What can be primroses by name. The first spring flowers: photos, names and descriptions of primroses. Infusion to improve vision
As a child, my parents often took me to the forest for blueberries. Today, I grow many primroses myself near the house, and all the guests are sure that these modest kids make the yard the most comfortable and “warmest” on the whole street. In botany, primroses are a specific species (you will learn about them below). But we gardeners also call primroses many other early spring plants that bloom when the snow lies. I will show a photo of each of them, and also talk about their breeding.
- Almost all the first spring flowers are not demanding to care for.
- These plants love well-lit places, as well as moist soil (but without puddles).
- On the same bed, you can “make friends” with perennials that bloom in late spring. They will replace the primroses when they fade.
- Bulb flowers should be planted in the fall (exception: crocuses and hyacinths). As for root plants (such as lungwort, hellebore), they can be remembered in the spring.
- Some species of wild plants are still practically uncultivated. The fact is that they take root very poorly in kindergartens. These include: forest anemone, mountain adonis and bathing suit.
- The best types of cultivated primroses are: crocuses, hazel grouse, irises, hyacinths.
- Varietal types of flowers, which were once wild, amaze with their colors. Yes, some snowdrops can be pink, bluebells can be white and pink.
Facts you didn't know about these flowers
- Many primroses are considered endangered in the wild, therefore they are listed in the Red Book. You can not pick in the forest (neither for sale, nor even for a bouquet) hellebore or wintering, primrose, liverwort, large-flowered corydalis. Many species of snowdrops are also under threat. Although, of course, no one forbids you to buy seeds or bulbs, grow these babies in the country, and make bouquets from them.
- If blueberries are forest flowers, then there are also steppe primroses: backache, single-flowered tulip, naked holly.
- Some of these plants are used not only for decorative purposes, but also for medicinal purposes. Yes, lungwort is a diuretic, expectorant, and also a natural antiseptic, spring primrose is a cold remedy, and mealy primrose is our hair's best friend.
Snowdrop (galanthus)
A cold-resistant flower that appears simply from under the snow, even if it is still frosty outside. In the wild, it grows mainly in forests.
It grows from a bulb, it is not picky about the soil. True, when the earth is not loose and moisture stagnates in it, rotting can begin in the bulb. This baby does not need to be watered (exception: little snowy winter and dry spring).
In the garden, it is better to plant it under bushes and trees.
It reproduces with the help of baby bulbs. It is worth transplanting them in the summer months.
Scilla (scilla)
Another forest dweller blooming blue flowers at the end of March.
This is a perennial plant that reproduces by dividing bulbs, as well as self-seeding. Plant them only once, and they will "register" on your site for many years. These kids are not capricious, they grow up on lawns, flower beds or gardens with equal success. The soil is fertile.
Important: they are not afraid of frost, but if the winter promises to be very cold, it is better to “wrap” the flower garden with them in autumn with fallen leaves.
crocuses
Blooms in early April.
Most gardeners in one flower bed combine different types (that is, shades) of crocuses, so the flower garden looks especially elegant. Also, these flowers are usually planted against the background of decorative stones. They look no less successful on the lawn, but there is one important point: such a lawn will have to be mowed late, when the last leaf of primroses fades.
Their bulbs are planted in the fall, and it doesn’t matter if they are in the shade or in the sun (although in a well-lit area, the flowers will grow juicier, brighter, and, moreover, earlier than the “shadow ones”). The bulbs overwinter in the ground (in the cold season, a flower bed with them can be mulched).
They reproduce by dividing the bulbs.
Vesennik (erantis)
They bloom very early, even more often than snowdrops. Flowering can last up to 14 days.
They like rich, moist soil. In dry spring, it is better to water them a little. It is better to plant under bushes or trees (but not conifers).
This perennial flower is propagated by seeds. It is predominantly self-seeding. A plant that hatches from a seed will bloom only in the third year.
Muscari (mouse hyacinth)
Perennial bulbous plant. Likes both shade and sun. The main thing is that the soil must be drained, as the bulb is afraid of excess moisture.
Blooms from April to May. Inflorescences can be white, pinkish, blue, blue.
Important! This flower can behave un-gentlemanly, quickly spreading to the site. Therefore, it is better to plant it in a closed flower bed.
Primrose
A plant with over 500 types of color (!). It can be planted both in a flower bed and in pots.
It starts blooming in April.
He likes nitrogen (in early spring) and phosphorus (when flowers open) fertilizers. The soil should be moist, well-drained, without puddles.
Propagated by dividing the bush. This should be done when all the flowers have gone (the first month of summer).
Spring primroses (spring primrose, rams, lady's hands)
Forest herbaceous perennial plant.
Despite the promising name, it blooms from April to June.
It has a root, propagated by seeds and root division.
The soil is unpretentious - it can be loamy, clayey or drained. Loves moisture, so it should be watered often. It is better to plant in partial shade.
Interestingly, the leaves of this plant are considered edible. They can be added to cabbage soup or salads.
Lungwort
A low-growing perennial plant that is not afraid of even deep shade. However, if you have the opportunity, it is better to plant a flower in partial shade. Remember: in this place, the plant can “register” not for a year or two, but for several decades.
The soil likes fertile, slightly acidic.
Propagated by dividing the bush (this "procedure" also helps thin out the bed, which is important for this flower).
Lungwort can be lightly watered, once fertilized with mineral top dressing.
Backache (sleep-grass)
The earliest species of this plant pleases with its color from April to May. Not afraid of frost.
Likes well-drained calcareous soil.
Unlike other primroses, this flower is whimsical. For example, it will not grow in alkaline soil, as well as in dampness. He likes sunny places, frequent top dressing (nitrogen, lime, less often phosphorus and potassium).
Propagated by seeds (they can be collected in late May - early June). They should be sown in early summer. Blooms in the second year of life. It has a strong root.
Lesser known primroses
Do you want your spring flowerbed to cause not only admiring glances, but also surprise? Choose flowers whose names even experienced flower growers may not know. For example…
Iridodictium (snowdrop irises)
Bulbous perennial low (up to 10 cm) plants that can also hatch from under the snow. Sometimes they resemble simple irises, but irises bloom in May-June, and iridodictium in early spring (March).
There are different colors: blue and blue, purple and purple, orange and red, sometimes with colored spots and stripes.
