Elements including. Including. No comma needed

24.03.2021

In Russian, the rules are sometimes so flexible that they are difficult to remember. For example, after the phrase “including” is a comma necessary or not? In short, there are different options. Somewhere it is needed, but somewhere it is not.

What is this phrase

According to dictionaries, the phrase “including” is a compound (consisting of several words) coordinating (connects homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a compound sentence) union. Refers to connecting. That is, he brings some additional information into the sentence, attaches it to the already existing one.

By themselves, unions are not distinguished by commas, these are not introductory words. It's all about the information they bring with them. Usually this is some additional information to tell you more about something.
This information is called the connecting turnover, a member of the proposal. As soon as it was formed, the union became dependent and is now considered together with the entire turnover. If it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence, it is separated (in the middle) or separated (at the end) by commas. Dash is used less often.

Do I need a comma after "including": rule

In the "Academic Handbook", paragraph 84, we read: "... The adjoining members of the sentence ... are separated by commas." The following mistake is often made here: understanding this phrase as an independent connecting phrase, they put two commas on both sides. Thus, "including" is distinguished by commas as an adjunctive member of the sentence, being in fact a union.

The mistake is that the second comma after this union is put too early. It should be placed after the attached information. The Union, as it were, makes an announcement: now there will be information. This information follows. And they need a comma after them.

Examples of correct and incorrect spelling

When do you need a comma after "including", and when not?
Correct spelling example:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, including about connecting turns. An example of incorrect spelling:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, including about connecting turns. Italicized is a member of the sentence, which, with the help of this union, complements what was said earlier. It must not be broken by a comma. It should only be singled out, separated from the previous text. And here a comma is needed.

When to put a comma after a turn

Sometimes a comma is also placed after the turnover. This happens when the sentence does not end with it and the thought from its first part continues. Then, in a turnover that begins with the words “including”, a comma on both sides highlights it, and the whole turnover is enclosed in commas. Example:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, including about connecting turns, and only an academician can understand this. Here, if you throw out the turnover, commas are not needed. The conjunction "and" excludes them. But it happens that even if you throw out the turnover, commas are needed. This is required if the idea from the first or second part is explained. Example:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, including about connecting turns, which only an academician can understand. The idea from the first part of the sentence is explained.

There is a lot of boring information in this text, including about connecting turns, which only an academician can understand. The idea from the second part of the sentence is explained.
It is important to understand that these examples do not apply to the rule of writing only the union “including”. They are given in order to show the highlight of the turnover with this union. They will also stand out with another union. Example:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, namely about connecting turns, which only an academician can understand. Knowing the unions, it is easy to understand where to put commas.

When a comma is not used

There are times when they write "including" without commas. Example:

Previously, we occupied room number one hundred, and now - number one hundred and thirty-seven. It's a pity that they moved, I liked the ease of memorization, among other things.

Everything is clear here. From the context it is clear that we are talking about numerals. The meaning of the phrase is different. And the rules are different. This is no longer a union, but a noun "number" in the prepositional case. Here's a more complicated example:

Due to the unrepaired fleet of vehicles, the processing of fields has decreased. As you can see, fluctuations in the amount of the gross product occur, among other things, due to the liquidation of the car repair enterprise. There is no comma before or after "including". Context is also important here. If you throw out the union, the meaning of what was said changes slightly. That is, the only reason for fluctuations in the amount of gross product is indicated - the liquidation of an auto repair enterprise. Because of the standing phrase, it is clear that this reason is not the only one. You can rephrase this so that the connecting turnover becomes visible:

Fluctuations in the amount of the gross product are influenced by certain reasons, including the liquidation of a car repair enterprise. The word “reasons” is supplemented with a turnover (highlighted in italics).
In layman's terms it might look like this:

This happened, among other things, through your fault. This happened through your fault as well. Classic variant:

Many people are to blame for what happened, including you. Here the word "many" is complemented by a turnover. It is implied, but not in the previous version. Here is an example of the movement of the language. This is how the majority began to speak, these constructions (with the missing explained word) are pronounced on the radio, they fly from the lips of politicians. Many sentences that were previously considered invalid constructions due to the lack of a generalizing word are now the norm.

