So, let's take a closer look at what is made from oil. It is not for nothing that oil is called black gold, because a huge number of compositions are made from this unique mineral, which are indispensable in production and in everyday life.

When answering the question of what is made from oil, first of all, we mean products that are obtained by refining oil, because at present it is practically not used in its raw form. To obtain useful products from oil, it must first be purified and then processed. And processing can be primary or secondary.

During primary processing, oil is distilled, thereby dividing it into its constituent parts - fractions. Primary processing allows you to get different types of fuel: gasoline, jet and diesel fuel, diesel fuel, kerosene. However, this is far from all the products that are made from oil. Also, after distillation, liquefied gas and fuel oil are obtained from oil. By the way, fuel oil during subsequent processing is used for the production of bitumen, paraffin, oils and liquid boiler fuel. Bitumen is mixed with mineral compounds to make asphalt, which is used to pave roads, and liquid fuel oil is used to heat buildings.

However, fuel, fuel oil, bitumen and boiler fuel are far from all that is made from oil. Oil is used to make lubricants. From this natural resource, lubricating, hydraulic, electrical insulating, cutting oils, plastic lubricants and petroleum jelly are obtained.

In addition, components are produced from oil, which are then used in cosmetics. These include perfume and vaseline oils, paraffin, propylene glycol, petrolatum and others.

So, all the constituent parts are separated, and what remains? Tar is an oil concentrate. Tar is used in the construction of houses and roads, since this substance is an excellent waterproofing agent. After receiving the tar, the secondary processing of oil begins. During recycling, the structure of oil, or rather the structure of the hydrocarbons that make up oil, changes.

With recycling? Recycled raw materials are used in the production of rubber, synthetic rubber, synthetic fabrics and plastics, polymers, polyethylene, polypropylene, paints, varnishes, solvents, household dyes, wax, pesticides.

And even this is far from all that is made from oil! Even oil waste finds its use! They are used to make coke, which has a wide range of industrial applications.

What is produced from oil in the modern world? Let's try to understand this further, as well as to understand how safe and practical such products are. For reference: oil is an oily liquid that does not dissolve in water, has a brownish or almost transparent tint. The parameters and features of the processing of this mineral depend on the percentage of carbon and other additional components in the initial composition.

What is oil for?

Mankind discovered carbon a long time ago, a few centuries ago gas lamps were used to illuminate British streets, and many houses were often exploited. After the advent of the internal combustion engine, there was a significant leap in the development of this area. What is the first thing to be made from oil?

Gasoline and diesel fuel used for refueling various vehicles. In addition, rocket, aircraft fuel and its analogues for steamships are also obtained from this mineral. The consumption of petroleum products in the industrial sector has increased significantly. There are times when oil on the world market was valued more than gold and water. Despite the increased share of the use of nuclear and alternative energy, petroleum products continue to be in demand.

Processed products

To begin with, we note that different types of fuel are produced from oil, namely:

• Gasoline of various grades.
• Diesel fuel.
• Rocket and aviation fuel.
• Fuel oil.
• Kerosene.
• Coke.
• Liquefied gas.

These products are obtained as a result of the simplest processing of raw materials, the final result depends on the ratio of the used parts of certain components.

Also, a lot of useful and popular products are made from oil. The most popular, in addition to fuel, are the following materials:

• Machine oil.
• The film is polyethylene.
• Rubber, plastic, rubber.
• Nylon and artificial fabric.
• Vaseline oil, pharmaceutical and cosmetic creams.
• Tar, aspirin, chewing gum.
• Fertilizers, detergents, dyes and much more.

What is oil made of?

The composition of this mineral may vary somewhat, depending on the deposit. For example, in the Sosnovsky basin (Siberia), the paraffin part of the components occupies about 52%, aromatic hydrocarbons - 12%, cycloalkanes - about 36%.

The Romashkinskoye field in Tatarstan includes up to 55% alkanes and 18% arocarbons in oil, while the capacity of cycloalkanes does not exceed 25%. The remaining elements included in the composition are mineral and nitrogen impurities, as well as sulfur compounds. Depending on these indicators, various methods and technologies of oil refining are used.