Not afraid of rocky soil. These small beauties are planted in groups in the flower garden.
As for care, you can handle this flower if you have already grown tulips. Iridodictium loves a lot of sunlight, light soils, a lot of food. Plant them in the first month of autumn, along with tulips. When the plant has faded, it is customary to dig it up. Then separate the bulbs (one gives up to two babies).
Hellebore (Christmas rose, Christ flower)
This plant even has its own legend: many believe that it was the hellebore that the shepherds brought as a gift to baby Jesus. It was also believed that if you plant a plant under the window, black magic and damage will not enter the house.
It is an evergreen perennial herb. Blooms after snowdrops and crocuses. It can bloom with light frosts (up to -5 degrees).
It can please with various shades of flowers, have both one and two rows of petals.
It is not demanding on the ground, loves partial shade (so plant it under a tree, but remember - the flower does not like transplants, so it will grow in this place for many years). Propagated by seeds, you can also divide the bushes.
Anemone (anemone)
These flowers come in different colors. It is easy to confuse red anemones with poppies, but they appear in spring, while poppies appear in summer.
In the wild, they grow in forests and bloom in white, covering the glades with a carpet.
In the garden, they like nutritious (with humus), alkaline, moist soil. They grow from the root, multiply by dividing it (this should be done in early spring). For the winter, the flower bed should be mulched, as the roots lie high and can freeze.
Liverwort (coppice)
So named because the shape of the leaves resembles this organ.
Grows in forests. Flowers can be pink, bright blue.
It has a root, it reproduces itself (you can separate the bushes). It should be planted in late spring or early autumn. Afraid of open places (with direct sunlight), loves moisture.
Grouse
A perennial bulbous plant, a relative of the lily.
The imperial and chess hazel grouse are considered the best garden species (pictured).
There are many cultivated, garden primroses. But still, wild snowdrops are the very first to bloom.
Thanks
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It's no secret that the first herald of the arrival of spring is the appearance from the bowels of the earth of a beautiful snow-white flower called a snowdrop. But few people know that this is far from the only plant that heralds that the reign of winter is over. Primrose, like a snowdrop, is one of the first to cover the earth with a beautiful multi-colored carpet. At the same time, this plant is not only beautiful, but also useful, because it has a wide range of medicinal properties, which we will talk about in this article.primrose plant (primrose)
Primrose (or primrose) is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Primrose family (or Primulaceae).This plant got its name because it is one of the first to delight with its flowering (in fairness, we note that flowers appear and bloom first in plants such as coltsfoot and snowdrop).
Primrose begins to bloom in May, while the flowering of this plant is quite long and plentiful (this is why gardeners love primroses).
Most representatives of the Primrose family grow in Asia, the Himalayas, in western China. About 30 species of primroses grow in Europe. In addition, this plant can be found in North and South America, Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. If we talk about Russia, then primrose is common in its European part.
Primroses prefer moist soils, and therefore they can most often be found along the banks of rivers and streams, as well as in wet meadows, edges, clearings and clearings.
What does a primrose look like?
Primrose has a short oblique rhizome with numerous cord-like roots. The leaves of the plant are wrinkled and have oblong plates 15 cm long. The stem is crowned with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence of five sepals fused together. The height of the peduncles varies between 10 - 80 cm.There are varieties of primrose that do not have peduncles (in such cases, the flowers grow directly from the rosette of leaves).
Primula has long been used both as a medicinal and ornamental plant, and all thanks to the large range of flower colors and leaf shapes. So, medium-sized primrose flowers (about 1.5 - 4 cm in diameter) can be white, yellow, purple or blue.
Primrose and snowdrop
Snowdrops are often called primroses, but this is not entirely correct (except perhaps as a collective name for all those plants that are the first heralds of spring). In fact, snowdrops have nothing to do with the Primrose family, since galanthus (and this is the official name of the snowdrop) belongs to the Amaryllis family.
Collection of primrose
For medicinal purposes, leaves, flowers, roots and even rhizomes of primrose are used.The aerial part of the plant (leaves) is collected during flowering, while the raw material is dried immediately after collection in the sun or in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 degrees (the fact is that with slow drying, the content of vitamin C in the plant is significantly reduced).
The leaves are torn off by hand, and half of them must be left on each plant, which allows the primrose to continue to bloom and bear fruit (this plant is listed in the Red Book, so its mass collection is prohibited). Greyish-green dried primrose leaves have a honey smell and a sweetish taste, which is replaced by a bitter-bitter aftertaste.
Flowers are harvested without cups from April to May (leaves are dried in the fresh air). Properly dried primrose flowers have the appearance of blossoming yellow corollas with a slight odor and a sweetish taste.
The rhizomes and roots of the primrose are dug out in the fall, namely after the entire aerial part of the plant has withered (you can also harvest the roots in early spring, that is, until the primrose blooms). So, the underground part of the plant is shaken off the ground, after which it is washed in cold water, dried a little in the air, and then dried in a dryer at a temperature of no more than 60 degrees. Dried scaly rhizomes are distinguished by a reddish-brown color. The roots have a whitish color, a bitter astringent taste and a slight odor.
Dried raw materials are stored either in multilayer paper bags or in canvas bags (preferably in a well-ventilated area).
Types of primrose
Today, there are more than 500 species of primroses, which differ from each other in flowering time, flower color and leaf shape. In this article we will talk about those species that have medicinal properties.Primrose spring (medicinal)
Spring primrose is a perennial herbaceous plant, the height of which varies between 15 - 30 cm. This type of primrose, used as a medicinal plant, has a short rhizome with cord-like roots and a leafless stem. The leaves of the plant are distinguished by an ovoid or ovate-oblong shape, they are narrowed into a pterygoid petiole, while the tops of the leaves are obtuse.
The flowers of the primrose are bright yellow in spring, they have a honey smell and are collected in a long flower arrow drooping to the side. The fruit of the plant is a multi-seeded brown box.
This primrose is widespread in the southern part of the forest zone and in the forest-steppe zone of the European part of Russia.
Important! Spring primrose is a valuable vitamin plant, the leaves of which contain a large amount (up to 500 mg) of ascorbic acid. Such a high content of vitamin C in the plant determined the range of its use in the treatment of colds and nervous diseases, coughs. In addition, vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that fights toxins and free radicals, prolonging the youth of the body.