When an offer is wrong

It happens that the sentence itself, containing this union, is drawn up incorrectly. The rules stipulate that the connecting structure must refer to a specific word. If it doesn't exist, there is nothing to add.
Example:

At the meeting of graduates, we remembered, including the Petrov twins. Here, a completely unnecessary union “including”, the comma in front of it speaks of an attached turnover. But that's just the words that need to be supplemented, no. Sounds illiterate. You can rephrase it like this:

At the meeting of graduates, many classmates were remembered, including the Petrov twins.

Why do you need to know

Understanding where to put a comma is not only for schoolchildren, but also for adults. Imagine this situation: a graduate wrote a resume and sent it to a company that needs a specialist of his level. He was sure that he would be taken.

While the competitors sitting in line for an interview were worried, he calmly imagined himself in a new job. What was his surprise when the representative of the employer pointed to his resume as the reason for the refusal!
It turned out that, trying to present himself from the best side, the applicant wrote the following phrase:

I happened to develop software products for large companies, including for "A" and "B" and I have a certificate of successful implementation of one of them. There is a comma after the union "including", but it should come after the turnover (in italics), and not break it. Apparently, the young man was afraid to put a comma before the "and". In vain.

This is how a competent specialist in his field can suddenly become a loser.

Should this phrase be replaced?

It should be noted that such revolutions can be joined without unions. For example:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, including about connecting revolutions. There is a lot of boring information about connecting revolutions in this text. In the second case, the union will be thrown out, but the meaning of this has changed a little. Now it follows from the sentence that boring information contains connecting turns. In the first sentence, this is not the only reason, some other is implied.
Some tend to replace uncomfortable words, write in simple sentences to avoid mistakes. Thus, the language is impoverished, deprived of turns of speech. Words that accurately express a thought are leaving. Ultimately, this leads to the impoverishment of the vocabulary and the inability to explain or prove anything.

Having dealt with the unions, it will be easy to pass the literacy test, and the mistakes of colleagues will only cause a smile. The best way to improve literacy is to read fiction. It is rich in expressive means, in it you can find all the techniques necessary for writing texts.
The main thing is not to give up, and everything will work out!

