Scheme of the warhead Zur Roland 3. Anti-aircraft missile system Roland (France, Germany). Tactical and technical characteristics of missiles

France Farman MF.20 The aviation firm of the brothers Maurice and Henri Farman in Bilancourt, Seine department, was one of the oldest in France. It was founded in 1908, from the very beginning the company produced aircraft designed by its creators. The brothers worked both together and

LFG Roland D.II The Luftfarzeug Gesellschaft mbH (LFG) has been active in Berlin since 1908. Initially, the company's management intended to produce American Wright aircraft under license, but thanks to a good design team, they decided to create

France The first country to adopt the DB-7 aircraft was France. The French Air Force was the first to use aircraft of this type in combat operations. The first aircraft were received by the French in Santa Monica on October 31, 1939. In accordance with the then accepted in the States

France The French Air Force became the second in the world after the US Air Force in terms of the number of A-26 / B-26 "Invader" aircraft. When France was thoroughly bogged down in Indochina, the United States began to provide her with military assistance. Part of this assistance was the Invader aircraft of the A-26B and A-26C modifications. Behind

The Roland-2 all-weather self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system with a radar target tracking system was developed by Messerchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (Germany) together with Aerospatiale-Matra (France) and is capable of destroying targets flying at speeds up to M = 1.2 at altitudes from 15 m to 5.5 km and at ranges from 500 m to 6.3 km. Initially, the complex was created for the needs of the Bundeswehr, however, due to the clear advantage of the new complex over the previously released Roland-1 air defense system, the command of the French army decided to convert some of its Roland-1 complexes into the Roland-2 version. This possibility was foreseen by the developers at the stage of creating the complex.
The Roland-2 air defense system can be placed on various chassis: in the French Armed Forces - the chassis of the AMX-30 medium tank, in the Bundeswehr - the chassis of the Marder infantry fighting vehicle. The combat crew of the air defense system consists of three people: the driver, commander and operator.

The layout of the Roland-2 air defense system, in general, is similar to the layout of the Roland-1 air defense system. The unified rotating turret is equipped with: beams for placing missiles, a detection radar antenna, a target and missile tracking radar antenna, optical and infrared tracking systems, and a command transmitter antenna. Inside the launcher housing are mounted transmitters and receivers for target detection radar and target and missile tracking radar, a calculating device, a control panel, two revolver-type magazines with eight missiles in transport and launch containers, a radio station, instrumentation and power supply. Guidance of holding beams with containers in the elevation plane is carried out automatically along the target tracking line, in the azimuthal plane - by turning the tower.

The Roland-2 air defense system differs from its prototype by the presence of a target tracking radar and a missile, which ensures the operation of the complex at any time of the day, regardless of weather conditions.
The Roland-2 air defense system fires the same missiles as the Roland-1 air defense system. The solid-propellant rocket has its own weight of 62.5 kg, the weight of the fragmentation-cumulative warhead is 6.5 kg, including 3.3 kg of explosive. In addition to the contact fuse, the warhead also has a radio fuse that provides triggering at a distance of up to 4 m from the target. The radius of expansion of 65 fragments is about 6 m. The missile is in a sealed transport and launch container (TLC) and does not require inspections and checks. The weight of the equipped TPK is 85 kg, the length is 2.6 m, the diameter is 0.27 m. The duration of operation of the SNPE Roubaix solid-fuel rocket engine with a thrust of 1600 kg is 1.7 s, it accelerates the rocket to a speed of 500 m / s. The SNPE Lampyre type sustainer rocket engine has an operating time of 13.2 s. The maximum speed of the rocket is reached at the end of the engine. The minimum flight time required to put the missile on a trajectory is 2.2 s. The flight time to the maximum range is 13-15 s.

The missile can be guided to the target using an optical infrared sight, while the deviations of the missile from the given course are entered into the calculating device, and the guidance commands are automatically transmitted to the missile by the command transmitter. It is also possible guidance using a two-channel monopulse target and missile tracking radar. The transmitter of this radar is assembled on a magnetron. To reduce the influence of reflections from local objects, the station uses Doppler filtering of the reflected signals. The parabolic antenna is gyro-stabilized in azimuth and elevation and has a radiation pattern of 2° in azimuth and 1° in elevation. The range resolution of the station is 0.6 m. In the process of combat work, it is possible to quickly switch guidance modes, which significantly increases the noise immunity of the Roland-2 complex.