Raw material cleaning

Preliminary cleaning of the extracted mineral is not the main stage of oil refining. This procedure can be performed in one of the following ways:

• Adsorption. In this case, resins and acids are removed by treating the composition with hot air or an adsorbent. Such material is often used for the production of synthetics, fabrics based on them and polyethylene.
• Chemical cleaning. The product is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid and oleum. The method contributes well to the removal of unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Catalytic treatment - mild hydrogenation aimed at eliminating sulfur and nitrogen inclusions.
• Physical and chemical method. Solvents are used that selectively remove unwanted components. For example, polar phenol serves to remove sulphurous and nitrogenous fillers, while butane and propane displace tars and aromatic hydrocarbons.

vacuum processing

This method gives the minimum amount of waste. Knowing what oil is made of, the developers use the principle of its boiling while reducing pressure and limiting temperature. For example, some carbons in the composition boil only at 450 degrees Celsius. However, they can be made to react faster if the pressure is reduced. Vacuum treatment of oil is carried out in special hermetic rotary evaporators. They make it possible to increase the intensity of distillation, while obtaining oil from oil, paraffins, fuel, ceresins, and heavy tar is further used to make bitumen.

atmospheric technology

This method has been used since the 19th century. Modern technology has been improved, includes additional cleaning. At the same time, the raw material is dehydrated on special electrical devices, cleaned of mechanical implants and light carbohydrates. Then the already prepared oil is sent for final processing.

In the case of the atmospheric type, these are furnaces that resemble windowless buildings, made of the highest quality refractory bricks. In their inner part there are pipes in which raw materials move at a speed of about two meters per second, heating up to 300-325 degrees. As a cooler, distillation columns are used, in which excess steam is separated and condensed. The finished product for the production of fuel, oil or polyethylene film enters entire complexes from tanks of various sizes and purposes.

Hydrocracking

Modern mining also includes various types of hydrocracking. This procedure is a hydraulic cleaning process with the splitting of hydrocarbon molecules into small particles and the simultaneous saturation of these elements with hydrogen.

Hydrocracking is easy - use of one reactor, operating pressure - 5 MPa, optimum temperature - up to 400 degrees. In this way, diesel fuel and components for further catalysis are usually obtained. The hard option involves the use of several reactors, the temperature is not less than 400 degrees, the pressure is 10 MPa. This method produces gasoline from petroleum, kerosene, oils with a high viscosity coefficient and low inclusion of aromatic and sulphurous hydrocarbons.

Recycling

This process can be done in one of the following ways:

1. Visbreaking. The working temperature of processing raw materials is about 500 degrees, the pressure is from 0.5 to 3 MPa. After the splitting of naphthenes and paraffins, gasoline, hydrocarbon gas, and asphaltenes are obtained.
2. the method was developed in 1911 by a scientist named Zelinsky. The procedure involves the catalytic processing of raw materials with the subsequent production of aromatic hydrocarbons, fuel, gas with a high content of hydrogen.
3. Coking of heavy residues. This procedure includes deep processing of oil (temperature - up to 500 degrees, pressure - about 0.65 MPa). The result is a coke lump that undergoes aromatization, dehydrogenation, cracking and drying. The method is used mainly for the production of petroleum coke, synthetics, textiles and polyethylene.
4. Alkylation. In this case, the procedure is based on the introduction of alkyl components into the organic molecules of the raw material. As a result, a material is created from hydrocarbons for the manufacture of gasoline with a high octane number.
5. Another popular way to recycle oil is isomerization. At this stage, an isomer is obtained from a chemical compound by changes in the carbon composition of the substance. The main product obtained is commercial fuel.

Modernization

Above, we examined what is produced from oil. As it turns out, this material has the widest range of uses, ranging from various types of fuel to building materials, cosmetics and even food. The technology of processing raw materials is constantly being improved, the depth of selection of light oil products is increasing, and the quality of the final product is also increasing, striving for European standards. This allows not only to make products safer for the human body, but also to reduce the negative impact on the environment.

Do you hear how much talk about oil now? Cheaper, cheaper! So that's good. Look how much cheap and different food you can make from it! Indeed, back in the 1960s, the former president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Nesmeyanov, developed a method for obtaining yeast from oil. His first artificial product is the protein "black caviar". A staunch vegetarian himself, he proposed not to drive oil abroad, but to use it to feed the Soviet people.