including
adverb, number of synonyms: 1 including 6
including
including union
It is used when joining a sentence member that is part of the whole (which is referred to in the first part of the sentence), corresponding in meaning to the following: including someone or something, including and.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
including
Among others, among others. Many guests followed him, including Korsakov (Pushkin. Arap of Peter the Great). The travelers did not lose anything, but everything decisively, including matches, got wet through (V. Arseniev. In the mountains of Sikhote-Alin).
Phraseological Dictionary Fedorov
number
orff.
number, -a, pl. numbers, numbers
Lopatin's spelling dictionary
number
a, pl. numbers, -sat, -slam, cf.
1.
A concept that serves as an expression of quantity, with the help of which
an account is made.
Simple numbers. Whole number. Positive numbers. Number theory (the science of integers) numbers
2.
The day of the month in an ordinal sequence of other days.
First numbers August.
□
- That was exactly six years.
that, in the spring, the thirty-first of March, - mind you number, gentlemen, - on the eve of ... - April 1st
! shouted the young man in curls. Dostoevsky, Polzunkov.
- Who knows what today number? Nikandrov, Gray
Small Academic Dictionary
NUMBER
NUMBER- one of the basic concepts of mathematics, in which natural, ordinal
quantitative, rational, irrational, complex numbers. The tradition of philosophical reflection numbers
], believed numbers"cause and beginning" of things, and the relationship of numbers is the basis of all relationships in the world. Numbers
give order to the world and make it a cosmos [COSMOS]. Appeal to number how to organizer
principle of being, was accepted by Plato, and later by the Neoplatonists. Plato considers numbers
New Philosophical Encyclopedia
number
number
I cf.
1. The concept of quantity.
|| The amount by which the account is kept; unit of account
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
in list
in including suggestion from the genus
It is used when referring to the totality of any objects or phenomena.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
count
count, number, count, count, count, counts, count, numbers, counted, counted, numbered, counted numbers, count, numbering, numbering, numbering, numbering, numbering, numbering, numbering, numbering numbering, numbering, numbered, numbered, considered, numbered, counted, considered, counted counted, numbered, considered, numbered, considered, numbered, numbered, considered, numbered counted, numbered, considered, counted, considered, considered, numbered, considered, numbered
count
NUMBER, lu, only; lazy; non-sov., someone that someone-than, like someone-something or as someone-something (official
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
number
General Slav. Suf. derivative (Suf. -slo) from pure “count, read” > *čitti (tt > st), see honor, read.
Etymological Dictionary of Shansky
Numbers
Numbers, the title of the fourth book of Moses. see Pentateuch of Moses.
Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia
number
NUMBER- I lean, - you leave; nsv. someone-what, as someone-what or as someone-what. Official
1
population was listed one hundred million inhabitants. Behind the collective farm was listed big debt. Book listed
surname is not listed. Exhibit listed in museum catalogs.
2. Be in some. position, condition
positions according to official record, document, to be somewhere. as someone Number
business trip. Number in state. Number consultant, adviser. great-grandfather was listed in discharge
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
"NUMBER"
Numerals censused the population from house to house. Calculation of the population (hence the word " number
Soviet historical encyclopedia
number
record, document, etc.
I knew --- one landowner-neighbor, for whom was listed no more than seven
ten souls of peasants. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Poshekhonskaya antiquity.
On Sheehan listed six thousand inhabitants
in the District about seven hundred. M. Gorky, Gorodok Okurov.
The volost did not issue passports: for each were listed
] for rebellion. Since then his name listed blacklisted by the factory. Beck, The events of one night.
Bones and skulls
pygmy hippo usually were listed in museum catalogs under the heading of young common hippopotamus
Small Academic Dictionary
without number
without numbers adv. the situation the number of expansion
In countless numbers, in great numbers.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
no number
adverb, number of synonyms: 40 without counting 53 without numbers 50 countless 60 more than enough 42 no visible corner 42 none numbers 44 no bills enough 21 full 136 full 84 plenty
Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
number
adverb, number of synonyms: 6 in the amount of 4 in the amount of 4 by 11 exactly by 3 by the count 4 by exactly 3
Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
count
Cm. number
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
number
NUMBER, a, pl. numbers, sat down, slam, cf.
1. The basic concept of mathematics is quantity, with the help of which
positive number). Simple h. (natural number, which has no other divisors than itself and one
First numbers May. What time is it today? Rear number mark or date (already past
earlier number than it should). Rear number inform or find out (later than it should; colloquial).
3
number twenty people (in including twenty people). A large number of people.
4. Composition, series, totality
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
NUMBER
NUMBER- a grammatical category indicating the number of objects denoted by a given word
or a word that is in a relationship of syntactic agreement with the given. Number the only thing
or word formation.
"NUMBER"- the system of taxation in the 13-15 centuries. Subject to the Mongolian
on the census (calculus, " including") of the population. Taxes were levied without exception, in proportion to property
payers.
NUMBER- one of the basic concepts of mathematics; originated in ancient times and gradually
number
n., s., use Often
(no) what? numbers, what? number, (see) what? number, how? number, about what
? about including; pl. what? numbers, (no) what? numbers for what? numbers, (see) what? numbers, how? numbers, about what
? about numbers
mathematics
1. number is called a unit element of mathematical data. Fractional, integer
simple number. | positive, negative numbers. | Number is divided into two. | Sum of numbers
| Number combination. | In decimal this is number is written as 7, in ternary it is 21, and in binary it is 111.
2
Dictionary of Dmitriev
Number
Numeral
Abbreviation Dictionary
functioning of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs. The central category is numbers
nouns. Number as a grammatical feature of other parts of speech only contributes to the optimal
manifestation numbers nouns. Number nouns - morphological inflectional
category represented by singular and plural forms numbers expressing opposition
pluralia tantum are used only in the plural form numbers;
a) abstract nouns. (troubles
Glossary of linguistic terms Zherebilo
Number
The concept of natural numbers, caused by the need to count objects, arose back in prehistoric
and designations for arbitrarily large numbers, in particular, greater than " number grains of sand in the world
are said to be of equal power if their constituent objects can be compared one at a time. Then number
Transfinite numbers and more generally - ordinal types (see Set Theory)] is sharply at odds with the generalized
numbers such postponements. This is how the length is measured by setting aside a segment taken as a unit
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
number
Astronomical ~
huge ~
maximum ~
greatest ~
considerable ~
overwhelming ~
Dictionary of Russian Idioms
count
NUMBER-lu, -only; nsv. someone-what, someone-what, as someone-what, as someone-something. Official Think
consisting somewhere, in some position, condition. H. on vacation, on a business trip. Ch. on duty.
◁ Number, - pours; suffering number; number, -i; cf.
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
Number
concepts numbers. The need to count objects led to the emergence of the concept of natural numbers
All peoples who had a written language owned the concept of natural numbers and use one or the other
Mathematical Encyclopedia
NUMBERS
that Ch. and things are inseparable from each other and form a continuum without beginning or end (“ numbers govern
In the tragedy of Aeschylus, Prometheus claims to have invented numbers for mortals. In Chinese tradition, regardless
traditions are known numbers attributed to divine characters; in Shaivism, the deity is correlated
with an abstract idea C.: Tamil poet of the 7th c. Appar says about Shiva: "He - number and number for numbers" etc
elements. Two features follow from the doctrine of the elements. One of them is canonization numbers five
Mythological Encyclopedia
including
therein including and union
Used when attaching a sentence member that is part of
the whole (which is referred to in the first part of the sentence), corresponding in meaning to the following: including someone or something, including including.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
in number
in number suggestion from the genus
It is used when referring to the totality of any objects or phenomena, which include someone or something.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
number
number
Ukrainian number, other Russian. number, st.-glor. numberἀριθμός (Ostrom., Supr.), Serbo-Chorv. number
Etymological Dictionary of Max Vasmer
NUMBERS
"NUMBERS"- Russian journal of literature, art and philosophy, 1930-34, Paris. Editor - N. A. Otsup
Big encyclopedic dictionary
listed
adj., number of synonyms...
Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
no number
adverb, number of synonyms: 2 without numbers 50 carry numbers 44
Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
in list
suggestion, number of synonyms: 2 in a row 2 out of 17
Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
without number
quite a few 107 unmeasured 41 no end 43 no end 42 no numbers 44 no numbers 2 no bills 43 horror how many 47 at least heaps 55 at least more than 54 at least a dime a dozen 49 a whole row 28 over the edge 55 numbers no 40 that dogs uncut 33
Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language
number
see >> day, quantity
see also -> small number, carry numbers, rast, number
Abramov's synonym dictionary
number
NUMBER, I am listed, are listed, inconsistent.
1. by whom and where. count, be in including whom
something, in some state, position (official). Number sick. Number in the list of patients
"Since I am listed according to the archives, received three awards. Griboyedov.
2. suffering. to count.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
number
NUMBER, numbers, pl. numbers, numbers, numbers, cf.
1. The concept that serves as an expression of quantity
something with which the counting of objects and phenomena is made (mat.). Whole number. Fractional number. Named
number. Simple number. (see simple1 in 1 value). Number theory (a branch of mathematics that studies general
row, place (with the name of the month, the word " number" is usually omitted in speech, e.g. "first of May" instead of
"first number May"). First numbers(· ie on the first day of the month) he returns from vacation. Which
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
number
number
I carry neperekh.
1. To be, to be somewhere or someone in any quantity
anyone.
II Nesov. neperekh. obsolete
Strahd. to ch. count II
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
number
Number, I am listed, we are registered, are listed, be registered, listed, are listed, being listed, was listed was listed, was listed, were listed, numbered, be registered, numbering, numbering, numbering, numbering listed, listed, listed, listed, listed, listed, listed listed, listed, listed, listed, registered, listed, listed, listed listed, listed, listed, listed, listed, registered, listed
Zaliznyak's grammar dictionary
number
Number, numbers, numbers, numbers, number, numbers, number, numbers, number, numbers, including, numbers
Zaliznyak's grammar dictionary