Primrose large-cup
Large-cup primrose, growing in the Urals, Siberia and the Caucasus, is a perennial plant, which in its medicinal properties is equivalent to spring primrose (according to some taxonomists, large-cup primrose is considered as a subspecies of spring primrose). The external difference between these two species lies in the fact that the large-cup primrose, firstly, has a more swollen calyx, and secondly, the leaves have a short pubescence.Large-cup primrose preparations are used as an effective expectorant in the treatment of whooping cough, pneumonia, and bronchitis. In addition, this plant has a sedative, antispasmodic and diuretic effect, due to which it is used for constipation, migraine, paralysis, fatigue, colds, kidney disease, rheumatism and colitis.
So, for the preparation of a diaphoretic and diuretic infusion, 1 tbsp. dried roots and leaves of the plant are poured with a glass of boiling water, after which the remedy is infused for three hours, filtered and drunk one tablespoon three times a day. The prepared infusion can not be stored for more than a day.
Primrose high
Primrose high is a low (about 10 - 40 cm) perennial plant, the leaves of which are covered with hairs are collected in a neat basal rosette. Light yellow flowers of high primrose in length reach about 9 - 15 cm, they are collected in an inflorescence of 10 (maximum 30) pieces on one stem.
This plant, which prefers moist, loose soils and shady areas, can be found on the territory of Asia Minor and the Caucasus, in southern Siberia, as well as in the eastern regions of Altai. In general, this type of primrose is absent in the wild on the territory of Russia.
The composition of the high primrose is similar to the composition of the spring primrose, and, consequently, the scope of these two species is the same.
Powdery primrose
This type of primrose, not exceeding 20 cm in height, has fibrous roots, as well as peduncles, on which flower umbrellas are formed. Powdery primrose is covered with a powdery white or yellowish coating (especially a lot of it on the underside of the foliage). The flowers of the plant differ from the members of the family in their color, which can be pinkish-purple, bright lilac or dark lilac (although sometimes there are plants with white flowers). In addition, powdery primrose flowers have a bright "eye" in the middle, reaching 1 cm in diameter.
In the wild, this primrose is distributed in the northern regions of the European part of Russia. In addition, you can meet him in the south of Siberia and in the Far East.
Powdery primrose leaves contain a large amount of vitamin C.
A decoction and infusions from this plant are used in folk medicine in the treatment of dermatitis. In addition, powdery primrose preparations, rubbed into the scalp, help improve hair growth.
In Tibetan medicine, this plant is used in the treatment of tumors.
So, let's move on to considering the composition and properties of primroses, which are identical in all of the above species.
The composition and properties of primrose
Vitamin C- Normalization of the CNS.
- Improved absorption of iron.
- Neutralization of free radicals.
- Stimulation of the endocrine glands.
- Removal of bad cholesterol.
- Normalization of the process of hematopoiesis.
- Purification and strengthening of blood vessels.
- Acceleration of wound healing.
- Strengthening immunity.
Carotene (provitamin A)
- Ensuring the health of the skin and mucous membranes.
- Normalization of the functioning of the eyes.
- Increasing the body's resistance to infections.
- Regulation of hormone levels.
- Stimulation of regeneration processes in the skin.
- Normalization of the CNS.
- Ensuring bone growth, which is important for the proper development of the musculoskeletal system.
- Prevention of blood clots and resorption of existing ones.
- Improvement of the reproductive system.
- Elimination of hot flashes during menopause.
- Reducing the risk of coarse scar tissue formation.
Salts of manganese
- Promoting the formation of bone and connective tissue.
- regulation of lipid metabolism.
- Promoting the synthesis of cholesterol.
- Accelerating the absorption and transformation of carbohydrates.
- Normalization of the functioning of the central nervous system.
- Ensuring the synthesis of insulin and thyroid hormone.
- Increased secretion of glands, as a result of which sputum in the bronchi is well liquefied and easily excreted.
- Removal of inflammation.
- Prevention of DNA synthesis directly in tumor cells, which prevents their reproduction.
- Strengthening the functions of hormones.
- Regulation of such metabolic processes as water-salt and mineral.
- Strengthening blood vessels and capillaries.
- Protecting the body from various pathogens.
- Strengthening the effectiveness of vitamin C.
- Strengthening immunity.
- Neutralization of free radicals and toxins.
- Elimination of puffiness and foci of inflammation.
- Preventing the deposition of bad cholesterol.
- Prevention of the development of cancer.
- Normalization of digestion.
- Reducing the manifestations of allergic reactions.
- Increased mental and physical activity.
- Calming the nervous system.
- Slow heart rate.
- Normalization of blood circulation.
- Normalization of cardiac activity.
- Lowering blood pressure.
- Removal of pain syndrome.
- Calming the nervous system.
- Promoting wound healing.
- Normalization of the functions of the cardiovascular system.
- Helps relieve cough and mucus.
- Improving the functions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Healing properties of primrose
- Diuretic.
- Sweatshop.
- Spasmolytic.
- Fortifying.
- Vitamin.
- Sedative.
- Tonic.
- Expectorant.
- Soothing.
- Wound healing.
- Painkiller.
Large-cup primrose: healing properties and health benefits - video
The use of primrose
What diseases are primrose used for?
Primrose has long been used in folk medicine in many countries. So, the ancient Greeks treated paralysis with primrose (they called this plant “paralytic grass”), while in Tibetan medicine this plant is still used today as a remedy for curing blood diseases, suppressing tumor development and accelerating wound healing.In Russia, primrose was used primarily to treat diseases such as scurvy, consumption, anemia, and fever.
Today, primrose preparations are used in the treatment of such diseases and conditions:
- constipation;
- acne;
- eye diseases;
- bronchitis;
- pneumonia;
- tracheitis;
- emphysema;
- cough;
- scurvy;
- diseases of the kidneys and bladder;
- prostration;
- whooping cough;
- flu;
- angina;
- rheumatic and headaches;
- insomnia;
- migraine;
- lack of appetite;
- gout;
- loosening of the gums;
- increased nervous excitability;
- rhinitis;
- dizziness;
- violation of cerebral circulation;
Primrose for cough
Primrose is primarily used in the treatment of coughs, which is explained by the high content of saponins in the plant, which help to alleviate cough and sputum discharge (for this reason, primrose preparations are indicated for dry and protracted coughs).Primrose is also used for the so-called "senile cough", which appears with a reduction in heart strength, which is fraught, firstly, with a deterioration in blood transport to the lungs, and secondly, with the appearance of a regular and incessant cough.
