, and finally, the creation of conditions for cooperation and national agreement on key issues of forest management. The Forest Service of Canada brings together five regional centers that carry out legal and regulatory oversight of forest management in the regions of the country.

Since 1981, Canada has been developing a national forestry development plan, known here as the National Forest Strategy. This five-year plan is based on the results of intergovernmental and public dialogue on forest management issues. According to established practice, the National Strategy is adopted by the national forestry congress, in which, along with government organizations, business and public structures are widely represented. As part of the strategy development, a nationwide forestry agreement (Canada Forest Accord) was signed in 1992, making strategy development an open and inclusive process.

All forestry provinces have forest management legislation: British Columbia has the 1995 Forest Practices Code (20), Ontario has the Crown Forest Sustainability Act of 1994, and Saskatchewan has the "On the management of forest resources" (Forest Resources Management Act), etc. All of them provide a regulatory framework for logging, forest management planning, public participation in important forest management decisions, and especially the participation of indigenous communities. For example, the British Columbia Forest Code gives the provincial government the right to annually set allowable annual cuts based on economic and biological indicators of the use of the forest fund, as well as to regulate logging operations, in particular, the size of clearcut areas, the organization of reforestation corridors, selection and use of seed materials, etc. As part of this act, a state-owned company for reforestation (Forest Renewal British Columbia) was established, which invests in forestry a part of the rents received by the provincial government from loggers. In the 1990s alone, the total amount of funds reinvested in this way amounted to about $500 million (21) works, carry out the necessary investigations in case of violations of the law, require administrative investigation of violations, participate as a public interest organization in the process of determining sanctions against violators and in meetings of the provincial forestry arbitration commission. It is important to note that this council is independent of the government - the ministries have no right to interfere in the preparation of its reports, and the council is financed directly from the treasury.

I must say that the forest legislation in Canada is most developed in British Columbia, the main forest "breadbasket" of the country. A special Ministry of Forests has also been created here, while at the federal level and in most other provinces, forestry is the responsibility of the ministries of natural resources. In British Columbia, in addition to the above-mentioned Forest Code, there are 15 more legislative acts that regulate access to forest resources, the activities of loggers, logging licensing, timber transportation, reforestation, etc. One of them - the law "On forests" - establishes

The last such plan, already the fifth one, was adopted in 2003 at the 9th Forestry Congress for the period from 2003 to 2008 (19) .

All forestry provinces have forest management legislation: British Columbia has the 1995 Forest Practices Code (20), Ontario has the Crown Forest Sustainability Act of 1994, and Saskatchewan has the "On the management of forest resources" (Forest Resources Management Act), etc. All of them provide a regulatory framework for logging, forest management planning, public participation in important forest management decisions, and especially the participation of indigenous communities. For example, the British Columbia Forest Code gives the provincial government the right to annually set allowable annual cuts based on economic and biological indicators of the use of the forest fund, as well as to regulate logging operations, in particular, the size of clearcut areas, the organization of reforestation corridors, selection and use of seed materials, etc. As part of this act, a state-owned company for reforestation (Forest Renewal British Columbia) was established, which invests in forestry a part of the rents received by the provincial government from loggers. In the 1990s alone, the total amount of funds reinvested in this way amounted to about $500 million (21) works, carry out the necessary investigations in case of violations of the law, require administrative investigation of violations, participate as a public interest organization in the process of determining sanctions against violators and in meetings of the provincial forestry arbitration commission. It is important to note that this council is independent of the government - the ministries have no right to interfere in the preparation of its reports, and the council is financed directly from the treasury.

I must say that the forest legislation in Canada is most developed in British Columbia, the main forest "breadbasket" of the country. A special Ministry of Forests has also been created here, while at the federal level and in most other provinces, forestry is the responsibility of the ministries of natural resources. In British Columbia, in addition to the above-mentioned Forest Code, there are 15 more legislative acts that regulate access to forest resources, the activities of loggers, logging licensing, timber transportation, reforestation, etc. One of them - the law "On Forests" - establishes the basic principles of forest management and obtaining access (lease) to state forests; we will dwell on the analysis of this law in more detail.

As noted, the main form of economic interaction between the state and loggers is rent. At the same time, in Canada in general, and in British Columbia in particular, there are two main methods of concluding lease agreements. The first is the leasing of forest land to timber merchants. In British Columbia, where 95% of the forests are state-owned (22), so-called Tree Farm Licenses are issued, providing for the lease of forest plots; in other parts of Canada they are called Forest Management Unit Licenses. These licenses give the right to carry out forestry work on leased lands for a period of up to 25 years with the right to renew the license. In this case, the timber developer undertakes to commission processing enterprises (sawmills, pulp and paper) and submit a management plan for the leased area. The plan receives approval from the provincial forest ministry. Upon approval, the ministry sets logging limits for a five-year period, but with the allowance that the logger can change the logging volumes. Recently, logging companies have been engaged in reforestation. At the same time, reforestation costs are included in the production costs of the logging company (previously, logging companies paid the state for reforestation along with the stumpage payment, i.e. payment for the amount of felled forest stand).