including
Including
לְרַבּוֹת, כּוֹלֵל
Russian-Hebrew Dictionary
including Complete Russian-English Dictionary
including Russian-German dictionary
including Russian-Czech dictionary
including Russian-Portuguese Dictionary
including
Not about numbers
beleertve
about numbers
beszamitva
Russian-Hungarian dictionary
including
On your number
Russian-Bulgarian dictionary
on... number
As of March 1, 56 plants were under construction.
Russian-English scientific and technical dictionary
number
1) mat. sayI, san
fractional number- kesir sayI
2) (day, date) kün, tarih
first numbers May
mayIsnIñ birinci künleri
3) (quantity) miqdar, sayı
in the Big including- çoq miqdarda
4) (composition, row
sıra, ara, cumle
therein including- bu cümleden
5) gram. sayI
the only thing number- teklik sayI, teklik
in the only including- teklikte
Russian-Crimean Tatar Dictionary
number Russian-Lithuanian dictionary
number
Listed
szerepelni
szamitani
Russian-Hungarian dictionary
number
the date
kelet
szam
Russian-Hungarian dictionary
number
aa = عدد
ia = عداد
Russian-Arabic Dictionary
number
1. date w, number with
number/about date/
2. number s, broy m
number/mat./
Bulgarian-Russian Dictionary
Number Russian-Turkish Dictionary
number Russian-Swedish dictionary
number
use in combinations)
number on the list - in der Liste stehen vi
Russian-German dictionary
number
number in the list - figurar en la lista
number on vacation - estar de vacaciones
number sick
figurar en la lista de (entre los) enfermos
this book listed behind him - este libro está inscrito a su nombre
Russian-Spanish dictionary
number
with.
1) numero m
whole, fractional number- numero entero, fraccionario
Even Odd number- numero
par, impar
abstract, named number- numero abstracto, concreto
simple, multiple number
numero primo, múltiple
in the Big including- en gran numero
surpass number- exceder en numero
on number
members - según el número de miembros
2) gram. numero m
the only thing number-singular m
plural
number-plural m
dual number-dual m
3) (date) fecha f
what today number? - ¿que fecha es
Russian-Spanish dictionary
was listed
was listed
נִמנָה [לְהִימָנוֹת, נִמנֶה, יִימָנֶה] (עִם)
Russian-Hebrew Dictionary
numbers
Data
množství (2.p.)
cisla
Russian-Czech dictionary
number
Byt veden
byt zahrnut
Russian-Czech dictionary
count
Pokladas
povazujes
Russian-Czech dictionary
number
Datum
množstvi
numero
numeral
pocet
cislo
Russian-Czech dictionary
be among
Estar no numero, estar incluso
Russian-Portuguese Dictionary
number
Wed lik, fractional number- shot whole number- goals face even number- tsotny lik named
number- hired multiple number- multiples of the abstract number- Adzyagny lik unknown number
nevyadomy lik simple number- simple face imaginary number- uyaўny lik number theory - theory of lik
the only thing number- adzіnochny lik plural number- plural lik dual number- couples lik lichba
number, day, date, last numbers September - at the aposhnih lіchbakh (hours) verasnya, aposhnіmi days
Russian-Belarusian dictionary