Alexander Nesmeyanov was born in 1899. After the February Revolution, he joined the Social Revolutionaries, after the October Revolution - to its left faction, by the end of the Civil - went over to the side of the Bolsheviks. A huge moral shock for him was the Great Famine of 1920-22. Nesmeyanov went with a food detachment to seize bread from the peasants. Starvation, cannibalism, the loss of human appearance by the peasants shocked him. He swore to himself to devote his life to solving the food problem not only in Russia, but throughout the world.

Nesmeyanov successfully climbed the career ladder of a chemist, survived the Stalinist purges, and in 1951 headed the Soviet Academy of Sciences. However, in 1961, he had a strong quarrel with the head of the country, Nikita Khrushchev, and was removed from his post.

One of the main disagreements with Khrushchev was Nesmeyanov's original vision of how to solve the food problem in the country. If the head of the Soviet state believed that the plowing of virgin lands, land reclamation, breeding of new varieties of plants and livestock breeds could feed the Soviet people, then the scientist - the intensification of chemical production. The chemist believed that even a poor, war-ravaged country would take decades to develop agriculture, while the Soviet people wanted to eat a lot and cheaply right now.

Since the second half of the 1950s, under the leadership of Nesmeyanov, chemical and biological institutes have been working on creating food from hydrocarbons.

The same scientific process was going on not only in the USSR, but also in other developed countries. Nesmeyanov and the Nobel Prize winner, the Englishman Alexander Todd, met in the summer of 1955 at a meeting of the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry and discovered in a conversation that both considered it desirable to train young chemists abroad. In the autumn of the same year, Alexei Kosygin, deputy chairman of the Soviet government, came to England, visited Cambridge and listened to Todd's proposal to accept two trainees from the USSR. As a result, in the fall of 1956, the first trainees from the USSR arrived in Cambridge - chemists N. Kochetkov and E. Mistryukov.

Nesmeyanov's interest in the synthesis of food had a second reason. Even before the Revolution, he became a staunch vegetarian. The problem he wanted to solve was to get food protein without killing animals. Tatyana Nikolaevna, his sister, recalls: “At the age of nine, Shura refused to eat meat, and at the age of twelve he became a complete vegetarian, refusing fish as well. It was based on the firm belief that animals should not be killed. This was not inspired by anyone, and all his life he did not change the word given to himself once in childhood.

By 1964, Nesmeyanov developed and mastered by the industry a method for preparing protein granular caviar, similar to sturgeon caviar, based on milk proteins (more precisely, milk production waste - skim milk).

Another direction is the cultivation of yeast on oil hydrocarbons and the production of food protein from them. And another way, purely chemical, is the synthesis of amino acids that form the basis of proteins. This work was carried out at INEOS (Institute of Organoelement Compounds) and at some institutes in Leningrad. A special building for food synthesis laboratories was even attached to INEOS.

Doctor of Chemical Sciences G.L. Slonimsky recalled how this process went:

“For the first time I heard about this problem at a meeting of the scientific council of our institute, at which Nesmeyanov outlined all its aspects in detail. To my question why A.N. did not say anything about the taste of food, he replied that the taste is of no interest, since it is easily created by a mixture of four components - sweet, salty, sour and bitter, such as sugar, common salt, some food acid and caffeine or quinine. I immediately objected, noting that taste is determined not only by the chemical action of food components on taste buds, but also by the mechanical properties of food, its coarse and fine structure. The same puff cake - in its usual form and passed through a meat grinder - will taste different. A.N. immediately agreed and asked who would be able to work on this? I answered that since the main problem of our laboratory is the study of the physical structure and mechanical properties of polymers and their solutions, and proteins and polysaccharides are also polymers, I am ready to start these studies.

(Academician Nesmeyanov (right) tasting artificial black caviar)

A few days after a detailed discussion with A.N. in our laboratory, we set up the first experiments on the formation of pasta from food protein. When I showed them to A.N., he immediately tried it, said “Nothing” and was obviously pleased with the result.