The tracking radar is mounted on the front side of the chassis, it is a two-channel monopulse Doppler station of the Thomson-CSF Domino 30 type. The target is tracked by one channel, and the microwave source (transmitter) on the rocket is captured for tracking by the second. After the launch, the IR rangefinder, located on the tracking radar antenna, is used to capture the missile at ranges of 500-700 m, since the narrow beam of the tracking radar is only being formed at these ranges. Information about the deviation of the missile from the line of sight (antenna-target) is converted by the computing device into commands to deflect the missile's rudders in the same way as when operating in the optical mode.
In both modes, the initial automatic detection of targets occurs using a D-band Siemens MPDR-16 type pulse Doppler surveillance radar, the antenna of which rotates at a speed of 60 rpm. Surveillance radar also has the ability to detect hovering helicopters. When the target is detected, it is identified using the Siemens MSR-40015 interrogator (on a German chassis) or the LMT NRAI-6A type (French chassis), and then, at the command of the air defense system commander, it is captured for escort.

To check the combat means of the complex (except for missiles), test equipment is used, which detects malfunctions within 10 seconds.
The working time of the complex (from the alarm signal to the launch of the missile defense system) during the shelling of the first target is 8-12 seconds. The processes of preparation for launch and launch of missiles, which take about 1 second, are automated. Taking into account the time for reloading and preparing the launch of the next rocket, the rate of fire is 2 rds / min.
In Germany, anti-aircraft missile regiments of corps subordination are armed with Roland-2 anti-aircraft systems. Each regiment has six fire batteries with six launchers each. In the French army, Roland-2 complexes are equipped with anti-aircraft missile regiments of divisional and corps subordination (the regiment has eight Roland-1 air defense systems and eight Roland-2 air defense systems). It is believed that each such regiment is capable of providing reliable air defense for an area up to 100 km2 or along a movement route up to 20 km long.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the air defense system "Roland-2":
Firing range, m: minimum - 500, maximum - 6200-6300;
Target engagement height, m: minimum - 15, maximum - 5500;

Rocket "Roland":
Starting weight, kg: 66.5;
Length, mm: 2400;
Wingspan, mm: 500;
Maximum case diameter, mm: 160;
Maximum flight speed, m/s: 560;

Launcher on the chassis "Marder":
Launcher weight, kg: 32500;
Crew, people: 3;
Ground pressure, kg/cm2: 0.93;
Length, m: 6.915;
Width, m: 3.24;
Height in the stowed position (antenna folded), m: 2.92;
Clearance, m: 0.44;
Maximum speed on the highway, km / h: 70;
Power reserve, km: 520;
Height of the overcome obstacle, m; 1.5

Lieutenant Colonel-Engineer F. Viktorov

In plans to further increase the firepower of the ground forces, the American command pays great attention to the creation of the latest means of combating low-flying air targets, in particular, short-range anti-aircraft missile systems (SAMs).

The simulation of combat operations carried out by foreign experts showed that the air defense of the ground forces is more effective if it is based on anti-aircraft missile systems, which are used in conjunction with anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft.

The foreign press reports that the air defense systems currently in service with the US ground forces are not effective in combating air targets flying at extremely low altitudes, and it is inappropriate to use small-caliber anti-aircraft guns and Red Eye portable ZURO systems for firing at ranges more than 2000 m. Therefore, in order to create a continuous air defense zone, it is considered necessary to have air defense systems that hit targets flying at altitudes from extremely low to 6 km and at ranges up to 10 km. According to US Army experts, such systems must meet the following basic requirements: under any conditions, provide a high probability of hitting all air targets, the speed of which is M = 2, and the effective reflection surface is more than 0.1 m2; be in constant readiness to assess the air situation and detect targets while moving; have "friend or foe" identification equipment; have a short reaction time, high mobility and air transportability. In addition, it is required that the maintenance of such complexes be simple, and their mass production relatively cheap.