Another form of lease agreement is the issuance of licenses for harvesting a certain amount of timber (Harvest Permit). In this case, the harvesting plan is submitted by the company, and the overall forestry plan remains the responsibility of government bodies, as well as reforestation. Logging rights are granted on the basis of tenders, which take into account not only the amount of the bonus, but also the socio-economic consequences of the upcoming logging (employment of the local population, etc.).

Stump payments, or in fact rents, are calculated based on a simplified formula that subtracts the logger's average operating costs and an estimated allowance for financial losses associated with deviations in average income generation from the price of one cubic meter of roundwood (23). Naturally, there are differences in the quality of forests when establishing stomp fees - for coastal forests, as the highest quality, payment must be at least 6% of the so-called Average Product Value, while for Canadian inland forests this minimum limit payment is only 3% (24) .

An application for a logging license must contain data on the areas of forest land where it is planned to carry out work, estimates of the volume of future logging, as well as the geographical location of the market where the wood will be sold.

The obtained license determines the principles, standards and criteria that determine the scope of logging operations, the expected amount of waste (poor quality wood) that the license holder can take out at his own expense, as well as the amount of the foam payment (rent payments) and the amount of the bonus paid according to the results bidding or on the proposals of the applicants.

The sale of timber requires a separate license, however for licensed loggers (with a harvesting volume exceeding 10 thousand cubic meters per year) the license is guaranteed by law, but for a limited period of 15 years. All other applicants for the sale of forests have the opportunity to obtain a license for only four years.

The BC Forest Act also defines the procedures for rent payments by loggers, the specifics of forest management agreements with local communities, the possibilities for obtaining licenses for individual felling, for cutting Christmas trees, and, finally, the procedures for obtaining permits for laying forest roads.

One of the main directions of the modern development of forest legislation is the involvement of all interested organizations and the general public in solving forestry issues. It is on the basis of interaction between different levels of the Canadian government, as well as their regular contacts with business and public circles in Canada, that the Model Forest Program has been implemented since 1992 (now their number is 11, and the total area is 6 million hectares), the allocation of which ensures the creation of a kind of forest laboratories, in which all interested parties can master the most advanced and environmentally acceptable methods of forest management. In each of the selected model forests, all interested organizations are now acting on a partnership basis in assessing the ecological health of the forest, using new local indicators, in testing new patterns of land tenure in forest lands, in applying new technologies, management decisions and practical approaches to forest management, etc. d. The federal government of Canada spent $100 million on this innovative program for the first ten years, with an additional $40 million in 2004 over the next five years (25). It is interesting to note that more than 250 organizations of various profiles are involved in the work on Canadian model forests; more than one and a half thousand different projects are currently being implemented within the framework of the model forest program. This approach has received international recognition, and now model forests are being created in a number of other countries, including Russia. Thus, Canada is increasingly attracting attention in the world not only for the wealth of its natural resources, but also for the implementation of modern methods of resource use.

It must be said about the activities that preceded the creation of model forests in Canada. In the province of British Columbia, back in 1971, a law on ecological reserves was adopted, which allows you to take under protection areas of forest land for scientific and educational purposes, representing all 11 biogeoclimatic zones, now allocated within the province. Living museums, laboratories and classrooms are organized in forest protected areas at the initiative of the Canadian Forestry Institute to showcase forest ecosystems and study the effects of various forest management practices.

Special attention in Canada is paid to the organization of scientific research and development (R&D) in the field of forestry. Research is conducted by various departments and institutions - federal and provincial institutions, universities and private companies. However, 65% of all research work is carried out by three federal non-profit research organizations - Forintek (Forintek Canada Corp.), Research Institute in the field of forest engineering (Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada) and Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (Pulp and Paper Research). Institute of Canada). These are multidisciplinary organizations whose members and partners are both government and private organizations and firms. Thus, Forintek has partners in 185 manufacturing enterprises, its official partners are also government departments in seven provinces of Canada. The staff of this research organization is more than 180 people. The work of the scientific agency is also supported by four space observation centers (Ottawa, Edmonton, Prince Albert in Saskatchewan and Prince George in British Columbia).

The Institute of Forest Engineering deals with the issues of forestry, logging and forest transportation, taking into account environmental requirements. More than eighty research fellows in Montreal and Vancouver conduct research in programs also jointly funded by the government and private companies. Pulp and Paper Institute deals with the market aspects of the forest industry, as well as the creation of an efficient and competitive technology - 340 employees work here. In addition, researchers from the largest universities in Canada - McGill and the Polytechnic University in Montreal, the University of British Columbia, are also involved in the center's programs.

Research in the field of forestry is also carried out by the National Research Council of Canada, the Alberta Research Council, the Center for Industrial Research of Quebec, as well as research organizations of the largest companies (primarily Tembek, Canfor, Nexfor and Abitibi console data d) ). The Canadian Forest Innovation Council was recently established in Canada to develop recommendations to strengthen the scientific basis of Canada's forestry. Particular attention is paid to increasing the economic efficiency of reforestation, as well as taking measures to protect the country's forest fund from various kinds of pests and diseases that can be imported from other countries.

Environmental non-governmental organizations also play an active role in the development of national and regional policies. Among them are "Canadian Park and Wilderness Sucking", "Dux Unlimited", a branch of the American organization "Forest Ethics"