What is this phrase

This information is called connecting turn, member of the proposal. As soon as it was formed, the union became dependent and is now considered together with the entire turnover. If it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence, it is separated (in the middle) or separated (at the end) by commas. Dash is used less often.

Do I need a comma after "including": rule

Examples of correct and incorrect spelling

When do you need a comma after "including", and when not?

Correct spelling example:

, including.

An example of incorrect spelling:

including, about connecting revolutions.

Italicized is a member of the sentence, which, with the help of this union, complements what was said earlier. It must not be broken by a comma. It should only be singled out, separated from the previous text. And here a comma is needed.

When to put a comma after a turn

There is a lot of boring information in this text, includingabout connecting turns, and only an academician can understand this.

Here, if you throw out the turnover, commas are not needed. The conjunction "and" excludes them. But it happens that even if you throw out the turnover, commas are needed. This is required if the idea from the first or second part is explained. Example:

There is a lot of boring information in this text, includingabout connecting turns, which only an academician can understand.

The idea from the first part of the sentence is explained.

There is a lot of boring information in this text, includingabout connecting turns

The idea from the second part of the sentence is explained.

It is important to understand that these examples do not apply to the rule of writing only the union “including”. They are given in order to show the highlight of the turnover with this union. They will also stand out with another union. Example:

There is a lot of boring information in this text , namely about connecting revolutions which only an academician can understand.

Knowing the unions, it is easy to understand where to put commas.