In order to alleviate such a cough, it is necessary to treat not only the organs of the respiratory system, but also actively influence blood circulation, as well as remove all excess water from the body, in which primrose will help.
To prepare a universal infusion, 5-8 primrose leaves are poured with a glass of boiling water, after which the remedy is infused for at least two hours and taken one-third of a glass three times a day.
To prepare the product 2 tbsp. collection, 0.5 liters of boiling water are poured and infused for an hour and a half. An infusion is taken in half a glass three times a day, 40 minutes before eating.
Contraindications for use
Primrose is a non-toxic plant that does not cause side effects when the dosage is observed.But still, it should be remembered that if you are allergic to this plant, you should not take primrose preparations. In addition, it is not recommended to carry out treatment using primrose in the presence of peptic ulcers.
An allergic reaction to primrose preparations is manifested mainly by a skin itchy rash, upon the appearance of which the use of primrose should be discontinued.
Primrose during pregnancy
Primrose preparations are not recommended during pregnancy, as this plant stimulates uterine contractions, which can lead to miscarriage.Recipes with primrose
Primrose salad
Ingredients:- fresh primrose leaves - 3-4 pieces;
- green onions;
- boiled eggs - 3 pcs.;
- salt, pepper and citric acid - to taste;
- sour cream (can be replaced with vegetable oil).
Primrose salad with beets
Ingredients:- green onions - 40 g;
- fresh primrose leaves - 120 g;
- boiled beets - 100 g;
- sour cream - 30 g;
- salt - to taste.
Let's move on to medicinal recipes with primrose.
Diuretic and diaphoretic infusion
1 tsp dry leaves of primrose pour 300 ml of boiling water, leave for 40 minutes, strain and take half a glass twice a day. Such an infusion is prepared in enamelware, while it should be remembered that on the second day the content of vitamin C in it decreases significantly.Infusion for weakness and loss of appetite
10 g of dry primrose leaves are ground into powder and brewed with 20 ml of boiling water, after which the remedy is infused for an hour, filtered and taken one tablespoon 3-4 times a day. The same infusion will help to cope with hypovitaminosis.Fortifying drink
Rinse 250 g of plant flowers thoroughly and pour a liter of cold water, insist until fermentation begins, then add honey or sugar to taste. Such a drink is stored in a dark and necessarily cool place. It is taken 100 - 150 ml two - three times a day.Tea with primrose
Mix dried leaves or roots of primrose with St. John's wort (both plants are taken in equal amounts), grind and brew like regular tea. To improve the taste in such tea, you can add sugar, honey, jam.Infusion for cough
2 tbsp primrose herbs pour 400 ml of boiling water and leave for 20 minutes, then the infusion is filtered and drunk throughout the day.Infusion to improve vision
2 tbsp pour primrose leaves into a thermos and pour 500 ml of boiling water. The remedy is infused for 2 hours. An infusion of 130 ml is taken three times a day. In addition, strained infusion can be instilled in the eyes, two drops in one eye at night. In order to improve the result, it is recommended to brew primrose with eyebright (this plant will need 1 tbsp). The course of treatment is two months, after which a break is made for two weeks. Most often, to obtain a good result, it is necessary to undergo 3-4 courses of treatment.Tincture to increase potency
2 tbsp dry primrose pour 500 ml of wine. The remedy is infused for a month, filtered. It is taken 15 - 20 drops 2 - 3 times a day.You can also make homemade cognac, for which 25 g of red root, as well as 1 tbsp. primroses are poured with 500 ml of vodka and infused for two weeks.
Before use, you should consult with a specialist.1. Introduction.
2. Chapter I. Theoretical concepts used in the work.
3. Chapter II. Research results. Primroses of the Perm region.
4. Conclusions.
5. Literature.
Introduction.
Every spring I watch with joy how, after a long winter, from under the newly melted snow, the first flowers appear - snowdrops. Under-snowdrops, as a rule, are called all primroses that bloom from March to early May, before the leaves appear on the trees.
I have been interested in medicinal plants since childhood. And, since all the primroses of our region have medicinal properties, this is one of the areas of my research. Since the spring of 2011, I have been conducting research excursions to various plant communities in the Perm Territory in order to study the habitats of medicinal plants. Every year my research begins with primroses. During this time, various plant communities were studied in different regions of the Perm region. Research excursions were carried out to the Kungur and U-Kishert regions to study the plant communities of the foothills and relict steppes; to the Pre-Urals nature reserve to study the relict flora of rock ledges along the banks of the Sylva River, in particular, the Ermak stone. Broad-leaved forests of the Suksun region were also investigated, with a predominance of oak, hornbeam and euonymus in the forest stand; meadows and small-leaved forests of the B-Sosnovsky district; pine forests of the Vereshchaginsky district (surroundings of the village of Zyukayka). Plant communities around the city of Perm were studied - pine forests on the left bank of the river. Kamy and Linden Mountain. The main excursions were conducted in the Nytvensky district. Since I live here and this area is more accessible to me. I also studied the literature on this topic. All this resulted in the writing of this work, which, I think, will be of interest to a wide range of the population of the Perm Territory and, in particular, the Nytvensky district.
Goals:
one). To study the primroses of the Perm region.
2). Explore the Primroses of the Nytvensky district.
3). Give a general description of the primroses of the Perm region.
four). Consider the medicinal properties of primroses of the Perm region.
Tasks:
one). Get acquainted with the literature on the topic "Primroses".
2). Conduct research excursions to various plant communities.
Object of study:
one). Primroses of the Perm region.
2). Primroses of the Nytvensky district of the Perm region.
3). Medicinal properties of primroses of the Perm region.
Subject:
one). Floristics.
2). Pharmacognosy.
3). Ecology.
Methods:
one) . Literature work.
2). Exploratory excursions.
Relevance: In recent years, the number of some plant species, including primroses, has been catastrophically reduced. Careful study and protection of early-flowering plant species is necessary. As well as educational work among the population about these amazing plants and their protection.
Novelty: The primroses of the Perm region and, in particular, the Nytvensky region, are considered as medicinal plants. Their practical significance is also considered.