Work on the creation of air defense systems that meet the above requirements is being carried out in the United States under the SHORAD (Short Range Air Defense) program, which provides for the purchase of the latest short-range air defense systems in European NATO countries, their comparative tests, the selection of the best option and its refinement in accordance with the latest requirements of the Pentagon, as well as mass production and delivery of the selected system to the troops.

American experts conducted comparative tests of the Franco-West German air defense system "Roland" 2, the French "Crotal" and the English "Rapier". The best results were shown by the "Roland"2 complex. As reported in the foreign press, six of the seven actual launches of the Roland2 SAM were successful. The equipment of this complex ensured the detection, identification and tracking of more than 600 air targets flying at speeds of 25-400 m/s at altitudes from several tens of meters to 3 km.

After the completion of comparative tests, the Roland 2 air defense system was chosen, and its production was entrusted to Hughes and Boeing. In January 1975, the Pentagon signed their first contract for $180.6 million. According to this contract, during 1975-1977, the complex is supposed to be improved and its comprehensive tests to be carried out. The Hughes firm was entrusted with the manufacture of an electron-optical sight, air target detection radar, tracking radar and other electronic equipment, as well as the assembly of missiles. The Boeing company is to produce the launcher, fire control unit, command transmitter, warhead and missile body, indication systems and ground equipment for the maintenance of the complex.

American specialists plan to mount the air defense system on a M553 Gower wheeled vehicle with a carrying capacity of 8 tons. The analog computer will be replaced by a digital one and a miniature computer will be added to calculate the range to the target and determine the moment of missile launch. Communications and testing equipment must comply with US standards. The equipment will use Mk12 "friend or foe" identification equipment. In addition, the weight of the air defense system should not exceed 9 tons, which will allow it to be transported by one helicopter.

The order for mass production of the new air defense system is planned to be issued in the second half of 1977, the air defense system is expected to enter the troops in 1978-1979. Pentagon leaders believe that 300 complexes and 6,000 missiles must be delivered to the US ground forces. The SHORAD program is expected to cost $1.45 billion, of which $133.4 million is earmarked for development and testing. It includes the amount of payment to France and Germany for the acquisition of a license for the production of the complex and percentage deductions for contracts signed by American firms. The duration of the program is ten years.

During the implementation of this program, the Pentagon expects to expand military cooperation with France and Germany. In particular, it is assumed that the US ground forces will take part in the tests of air defense systems together with specialists from Germany and France at American and European test sites. The first joint tests of the Roland 2 air defense system will begin in 1976 at the Fort Bliss army training ground (Texas). It is planned to conduct nine missile launches on single and flying targets. In February 1976, tactical tests of the air defense system were to begin at the French training ground. At the final phase of testing in the fall of 1977, 20-40 missile launches will be carried out against supersonic targets in difficult meteorological conditions and under active radio countermeasures.

Foreign experts believe that a modified version of the Roland2 air defense system will be adopted by the ground forces of other countries - members of the aggressive NATO bloc.

Foreign military review, 1976 , No. 3, p. 42-44

By the mid-60s, the USSR successfully solved the problem of creating medium-range and short-range air defense systems, but taking into account the vast territory of the country, the formation of defense lines on the likely routes of flight of a potential enemy aircraft to the most populated and industrialized regions of the USSR using these complexes turned into an extremely expensive venture. It would be especially difficult to create such lines in the most dangerous northern direction, located on the shortest path for the approach of American strategic bombers.

The northern regions, even the European part of our country, were distinguished by a sparse network of roads, a low density of settlements, separated by vast expanses of almost impenetrable forests and swamps. A new mobile anti-aircraft missile system was required, with a greater range and target interception height.

In 1967, the anti-aircraft missile forces of the country's air defense received a "long arm" - the S-200A air defense system () with a firing range of 180 km and an altitude reach of 20 km. Subsequently, in more "advanced" modifications of this complex, S-200V and S-200D, the target range was increased to 240 and 300 km, and the reach was 35 and 40 km. Such a range and height of defeat inspire respect even today.