A few days later, in a conversation with me, he dropped: “You know, if you are already seriously engaged in this, then I think you should start with something that would stun people and break through the wall of distrust in artificial food!” When I asked what he meant, A.N. dreamily said: “Well, for example, granular caviar!”

I immediately had an idea how to mold the eggs, so I replied that I would try to do it. Already in 1964, we made the first samples of artificial granular caviar from skimmed milk in the laboratory. And then the Institute developed the technology of its production. Since then, this cheap and tasty product called “Protein Grained Caviar” (based on casein, protein from broken eggs and other food waste) has been made in Moscow and other cities. A.N. was very pleased, but scolded me for the fact that caviar contains gelatin - he was a staunch vegetarian.

Nesmeyanov also tried to fundamentally, ideologically justify the production of artificial food. In one of his articles he wrote:

“Nature did not set itself the goal of feeding man. Once upon a time, the sun lit up on its own. But unlike the sun, alfalfa, and calves, we have intelligence. We can make a calculation of the food chain and come to the conclusion that it is difficult to feed properly with such a chain. We need to fix it, improve it!

With the old farming, only one boy in ten can be fed veal chops. For the share of the rest - rice porridge or soybeans.

What will we win?

Reliability first. There are no crop failures. We have won hygiene. Synthetic food is fresher: it does not need to be stored for a long time.

Synthetic food can be accurately dosed, adapted to the needs of the average person in general and this individual in particular. The product contains a medically established proportion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, and there are no more fat people with obesity of the heart, no more diseases of the stomach and liver. And for the patient, you can choose special diets.

The third benefit, but not the last one, is the moral one.

Eating meat, we are forced to kill millions of bulls, rams, pigs, geese, ducks, chickens, accustoming thousands and thousands of people to cold-blooded bloodshed, to bloody and dirty work. And this does not really fit with the upbringing of love for nature, kindness, cordiality. There will be meat, but without bloodshed - artificial, made of polymers. There will be animals, but in parks, in the wild.”

In another of his works, “Artificial and Synthetic Food” (1969), he described how such food is created:

“First of all, it is necessary to synthesize the most expensive products - protein products, primarily the replacement of meat and dairy products.

In the microcosm, among algae, yeast and non-pathogenic microorganisms, there are cultures that are rich sources of complete proteins. Thus, yeast cultures are known that are very rich in complete protein, but are still not used for cooking. They are grown on cheap raw materials. For example, crops such as Torula and Candida tropicalis, the basis for the growth of which are the waste of the alcohol industry and liquid paraffins of oil.

The cultivation of yeast on hydrocarbons is currently very well developed. The resulting biomass contains about 40% proteins. The action of proteolytic enzymes on this biomass leads to the hydrolysis of protein molecules. The amount of chromatographically pure amino acids can be isolated from the product thus obtained, for which the method of displacement ion-exchange chromatography is used.

In order to use such yeast in human nutrition, of course, it is necessary to completely remove all impurities that could get from the culture medium, and to isolate and then purify the most nutritionally valuable components. The most nutritionally valuable component of yeast is protein, or rather a mixture of proteins that can be isolated in the form of pure proteins or their constituent L-amino acids.

In order to use proteins isolated from microbiological raw materials directly for food purposes, it is necessary to eliminate the undesirable factors inherent in yeast (unpleasant color, smell, foreign taste). In terms of their biological value, such proteins can be brought to the level of the best proteins of animal origin. It was possible, for example, to show that the isolated total protein of Micrococcus glutamicus does not differ in amino acid composition from the protein of chicken eggs.

Academician Nesmeyanov in the late 1960s calculated that yeast “meat”, literally grown on oil, could be brought up to 40-60 kopecks per kilogram at cost, “butter” and “cheese” from oil - about 80 kopecks. These prices were 3-4 times lower than in retail. He also paraphrased the famous phrase of his colleague, the chemist Mendeleev, “Stoking a furnace with oil is the same as heating with banknotes” - “Selling oil abroad means depriving the country of food.”

But the academician's idea had a downside, or rather several. In the case of the start of large-scale production of proteins from oil in Soviet agriculture, 70-80% of collective farmers would be unnecessary. Where to put them? Again, several tens of millions of people unprepared for this city?