Practical significance: I think that my work will be of interest among the general population of the Perm Territory, who are interested in the problems of early flowering plants, their protection and use. And also to everyone who cherishes native nature.
Chapter I
Theoretical concepts used in the work.
Primroses - Plants that bloom in early spring, before the leaves appear on the trees. Primitive plants include many types of wind-pollinated trees - species of birch and willow, aspen, alder, hazel.
Some shrub plants and herbs. In this paper, attention will be paid to herbaceous early-flowering plants, which are mostly ephemeroids.
Ephemeroids are plants that grow, bloom and bear fruit in a short period of time, most often in early spring, and then the ground part dies off and they are in a dormant period until a new growth cycle. These plants are perennial, in the soil, after the death of the ground part, there remain living underground organs of the plant - rhizomes, bulbs, tubers. In this they differ from phanerophytes - trees.
Fanerophytes are plants in which ground organs (trunk, branches) are preserved all year round.
Most ephemeroids are myrmecochora.
Myrmecochores are plants whose seeds are spread by ants. The seed has special fleshy processes rich in oil - elaiosomes, they serve to attract ants.
We will also consider one species of their primordial phanerophytes, which needs protection due to destruction by man for beautiful flowers.
All the plants that will be considered in this paper are united primarily by early flowering. And also the beauty of the flowers, which is why they are destroyed in spring in large quantities for bouquets and a wide range of medicinal properties.
Chapter II.
Research results. Primroses of the Perm region.
I will start the story about primroses with those plants that, in our region, are most often called snowdrops. These are species of the genus anemone of the ranunculus family. All anemones are ephemeroids, and are also myrmeco-choirs. These are the plants most often ruthlessly torn out, escaping into nature, by people into bouquets. So, here are the representatives of this genus that are found in our region.
Perm anemone.
Endemic of the Perm region. An endemic is a plant that is found only in a certain area.
This is a herbaceous, long-rhizome perennial - an ephemeroid, 50-65 cm high. The rhizome is brown, the leaves are trifoliate, deeply pinnately dissected, serrate along the edge, arranged in whorls. Flowers on long peduncles. Collected in an umbrella-shaped inflorescence. Perianth simple of 5 large, for this genus, elliptical petals. Blossoms in late April - early May, fruits are formed in early July. After that, the ground part dies off.
The plant has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Very poisonous.
This species is found only in the Perm Territory (it is extremely rare in the Nytvensky District), due to constant recreational (human) impact, it is on the verge of extinction, is listed in the Red Book, and is protected by law.
Ural anemone.
Tertiary relic. Endemic of the Urals. This is another type of anemone, which is found only in the Perm region, mainly along the valley of the river. Chusovaya and in the Cis-Urals, it is very rare to see it throughout the Perm Territory, as well as in the Nytvensky district.
Long-rhizome perennial - ephemeroid, 15-20 cm tall. Rootstock pinkish-brown. The leaves are trifoliate, sessile, deeply pinnately dissected, serrate along the edge, in whorls. The color of the flowers is pinkish-red or white with a pinkish tint, the perianth is simple of 5 slightly elliptical petals. It blooms in late April - early May, the fruits are formed in early July, after which the ground part dies off.
The plant has anti-inflammatory, wound healing, heart-restoring properties. Toxic.
Also, like many primroses, it is on the verge of destruction. The species is listed in the Red Book, protected by law.
Anemone forest.
Pleistocene relic. Perennial ephemeroid with a short rhizome, 30-40 cm high, basal leaves are long-petiolate, palmate, in a whorl. Flowers (1-2) are white, with a simple perianth of 5-6 petals, outside, like the stalk of pubescent ones, the fruit is many-nutlet pubescent. Blooms in late April - early May. The fruit is formed in early July, after which the ground part dies off.
It is used in the treatment of skin diseases, allergic itching, diseases of the joints and stomach, relieves headache and toothache. The plant is poisonous.
It is found everywhere in the Perm Territory, including the Nytvensky District, but in small quantities. Needs protection.
Altai anemone.
Ephemeroid. Perennial with a horizontal, thickened, cylindrical rhizome. The leaves are tripartite with oblong toothed lobes. Peduncles hairy, solitary, up to 15 cm tall. The flowers are white, sometimes outside with a purple tint, up to 4-5 cm in diameter, with numerous (8-12) petals. Blossoms in April, 15-20 days, the fruit is a pubescent achene with a bent nose, formed at the end of June, after which the ground parts die off.
Used as a sleeping pill, analgesic, anti-inflammatory. The plant is poisonous.
Distributed throughout the Perm region in small quantities, including the Nytvensky district. The species needs to be protected due to the constant destruction of spring bouquets by lovers.
Anemone oak.
Perennial ephemeroid with a long creeping rhizome. The leaves are short-petiolate, triply dissected, collected in one whorl. The flowers are white (1-2) with a simple perianth of 6-8 ovate petals, outside with a pink tint, 2-6 cm in diameter. Blooms for 10-12 hours. Vegetation 30-70 days. In the evening and in cold weather, the flowers close. Blooms in April.
A rarity for folk healers. The most valuable plants grow in oak forests, and they are becoming less and less. It is used as a strong analgesic for oncology, as well as the strongest antifungal agent. The plant is very poisonous.
Quite often, the species is found in the southern regions of the region, in the zone of broad-leaved forests, but can also be found in other regions. It is also found in the Nytvensky district. The presence of the oak anemone in the spruce forest testifies to the displacement of the oaks that once were here by the spruce.
The plant is destroyed in large quantities by "nature lovers" and needs to be protected.
This plant has long been introduced into culture, has a number of garden forms with double and semi-double flowers, pink, blue, red and purple.
Ranunculus anemone.
In March - April, you can meet this plant, which delights us with its sunny color. The first awakened insects - pollinators immediately notice this bright flower.
This is a perennial ephemeroid with a long creeping rhizome, located superficially, up to 30 cm high. The flowers are yellow, up to 3 cm in diameter, with 5 petals. Peduncles from 1 to 5. Blooms immediately after the snow melts, one of the earliest primroses. The fruit is a multi-leaf. Blooms only at 10 years of age. In early June, fruits are formed, and the ground part dies off.
This plant is unique in its medicinal properties. It is used as an antispasmodic, bactericidal, analgesic, it restores the functioning of the kidneys and liver, helps with shortness of breath and sciatica, relieves stomach pain and heart disease. The plant is poisonous.