SAM complex S-200V on the launcher

The anti-aircraft guided missile of the S-200 system is two-stage, made according to the normal aerodynamic configuration, with four delta wings of high elongation. The first stage consists of four solid propellant boosters mounted on the mid-flight stage between the wings. The sustainer stage is equipped with a liquid-propellant two-component rocket engine with a pumping system for supplying propellant components to the engine. Structurally, the sustainer stage consists of a number of compartments in which a semi-active radar homing head, on-board equipment units, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead with a safety-actuator, tanks with fuel components, a liquid-propellant rocket engine, and rocket control units are located.

ROC ZRK S-200

The target illumination radar (RPC) of the 4.5 cm range included an antenna post and a hardware cabin and could operate in the coherent continuous radiation mode, which achieved a narrow spectrum of the probing signal, provided high noise immunity and the greatest target detection range. At the same time, simplicity of execution and reliability of the GOS were achieved.

To control the missile along the entire flight path, a "rocket - ROC" communication line was used to the target with a low-power on-board transmitter on the rocket and a simple receiver with a wide-angle antenna on the ROC. For the first time, a digital computer TsVM appeared in the S-200 air defense system, which was entrusted with the task of exchanging command and coordinate information with various CPs even before solving the launch problem.

The mobile firing system of the S-200 system consisted of a command post, firing channels and a power supply system. The firing channel included a target illumination radar and a starting position with six launchers and 12 charging machines. The complex had the ability, without reloading the launchers, to sequentially fire on three air targets with simultaneous homing of two missiles on each target.

Layout of the S-200 air defense system

As a rule, S-200s were deployed in prepared positions with permanent concrete structures and earthen bulk shelter. This made it possible to protect equipment (except for antennas) from fragments of ammunition, small and medium-caliber bombs, and shells from aircraft guns during enemy air raids directly on a combat position.

To improve the combat stability of long-range S-200 anti-aircraft missile systems, it was considered expedient to combine them under a single command with low-altitude systems of the S-125 system. Anti-aircraft missile brigades of mixed composition began to form, including S-200s with six launchers and two or three S-125 anti-aircraft missile battalions.

Already from the beginning of the deployment of the S-200, the very fact of its existence became a weighty argument that determined the transition of potential enemy aviation to operations at low altitudes, where they were exposed to fire from more massive anti-aircraft missiles and artillery. The S-200 air defense system significantly devalued long-range cruise missile carrier bombers. In addition, the indisputable advantage of the complex was the use of homing missiles. At the same time, even without realizing its range capabilities, the S-200 supplemented the S-75 and S-125 complexes with radio command guidance, significantly complicating the tasks of conducting both electronic warfare and high-altitude reconnaissance for the enemy. The advantages of the S-200 over these systems could be especially clearly manifested during the shelling of active jammers, which served as an almost ideal target for the S-200 homing missiles. As a result, for many years reconnaissance aircraft of the USA and NATO countries were forced to carry out reconnaissance flights only along the borders of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact countries. The presence in the USSR air defense system of long-range S-200 anti-aircraft missile systems of various modifications made it possible to reliably block the airspace on the near and far approaches to the air border of the country, including from the famous reconnaissance aircraft SR-71 "Black Bird". At present, the S-200 air defense systems of all modifications, despite the existing high modernization potential and the firing range unsurpassed before the advent of the S-400 air defense system, have been removed from the air defense of the Russian Federation.

The export version of the S-200V air defense system was supplied to Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia. In addition to the Warsaw Pact countries, Syria and Libya, the S-200VE system was delivered to Iran (in 1992) and North Korea.

One of the first buyers of the S-200BE was the leader of the Libyan revolution, Muammar Gaddafi. Having received such a “long arm” in 1984, he soon extended it over the Gulf of Sirte, declaring the water area slightly smaller than Greece as territorial waters of Libya. With the gloomy poetics characteristic of the leaders of developing countries, Gaddafi declared the 32nd parallel, which bounded the bay, to be the "line of death". In March 1986, in the exercise of their declared rights, the Libyans fired S-200VE missiles at three aircraft from the American aircraft carrier Saratoga, which traditionally patrolled international waters "defiantly".