Nesmeyanov himself wrote about this:

“About a third of our workers are employed in agriculture. Add to them drivers and railroad workers transporting products; add workers of tractor, combine, automobile factories; add the food and canning industry, warehouse workers. It turns out that at least half of the able-bodied people are employed in our food industry. And we still did not take into account the hands of a woman, busy for two hours a day peeling potatoes, vegetables, fussing with meat, boiled, fried, turned, baked.

What should these hands be applied to, where will tens of millions of liberated workers go? At least for service. It is more convenient to live, more pleasant to live, if there are many shops, and there are many sellers in them, if there are many cinemas and theaters, many laundries and hairdressers, many buses and trolleybuses, many hospitals and many nurseries, kindergartens and schools.

When there are free hands (and heads), there will be free time. It's interconnected. If a society spends half of its labor on food, then the average member of this society spends half of his working time (and earnings) on food. But when the labor of producing food is reduced to a minimum, the time required for this production is reduced to a minimum. Time is freed up.

For what? This is where it gets up, a difficult task has already arisen on a national scale: to teach people to use time wisely, to open their eyes to the world.”

The second problem is that the USSR, starting from the late 1960s, urgently needed a currency: for the purchase of machine tools, consumer goods and the same food - grain. By the way, Nesmeyanov did not propose to synthesize bread from oil (as well as carbohydrates in general, as well as fruits and vegetables) - their cost was lower when grown on the ground than in a test tube.

Finally, the top authorities believed (apparently, reasonably) that the Soviet people were not yet ethically ready to eat ersatz instead of real meat and dairy products, and, on the contrary, he would perceive the appearance of such “products” as a weakness of the state (“he cannot properly feed”) , not its scientific strength.

And The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -

27.09.2019

What is made from oil? Products you didn't know about

Many are accustomed to the fact that oil is a raw material from which only fuel is produced - diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene, and so on. In fact, over 16% of the produced hydrocarbons are annually directed to completely different industries.

The components obtained as a result of oil refining are used to manufacture a whole mass of items that we use every day in everyday life.

The list of "oil" products is huge, and if you make it, you might get the feeling that oil surrounds us almost everywhere.

Household chemicals and cosmetics

A lot of household chemicals are produced from petroleum components: detergents, solvents, paints and varnishes. A large segment is occupied by products made of polyethylene, which are also derivatives of oil - these are packages, bags, containers for food.

Bituminous mastic. Photo: gidroiz.ru

It is amazing, but true: in almost all cosmetics, the share of petroleum products is about 80%. There is a particle of oil in shampoos, eye and lip pencils, lipsticks, hair dye, eye shadows. Oil inclusions include deodorants, antiperspirants and even toothpastes.

And perfumery and does 99% consists of petrochemical products. This is because most of the substances obtained have a smell very similar to natural aromas: for example, indole has a pronounced smell of jasmine.

Medications

Individual components of oil have found wide application in medicine. So, antibiotics, antiseptics, sedatives, allergy medicines, pills for headaches, infectious diseases are produced from phenol.

Phenol

In addition, phenol is used to make the well-known aspirin. Para-aminosalicylic acid, which is part of anti-tuberculosis drugs, is already “derived” from salicylic acid.

And for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, a derivative of aspirin phenyl salicylate is used. From another oil product - aniline - antimicrobial drugs are produced (for example, sulfadimezin, sulfidine).

Clothing and food

A lot of modern clothes are made from oil-derived fabrics. Now you will not surprise anyone with a polyester sweater or nylon tights, and, by the way, both materials are a product of oil refining, like viscose, for example.

Polyester production. Photo: greenologia.ru

Now about 40% of all textiles cannot do without synthetic fabric. Especially powerfully, oil has penetrated into overalls and, I must say, for good reason. Products made with polyester inclusions do not wrinkle, do not stretch and are easily washed.

In addition, a huge part of the artificial fabric is used for the manufacture of curtains, carpets, furniture upholstery. By the way, sofas contain a large proportion of the oil component polyurethane. So, one product can take up to 60 liters of oil.

It's hard to imagine, but the petrochemical industry has even put down its roots in the food industry. Familiar to all dyes, thickeners, flavorings and other additives in products are nothing more than the result of hydrocarbon processing.