This is the most common primrose in our forests. With the help of its rhizome, ranunculus anemone, as it were, travels through the forest, developing new territories. But this wonderful plant is mercilessly exterminated by people because of the beautiful early flowers. Needs to be cared for.
This species has been introduced into culture since the 16th century. It has spectacular forms with double flowers and bronze-golden leaves.
Anemone medium.
A natural hybrid of oak and buttercup anemones. Trifoliate, deeply dissected leaves, growing from a smooth brown rhizome, die off immediately after the flowers wither. Solitary flowers of light yellow color
Research work
"Diversity of the plant world"
Project theme:
"Primroses of our area"
Done by a 4th grade student
MOBU SOSH p. Alder
Zangirova Elina
Supervisor
primary school teacher
Zangirova L. N.
Project theme
"Primroses of our area"
I. Choice of research topic
On the way from school, I thought, do primroses grow in our area? If not, can we plant them?
On TV the day before, I saw a report about snowdrops. It spoke about the protection of early flowering plants. As a result, the theme of my research work “Primroses of our area” arose.
II. Purpose of the study
1. Find out what flowers we call primroses?
2. Find out what primroses grow in our area?
3. Why should primroses be protected?
III. Research objectives
Analyze scientific information on the topic;
Prove that picking flowers can lead to the disappearance of primroses;
To reveal the attitude of adults and children to this problem.
IV. Object, subject and base of research
Object of study: nature and ecology.
Subject of study: early flowering plants.
Research base: students and independent participants.
V. Research Hypothesis
Perhaps primroses do not grow in our area due to the fact that at one time they were plucked in large quantities, and they disappeared.
VI. Research methods
Analysis of scientific literature;
Observation;
Questioning;
Interview;
Experiment (class hour, message);
Comparison of the obtained results.
VII. Research results
What are primroses?
Primroses are the first spring flowers. Who in Russia does not know such flowers? Of course, everyone knows. And they know what color they are: white, blue, yellow. All are right and all are wrong. They are wrong because snowdrops bearing this name do not officially grow in Russia. These are mountain flowers. And in our country, any early spring flowers are considered snowdrops or primroses. And they are right, since the flowers that we call snowdrops can be white, yellow, and blue. Because there are many and they are different. This is “a rather common name for plants that bloom immediately after the snow melts” (V. I. Dal).
Quivering anemones and lungwort, shaggy backache and corydalis, curly rams and goose onions, blueberries, copses ...
All these and a few other early spring flowers are popularly called snowdrops or primroses.
My research
Having set myself such a serious environmental issue and having studied the relevant literature, I conducted a survey among the inhabitants of our village and students, primary and secondary classes.
The survey involved 30 adults, 56 middle school students and 33 primary school students.
The question was posed like this: what forest and meadow primroses do you know? The concept of forest and meadow primroses meant - galanthus, anemones, primroses, copses, lungwort, violet, chistyak, corydalis, goose onion,
I divided the participants into those who know about primroses and those who do not, and put the results in Table 1.
Table 1
| Study participants | Quantity interviewed | |||||
| Primary school students | ||||||
| middle school students | ||||||
| Independent members | ||||||
From the results of Table 1, I concluded that only 61% of primary school students know what primroses are, 75% of secondary school students and 100% of adults in the village of Olkhovoe (independent participants).
From this study, it follows that primary school students need to be told about primroses, their species diversity, and their protection.
Types of primroses
If we talk about the white snowdrop of our regions, then, of course, first of all - about anemone. There are many types of anemones, but the most common is oak anemone.
Fragile, delicate plant with white flowers. Its flowers do not immediately turn white: when they open, they are lilac-pink.
Oak anemone grows everywhere, even in coniferous forests. But it is called oak forest, because it once came to our lands together with oak from the south and became, like oak, an indispensable part of Russian nature. Well, why is it called an anemone, it’s clear: this flower opens in early spring, when the air warms up by only 6-7 degrees, it’s still cold in the forest, it’s windy.
At the native sister of the oak anemone - ranunculus anemone flowers are yellow. They fade very quickly: first the leaves disappear and the stem disappears. The age of the anemone is short.
Another famous snowdrop-primrose - corydalis, a small plant with a single stem ending in a bunch of flowers sticking straight up. Flowers resemble perky tufts, for which he was named that. Corydalis are perhaps the only primroses that grow wildly. Sometimes there are so many of them that the clearing or clearing seems to be covered with lilac-pink or lilac, red-pink or pale lilac carpets. (There are several types of the most common Corydalis, hence such a range of colors).
Corydalis also blooms for several days, and then disappears. In the dense grass you will not even see its stem.
Another primrose - goose onion- you will not see it right away: a small modest plant is often lost in last year's foliage, covering the still bare ground. But, looking closer, you will still see this quiet, sweet smile of spring - a fragile, delicate flower with small yellow radiant flowers.
This plant was called onion because it has a tiny onion, and goose because, they say, geese willingly eat it.
There are many primroses, it's just a miracle of miracles. And especially the thickets copses. Like blue puddles, and even lakes overflow. And where there is a lot of copse, it seems as if the sky descended to the ground, or rather, a second sky appeared, descended to the ground, or, more precisely, a second sky appeared: one blue - above the head, the second blue - under the feet.
The flowers of this plant, like stars with rounded rays, are very delicate. And the leaves are somehow strange - rough, it seems to be old. And there is. Coppice is one of the few plants that manages to have, as it were, replaceable leaves: the flower blooms surrounded by old, last year's leaves that overwintered under the snow. Blue stars will fade, and old leaves will die. Young people will appear. They will survive until winter, overwinter and, together with new flowers, will meet spring.
Snowdrops, early flowers, primroses, a lot. But there is a plant that is called that - primrose. People have given it several names.
Primrose has leaves with curled edges, seemingly curly. Therefore, the plant is also called "ram". True, some experts believe that it was not called the ram for the leaves, but for another reason. The primrose has several flowers on a high stem. All of them are pubescent and look in different directions. And if there is a lot of primrose in some place, it looks like a lush, curly carpet or a skin in large curls, curls, like a ram, lies on the ground.