What happened in the Gulf of Sirte was the reason for the Eldorado Canyon operation, during which on the night of April 15, 1986, several dozen American aircraft attacked Libya, and primarily on the residences of the leader of the Libyan revolution, as well as on the positions of the S-200VE and S-75M. It should be noted that when organizing the supply of the S-200VE system to Libya, Muammar Gaddafi proposed organizing maintenance of technical positions by Soviet military personnel. In the course of recent events in Libya, all S-200 air defense systems that were available in this country were destroyed.

Unlike the United States, in the European countries of NATO members in the 60-70s, great attention was paid to the creation of short-range mobile air defense systems capable of operating in the front line and accompanying troops on the march. First of all, this applies to the UK, Germany and France.

In the early 1960s, the development of the portable Rapier short-range air defense system began in the UK, which was considered as an alternative to the American MIM-46 Mauler, the declared characteristics of which caused great doubt among US NATO allies.

It was supposed to create a relatively simple and inexpensive complex with a short reaction time, the ability to quickly take up a combat position, with a compact placement of equipment, small weight and size characteristics, high rate of fire and the probability of hitting a target with one missile. To aim the missile at the target, it was decided to use the well-established radio command system previously used in the Siket marine complex with a firing range of 5 km, and its not very successful land version Tigercat.

PU SAM "Taigerket"

The radar of the Rapira complex scans a section of space where the target is supposed to be located and captures it for tracking. The radar method of target tracking occurs automatically and is the main one; in case of interference or for other reasons, manual tracking by the ADMC operator using an optical system is possible.

SAM "Rapier"

The optical tracking and guidance device for the Rapira air defense missile system is a separate unit that is mounted on an external tripod, at a distance of up to 45 m from the launcher. Target tracking by the optical system is not automated and is carried out manually by the operator of the complex using a joystick. Missile guidance is fully automated, the infrared tracking system captures the missile after launch in a wide field of view of 11 °, and then automatically switches to a field of view of 0.55 ° when the missile is aimed at the target. Tracking the target by the operator and the SAM tracer by an infrared direction finder allows the calculating device to calculate the missile guidance commands using the “target cover” method. These radio commands are transmitted by the command transmission station to the SAM. The firing range of the air defense system is 0.5-7 km. The height of the target destruction is 0.15-3 km.

Such a missile guidance system seriously simplified and reduced the cost of missiles and air defense systems as a whole, but limited the capabilities of the complex in line-of-sight conditions (fog, haze) and at night. Nevertheless, the Rapier air defense system was popular; from 1971 to 1997, more than 700 launchers of the towed and self-propelled variants of the Rapier complex and 25,000 missiles of various modifications were produced. About 12,000 missiles have been used up over the past period in tests, exercises and combat operations.

The reaction time of the complex (the time from the moment the target was detected to the launch of the missile) is about 6 s, which was repeatedly confirmed by live firing. The loading of four missiles by a trained combat crew takes less than 2.5 minutes. In the British Army, elements of the Rapier complex are usually towed using a Land Rover off-road vehicle.

The Rapira air defense system has been repeatedly upgraded and delivered to Australia, Oman, Qatar, Brunei, Zambia, Switzerland, Iran, and Turkey. The US Air Force purchased 32 systems for the air defense system of American air bases in the UK. As part of the 12th Air Defense Regiment of Great Britain, the air defense systems participated in the hostilities during the Falklands conflict of 1982. From the first day of the British landing on the Falkland Islands, 12 launchers were deployed. The British claimed that 14 Argentine aircraft were destroyed by Rapier systems. However, according to other information, the complex shot down only one Dagger aircraft and participated in the destruction of the A-4C Skyhawk aircraft.

Almost simultaneously with the British complex "Rapier" in the USSR, the mobile all-weather air defense system "Osa" () was adopted. Unlike the British initially towed complex, the Soviet mobile air defense system, according to the terms of reference, was designed on a floating chassis and could be used in conditions of poor visibility and at night. This self-propelled air defense system was intended for air defense of troops and their facilities in combat formations of a motorized rifle division in various forms of combat, as well as on the march.