When a comma is not used

There are times when they write "including" without commas. Example:

Previously, we occupied room number one hundred, and now - number one hundred and thirty-seven. It's a pity that they moved, I liked it including ease of remembering.

Due to the unrepaired fleet of vehicles, the processing of fields has decreased. As you can see, fluctuations in the amount of gross product occur including and due to the liquidation of the auto repair enterprise.

Neither before nor after including» The comma is not used. Context is also important here. If you throw out the union, the meaning of what was said changes slightly. That is, the only reason for fluctuations in the amount of gross product is indicated - the liquidation of an auto repair enterprise. Because of the standing phrase, it is clear that this reason is not the only one. You can rephrase this so that the connecting turnover becomes visible:

Fluctuations in the amount of the gross product are influenced by certain reasons, including liquidation of a car repair shop.

The word “reasons” is supplemented with a turnover (highlighted in italics).

In layman's terms it might look like this:

It is happened including and your fault.
It is happened and through your fault as well.

Classic variant:

Many people are to blame for what happened. including and you.

Here the word "many" is complemented by a turnover. It is implied, but not in the previous version. Here is an example of the movement of the language. This is how the majority began to speak, these constructions (with the missing explained word) are pronounced on the radio, they fly from the lips of politicians. Many sentences that were previously considered invalid constructions due to the lack of a generalizing word are now the norm.

When an offer is wrong

At the alumni reunion, we recalled including and the Petrov twins.

Here, a completely unnecessary union “including”, the comma in front of it speaks of an attached turnover. But that's just the words that need to be supplemented, no. Sounds illiterate. You can rephrase it like this:

At the meeting of graduates, they recalled many classmates, including and the Petrov twins.

Why do you need to know

It turned out that, trying to present himself from the best side, the applicant wrote the following phrase:

I happened to develop software products for large companies, thereinincluding, for "A" and "B" and I have a certificate of successful implementation of one of them.

There is a comma after the union "including", but it should come after the turnover (in italics), and not break it. Apparently, the young man was afraid to put a comma before the "and". In vain.

This is how a competent specialist in his field can suddenly become a loser.

Should this phrase be replaced?

It should be noted that such revolutions can be joined without unions. For example:

There is a lot of boring information in this text .
There is a lot of boring information in this text about connecting turns.

In the second case, the union will be thrown out, but the meaning of this has changed a little. Now it follows from the sentence that boring information contains connecting turns. In the first sentence, this is not the only reason, some other is implied.

Some tend to replace uncomfortable words, write in simple sentences to avoid mistakes. Thus, the language is impoverished, deprived of turns of speech. Words that accurately express a thought are leaving. Ultimately, this leads to the impoverishment of the vocabulary and the inability to explain or prove anything.

Having dealt with the unions, it will be easy to pass the literacy test, and the mistakes of colleagues will only cause a smile. The best way to increase literacy is to read fiction. It is rich in expressive means, in it you can find all the techniques necessary for writing texts.

The main thing is not to give up, and everything will work out!

International students (also foreign students) - persons traveling abroad to receive education at various levels and specializations. The number of students who annually travel abroad for education in the world reaches 5 million people and tends to grow steadily. Since the very fact of entry and exit often affects certain migration provisions of the legislation of the country of origin and the country of reception, the stay of international students in the territory of a particular ...

The Global Corruption Barometer is an annual sociological study by Transparency International, conducted in order to find out the level of perception of corruption, citizens' opinions about which state and public institutions are most susceptible to corruption, and take into account the practical experience of dealing with corruption. The study also involves the respondents' assessment of the effectiveness of the authorities' activities in combating corruption. The study has been conducted annually since 2003 in more than 60 countries around the world...

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a large US public organization founded to protect the rights of the black population. It is currently one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the world.

Elements including. Including. No comma needed

What is this phrase

Do I need a comma after "including": rule

Examples of correct and incorrect spelling

When to put a comma after a turn

When a comma is not used

When an offer is wrong

Why do you need to know

Should this phrase be replaced?

What is this phrase

Do I need a comma after "including": rule

Examples of correct and incorrect spelling

When to put a comma after a turn

When a comma is not used

When an offer is wrong

Why do you need to know

Should this phrase be replaced?

Report a typo

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