There is another name for this plant: "keys". This is because the inflorescences in which the flowers are collected resemble a bunch of keys. The Germans call the primrose "key-flower", "heavenly keys". There was even a belief that these keys open the way for spring, good weather, herbs and flowers. And the Italians call the primrose "prima veris" the first spring. That's what the scientists named it. The scientific name for spring primrose is primrose veris.
So, I tried to answer the first question of my research work, set in the goal.
During the survey, the question was asked, "What primroses grow in your area?". At the same time, not only the generalized concept of a snowdrop was called, but also lilies of the valley, violets, forget-me-nots, coltsfoot and others. Based on the results of the survey, I compiled a table 2.
table 2
| Study participants | Quantity interviewed | Seen primroses in the village Alder | Didn't see the primroses in the village Alder |
||
| Primary school students | |||||
| middle school students | |||||
| Independent members | |||||
From the results of Table 2, I concluded that some primary school students not only do not know what primroses are, but have not seen them either.
And according to the results of a survey of independent participants, it became clear that on the territory of the Olkhovsky Village Council snowdrops: galanthus, copses, anemones do not grow. We can only meet: coltsfoot, goose onions, dandelions, and violets. forget-me-nots, daffodils and tulips grow in the gardens of the residents in the yard.
Then I decided to analyze the results of a survey of primary school students by grade. And I put my results in the form of a diagram in Figure 1.
Picture 1
Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
- know - don't know
Figure 1 shows, firstly, that the younger the children, the less they know about primroses.
Secondly, since primroses do not grow in our area, then, of course, children will not know about them.
I learned that some residents of our village planted snowdrops in their yard. In order to breed them and, of course, show them to your children. Because we don't see them. I decided to interview them.
Interview with Mukhametova Elizaveta Anatolyevna.
Tell me, are you a native of the village?
No, I was born in the village of Kamyshly, Ufa region.
How long have you been living here?
Since 1976, almost 35 years.
Have you seen snowdrops in our forests?
No, but they grow in our yard.
Where did you bring them from?
My husband, Flyur Mukhametov, was born and raised in the village of Iglino, and there are a lot of snowdrops in the forests. So we decided to plant them in our yard.
How long ago did you plant them?
Around 2000.
What kind of snowdrops do you grow?
I do not know their names, but I can tell that they are white and blue. Now they have grown.
I can tell you that the white ones are the oak anemone, and the blue ones are the blue copse.
Thank you very much for the interview.
So, I found out that snowdrops do not grow in our area.
And the main issue is the protection of these plants. We must not forget that primroses are on the verge of extinction. After all, they are listed in the Red Book. And we must protect them!
And copses, and anemones, and rams, and corydalis, and others have grown under the snow, because since last year - some in the bulb, some in the rhizome, some in the tuber - have accumulated food reserves. That's how these plants are supposed to be. But sometimes it seems that they grew up and bloomed in early spring specifically to decorate the still gloomy, not yet very friendly forests and bring joy to people. And, especially since people do not appreciate it.
Of course, one can understand those who want to bring home a beautiful piece of spring forest and collect bunches of snowdrops. But don't these nature lovers really know that primroses don't stand in vases, they fade instantly? And most importantly, do people really not understand that they are ruining beauty? For example, anemone is usually pulled out with a rhizome - it is located close to the surface and poorly fixed in the ground. The plant, of course, dies. But anemone dies even when only flowers are plucked - the rhizome can inadvertently be damaged.
And other primroses are not lucky, people cut them off. Has the love of people for flowers sadly turned out for snowdrops? Many primroses have become rare, many are listed as protected. But other primroses, which are not yet on this list, must be protected. They, too, can easily disappear.
Instead of concluding my research work, I want to say: “I caught a butterfly - it died, I picked a flower - it withered, and then it became clear that beauty can only be touched with the heart. Touching with our hands, we destroy beauty, nature!”
Application
In order to tell children about snowdrops, I collected poems, riddles, stories and lyrics about snowdrops in my research work. So that for those who are interested in the topic "Early flowering plants" they can use the additional material that I have collected while studying this interesting topic.
Poetry
Spring
Pigeon, clean
Snowdrop flower!
And near the see-through,
The last snowball ... A. Maikov
snowdrops
The Snow Maiden was crying
Seeing off the winter.
Sadness followed her
Everyone in the forest is a stranger.
Where I walked and cried
touching birches,
Snowdrops have grown
Snow Maiden's tears. T. Belozerov
April
April, April!
Drops are ringing in the yard.
Streams run through the fields
Puddles in the yards
Ants coming soon
After the winter cold.
Bear sneaks
Through the woods.
The birds began to sing songs
And the snowdrop blossomed. S. Marshak
Snowdrop peeked out
In the semi-darkness of the forest -
little scout,
sent in the spring. E. Serova
Snowdrop
Here is a bouquet: it is thrown along with rubbish.
Dying, shrinking, petals ...
This is what we tear indiscriminately
Defenseless tight stems.
Why did we tear them up? Don't know!
The tender primrose quickly wilts.
Empty, it became boring in the clearing:
There are no more heralds of spring!
It is very easy to destroy the living,
After all, snowdrops cannot tell us:
"Enjoy our beauty -
We only ask you not to tear us!" I. Abdullaeva
Spring, spring, spring is here!
Brought warmth on the wings.
And here in the sun
With your head held high
Blooming blue snowdrop.
He's all fluffy, silver
The little one stands in the sun.
He is a reliable messenger of spring.
He is not afraid of the cold.
Other flowers will follow him,
He is the firstborn among flowers.
Puzzles
At snow-covered bumps,
Under a white snow cap,
We found a small flower
Half frozen, a little alive. (Snowdrop)
First out of the ground.
On the thaw
He is not afraid of frost
Even though it's small. (Snowdrop)
Blooms from under the snow
Earlier then others
Meets spring. (Snowdrop)
Only the sun warmed -
Appeared from under the snow.
The very first thin, gentle
This is a flower ... (Snowdrop)
From under the snow
A friend came out
And suddenly it smelled like spring. (Snowdrop)
Snowdrop
In a large and beautiful clearing, many snowdrops bloomed every spring. Animals came to look at this miracle, birds flew in from all around, and insects just lived there.
Once a boy Vova wandered into a clearing. He looked at her and froze. He wanted to take all this beauty with him. He picked up a huge bouquet and carried it home. On the way, he met friends, the guys were very envious that Vova had such a beautiful bouquet. They asked where he had collected such beautiful flowers. Vova was a "kind" boy, he told his friends about the glade. The boys ran in droves.