The requirements for the "Wasp" by the military were complete autonomy, which would be ensured by the location of the main assets of the air defense system - a detection station, a launcher with missiles, communications, navigation, topographic location, control and power supplies on one self-propelled wheeled floating chassis. The ability to detect in motion and defeat from short stops suddenly appearing from any direction low-flying targets.

In the original version, 4 missiles openly located on the launcher were installed on the complex. Work on the modernization of the air defense system began almost immediately after it was put into service in 1971. Subsequent modifications, Osa-AK and Osa-AKM, have 6 missiles in transport and launch containers (TPK).

Osa-AKM

The main advantage of the Osa-AKM air defense system, which was put into service in 1980, was the ability to effectively destroy hovering or flying at ultra-low altitude helicopters, as well as small-sized RPVs. The complex uses a radio command scheme to guide missiles to a target. The affected area in range is 1.5-10 km, in height - 0.025-5 km. The probability of hitting a target with one missile is 0.5-0.85.

The Osa air defense system of various modifications is in service in more than 20 countries and has taken part in many regional conflicts. The complex was built serially until 1988, during which time more than 1200 units were handed over to customers, at present there are more than 300 air defense systems of this type in the air defense units of the ground forces of the Russian Federation and in storage.

The French mobile Crotale is in many ways similar to the Osa air defense system, in which the radio command principle of aiming the missile at the target is also applied. But unlike the Wasp, the French missile defense system and detection radars are located on different combat vehicles, which of course reduces the flexibility and reliability of the air defense system.

In the mid-60s, representatives of Germany and France entered into an agreement on the joint development of the Roland self-propelled air defense system. It was intended for air defense of mobile units in the front line and for the defense of important stationary objects in the rear of their troops.

The coordination of the performance characteristics and fine-tuning of the complex dragged on, and the first combat vehicles began to enter the troops only in 1977. In the Bundeswehr, the Roland air defense system was located on the chassis of the Marder infantry fighting vehicle, in France the carriers of the complex were the chassis of the AMX-30 medium tank or on the chassis of the 6x6 ACMAT truck. The launch range was 6.2 km, the target engagement height was 3 km.

The main equipment of the complex is arranged on a universal rotating turret, which houses the radar antenna for detecting air targets, a station for transmitting radio commands to the SAM, an optical sight with a heat direction finder and two TPKs with radio command SAMs. The total ammunition load of an air defense system on a combat vehicle can reach 10 missiles, the weight of an equipped TPK is 85 kg.

The radar for detecting air targets is capable of detecting targets at a distance of up to 18 km. Guidance of the Roland-1 air defense missile system is carried out using an optical sight. An infrared direction finder built into the sight is used to measure the angular mismatch between the flying SAM and the optical axis of the sight, directed by the operator to the target. To do this, the direction finder automatically accompanies the missile tracer, transmitting the results to the guidance computer. The calculating device generates commands for aiming missiles according to the “target covering” method. These commands are transmitted through the antenna of the radio command transmission station to the SAM.

Initially, the version of the complex was semi-automatic and not all-weather. Over the years of service, the complex has been modernized several times. In 1981, the Roland-2 all-weather air defense system was adopted and a program was completed to modernize some of the previously produced systems.

In order to increase the capabilities of military air defense in 1974, a competition was announced in the United States to replace the Chaparrel air defense system. As a result of the competition held between the British Rapier air defense system, the French Crotal and the Franco-German Roland, the latter won.

It was supposed to be put into service and establish licensed production in the United States. The chassis of the M109 self-propelled howitzer and a three-axle army 5-ton truck were considered as a base. The latter option made it possible to make the air defense system air transportable on the military transport S-130.

The adaptation of the air defense system to American standards included the development of a new target designation radar with increased range and better noise immunity, and a new missile. At the same time, unification with European air defense missiles was maintained: French and German Rolands could fire American missiles, and vice versa.

In total, they planned to release 180 air defense systems, but due to financial constraints, these plans were not destined to come true. The reasons for closing the program were excessively high costs (about $300 million for R&D alone). In total, they managed to release 31 air defense systems (4 tracked and 27 wheeled). In 1983, the only Roland division (27 air defense systems and 595 missiles) was transferred to the National Guard, to the 5th division of the 200th regiment of the 111th air defense brigade, New Mexico. However, they did not stay there for long either. Already in September of the 88th, due to high operating costs, the Rolands were replaced by the Chaparrel air defense system.