Even seemingly healthy organic products bear a certain "oil" imprint - plants are now often grown with the addition of synthetic fertilizers, and animals are fed with artificial additives.

And that's not even the most amazing thing. Modern technologies make it possible to produce protein from oil, from which meat products are easily "cooked" that are identical in color and smell to organic ones - for example, sausages or sausages.

Unusual approach

Probably one of the most original uses of oil is painting. Indeed, some artists use a special technique to paint real masterpieces of art with oil. So, one artist from St. Petersburg even created a work in which he collected oil of almost all shades from different parts of Russia.

The fact that plastics are produced from petroleum products is no surprise today. But just imagine how many plastic products surround a person everywhere and everywhere - you can not even try to list the entire list.

Here is one unusual fact: any computer "contains" about a dozen liters of oil. And more than 40 billion oil is spent annually on CDs alone, to say nothing of the production of computers. Even mobile phones, without which a modern person cannot imagine his life, are 40% petrochemical products.

Even contact lenses are made from synthetic polymers obtained as a result of oil refining. Unlike organic polymers, artificial materials allow oxygen to pass through the lens, which is very beneficial for the eyes.

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Oil is a true pantry of hydrocarbon raw materials. Its rich chemical composition makes it possible to isolate substances that are heterogeneous in structure and quality. What are the products of oil refining?

After the primary processing of oil, the so-called "source hydrocarbons" are produced. They undergo further processing and give rise to numerous secondary oil products. The stages of processing are multifaceted and branched, and allow to achieve almost waste-free production.

What products are obtained from oil refining?

From methane, methanol (methyl alcohol), ammonia and methyl chloride are produced. Methanol acts as an antifreeze. Formaldehyde is also isolated from it, which is widely used in the chemical, paint and varnish, leather industries, in the manufacture of household chemicals and medicines. Ammonia is a producer in the production of nitrogen fertilizers, urea and hydrazine (rocket fuel).

Ethylene is the most demanded of the initial petroleum products. It serves as a basis in the synthesis of ethyl alcohol, ethyl chloride, dichloroethane, polyethylene. Ethyl alcohol provides the creation of acetic acid and acetic anhydrite. They are used in the production of acetate fiber and cellophane. Propylene is needed to extract isopril alcohol. It is subsequently oxidized to acetone.

From butylene, butadiene is produced, which is necessary for the synthesis of rubber.

Popular oils include:

1. Gasoline and gasoline (fuel for vehicles and aviation).
2. Ligroin (fuel for tractors).
3. Kerosene (for lighting, domestic use, aircraft fuel).
4. Diesel fuel (fuel for buses, trucks).
5. Mazut (fuel for thermal power plants and ships).
6. Vaseline (for the production of cosmetics, medicines, as an oil for church lamps).
7. Tar (for asphalting, road construction).
8. Paraffin (for making candles and matches).

Liquefied gasoline with a flame temperature of up to +1600 C is known as "napalm" and was used as a weapon during the Vietnam War.

Unusual use of petroleum products in everyday life

Oil-derived products are widely used in everyday life.

So, propylene glycol serves as the basis for all kinds of cosmetics (lipstick, mascara and eyeliner) used by modern women.

Synthetic material polyester has enviable qualities - it does not wrinkle, is resistant to pollution, and wears out for a long time. A variety of garments and accessories are sewn from it.

Chewing gum, beloved by many, contains, along with natural latex, petrochemical products - polyethylene and paraffin resins.

The drug aspirin helps to get rid of fever and pain. The basis of its production are benzene and hydrocarbon derivatives of oil refining. Rubbing alcohol is also among the petroleum-based synthetic products.

Comfortable beautiful nylon tights came into fashion in the middle of the 20th century, when thermoplastic nylon was obtained by chemical synthesis. Nowadays, the range of its application is extensive - from detergents to parachutes.

An absolutely unique invention was made in the USSR in the 60s. Academician A. Nesmeyanov developed a technology for preparing a food substitute for natural black caviar from sturgeon fish. He proposed as an alternative protein caviar based on the so-called "petroleum yeast".

The list of what is extracted from oil is constantly updated. "Black gold" is firmly established in the modern economy and the lives of millions of people.