An elk was walking in the forest. He heard this conversation and also wanted to look at the wonderful meadow. What did he see there? Instead of heavenly purest flowers, only the trampled tender foliage of snowdrops remained. Instantly, the eyes of the elk grew sad, and he began to cry ...
Tale discussion
1. Can Vova be called a “kind” boy?
2. Why did the moose cry?
3. What early spring plants in your area can you name?
song
Snowdrop
Words by Ts. Solodar
1. On the first spring walk,
Under the first spring light
The guys met in the forest
With the first spring flower.
Snowdrop,
Spring you are the same age.
Snowdrop,
You are the messenger of youth
And our bright song
We sing about you!
2. We inhale the smells of the forest,
We collect flowers in a bouquet,
So that he brings his mother with a smile
First spring hello.
3. Pioneer years will pass,
We will grow up and become strong
And you will be for us, snowdrop,
Memory of the first spring.
Bibliography
1. Big encyclopedia of elementary school. Reading. Natural history. Drawing. - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2007
2. Ivanova R. S. Ecological education and upbringing in elementary school. Teaching aid: - M .: TsGL, 2003
3. Primary school. No. 9, May 2008 / Primroses. Lesson on the Russian language and the world around, grade 4, p. 3-6.
4. Native speech: a textbook for the 1st grade of elementary school. Klimanova L.F. - M .: Education, 2007
5. Collection of riddles: A guide for the teacher / comp. M. T. Karpenko. - M .: Education, 1988.
6. Ecological fairy tales: A manual for teachers of grades 1-6 / comp. G. A. Fadeeva. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2005
7. With love for nature. Zapartovich B. B., Krivoruchko E. M., Solovyova L. I. - M .: "Pedagogy", - 1978
More than one snowdrop tells that the reign of winter has come to an end. Primroses are the heralds of spring, which not only look very cute, but are also healing.
Types of primroses
All early flowering plants are called primroses. They bloom immediately after the snow has melted. Basically, the presented plants belong to deciduous forests. The thing is that it was they who had to adapt to early development in order to gain strength until the foliage blossomed on the trees.
Annual. It reaches a height of up to 70 cm. The leaves are sharp. The flowers are small - up to 5 mm. Flowering occurs from May to August. Fruiting - from June to September. It prefers to grow in weedy meadows and forests, near water bodies, in vegetable gardens.
Perennial. It reaches a height of 60 cm. The rhizome is short. Flowers 2.5 cm in diameter, golden yellow. Flowering occurs from April to June. Prefers bright places, humus soils.
Height - up to 30 cm. The flowers are tubular-bell-shaped, the color is first pink, then blue-violet. Flowering occurs from April to May. Prefers shade, grows in fresh, mineral-rich soils. Has healing properties.
perennial. It reaches a height of 20 cm. The flowers are large, bell-shaped, solitary. Color - blue-violet. Flowering occurs from April to May. Prefers dry open places. Poisonous.
perennial. It reaches a height of up to 12 cm. The leaves are collected in a rosette. The flowers are odorless, light purple. Flowering occurs from April to June.
Variety of primrose species
In total, there are about 500 species of primroses in the world. They differ in the shape and color of the leaves, flowering time. Many species are medicinal.
- The tall primrose is actually a short plant. Its length reaches only 40 cm. The flowers are light yellow. Prefers loose and moist soils, shade. Often found in Altai and Asia Minor. It is absent in the wild on the territory of the Russian Federation.
- Powdery primrose in length grows up to 20 cm. Its foliage is covered with yellow or white powdery coating. The color of the flowers is purple-pink, lilac. Inside each flower there is a bright eye - it reaches 1 cm. In the wild, primroses can be found in the northern part of European Russia, the Far East and southern Siberia. Decoctions and infusions made from this plant are actively used to treat dermatitis.
- Spring primrose is a perennial. Its height reaches 30 cm. The stem is leafless, the rhizome is short. The tops of the leaves are slightly blunt. The flowers are bright yellow, have a honey smell. The fruit is a multi-seeded brown capsule. The leaves contain ascorbic acid.
Features of care
Absolutely all primroses are not demanding in care. It is enough to find a suitable place for them in the garden, and in the spring it will be possible to observe a whole carpet of plants.
Primroses prefer partial shade and moist soil. They can be referred to. When planted in dry, unshaded areas, plants can be affected by diseases.
There is no need to fertilize, but if you wish, you can add compost and humus. Be sure to remove dry leaves and separate overgrown bulbs.
Landing is carried out in the fall. But you can just buy ready-made primroses in pots and plant them in the spring. Hyacinths and crocuses take root very quickly. Hellebore and lungwort are planted right in the spring. Reproduction in this case occurs by dividing the bush.
How to use in landscape design
Primroses are a real find for those involved in landscape design. There are several ways to use them.
- Planting near shrubs and trees.
- Accommodation among perennials in a flower bed.
In the first case, primroses will grow well, as shrubs and trees will reliably protect them from various adverse weather conditions. In the second, it will be possible to achieve continuous flowering. After the primroses fade, they will be replaced by perennials.
If you have chosen primrose, its various varieties look great in a group.
Important! Since flowering primrose can cause an allergic reaction, it is necessary to work with it with gloves.
Primroses, characterized by early flowering, look spectacular in plantings with other spring plants. Of the neighbors, she will suit:
- viper bow;
- lungwort;
- daffodils;
- forget-me-not.
Jaundice leftkoy is often planted in rabatka or does not take much time. Low plant varieties look great in rockeries and rock gardens. For a rustic style, the presented primrose is just perfect. Flower beds with jaundice look great near the paths. It is recommended to combine the flower with herbaceous perennials and annuals of bright color.
Kashubian ranunculus will be an excellent option for flowerbeds and flower beds. An obscure lungwort is best placed in groups in a mixborder. Shrubs, uvularia, kupena, hostas, ferns and corydalis will become excellent neighbors for her. The plant looks perfect in ridges and borders.
Open backache, or sleep-grass, is not so common in landscape design. It is difficult to care for it, and many gardeners do not risk planting a plant. But if you take a chance, the backache will become a real decoration of the site. Flowering is very beautiful, fluffy fruits also look very touching.