However, since 1983, Roland-2 air defense systems have been used to cover American bases in Europe. 27 air defense systems on a car chassis from 1983 to 1989 were on the balance sheet of the US Air Force, but were serviced by German crews.

In 1988, an improved automatic Roland-3 was tested and put into production. The Roland-3 air defense system provides the ability to use not only all Roland anti-aircraft missiles, but also the VT1 hypersonic missile (part of the Crotale-NG air defense system), as well as new promising Roland Mach 5 and HFK / KV missiles.

The upgraded Roland-3 missile, compared to the Roland-2 missile, has an increased flight speed (570 m/s compared to 500 m/s) and an effective range (8 km instead of 6.2 km).

The complex is mounted on various chassis. In Germany, it is installed on the chassis of a 10-ton MAN off-road truck (8x8). The air transport version, designated Roland Carol, entered service in 1995.

SAM Roland Carol

In the French army, the Roland Carol air defense system is mounted on a semi-trailer towed by an ACMAT (6x6) off-road vehicle, in the German Armed Forces it is mounted on a MAN (6x6) automobile chassis. Currently, Roland Carol is in service with the French army (20 air defense systems) and the German Air Force (11 air defense systems).

In 1982, Argentina used a stationary version of the Roland complex to protect Port Stanley from British naval air strikes. From 8 to 10 missiles were fired, information about the effectiveness of the use of the complex in this conflict is rather contradictory. According to French origins, the Argentines shot down 4 and damaged 1 Harrier. However, according to other information, only one aircraft can be recorded in the asset of this complex. Iraq also used its complexes in the war against Iran. In 2003, one American F-15E was shot down by an Iraqi Roland missile.

In 1976, in the USSR, to replace the Strela-1 regimental air defense system, the Strela-10 complex based on MT-LB was adopted. The machine has a low specific pressure on the ground, which allows it to move on roads with low bearing capacity, through swamps, virgin snow, sandy terrain, in addition, the machine can swim. In addition to 4 missiles placed on the launcher, the combat vehicle allows you to carry an additional 4 missiles in the hull.

Strela-10

Unlike the Strela-1 SAM, the homing head (GOS) of the Strela-10 SAM operates in a two-channel mode and provides guidance using the proportional navigation method. A photo-contrast and an infrared guidance channel is used, which provides shelling of targets in conditions of interference, on head-on and overtaking courses. This significantly increased the probability of hitting an air target.

In order to increase the combat capabilities of the complex, it has been repeatedly modernized. After finalizing a guided missile with a new engine, increased warhead and seeker with three receivers in different spectral ranges, the missile system was adopted in 1989 by the SA under the name "Strela-10M3". The strike zone "Strela-10M3" in range from 0.8 km to 5 km, in height from 0.025 km to 3.5 km /. The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.3 ... 0.6.

The Strela-10 family of air defense systems is in the armed forces of more than 20 countries. It has repeatedly demonstrated its fairly high combat effectiveness at training grounds and during local conflicts. Currently, it continues to be in service with the air defense units of the ground forces and marines of the Russian Federation in the amount of at least 300 units.

By the beginning of the 70s, through trial and error, the main classes of air defense systems were created in “metal”: stationary or semi-stationary long-range systems, transportable or self-propelled medium-range and low-altitude, as well as mobile anti-aircraft systems operating directly in combat formations of troops. Design developments, operating experience and combat use gained by the military during regional conflicts have determined the ways for further improvement of the air defense system. The main directions of development were: increasing combat survivability due to mobility and reducing the time to bring into combat position and curtailment, improving noise immunity, automating the processes of controlling air defense systems and targeting missiles. Progress in the field of semiconductor elements has made it possible to radically reduce the mass of electronic components, and the creation of energy-efficient solid fuel formulations for turbojet engines has made it possible to abandon LRE with toxic fuel and a caustic oxidizer.

To be continued…

According to materials:
http://www.army-technology.com
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru
http://geimint.blogspot.ru/
http://www.designation-systems.net/