Training options for the exam in biology

After the thematic tasks in biology, start practicing. Since in order to demonstrate a high level of knowledge, it is necessary to confidently work with diagrams, tables and graphs. Explain biological processes using graphical information.

First of all, download FIPI, which is a sample and gives an idea of ​​the structure and form of complexity of future assignments for the exam.

Based on the new demo developed 10 training options, register and track the level of knowledge in your personal account.

Identify, analyze mistakes and train again. Your success is the constant decision of options during preparation!

The USE test in biology 2019 includes 28 tasks.

• Part 1 contains 21 tasks with a short answer (a sequence of numbers, a number, a word or a phrase)
• Part 2 contains 7 tasks with a detailed answer (give a complete answer: explanation, description or justification; express and argue your own opinion).

The variant is thematically grouped.

1. The first part contains 21 tasks, which are grouped according to the content blocks presented in:
   • For multiple choice;
   • To establish correspondence;
   • To establish the sequence of processes or phenomena;
   • Tasks in cytology and genetics;
   • To complement the drawings;
   • Analysis of a schema or table.
2. The second part contains 7 tasks. For the successful solution of which the student is required to thoroughly master the conceptual apparatus and competently operate with biological terms.

A short analysis of the conditions of some tasks

Tasks from the block of the first ticket:

• - a biological fragment is presented, requiring the establishment of links between concepts;
• - count the number of chromosomes and establish the number of cells formed during various processes;
• - find examples in the text that correspond to the concepts;
• - to test knowledge of species properties - select criteria from the test that correspond to the species.

Assessment of tests in biology USE

Per first part ticket maximum - 38 points.
For problem solving second part - 20 points.

The points received for correctly completed tasks are summed up.

Converting points to grades

• 0-35 points - 2,
• 36-54 points - 3,
• 55-71 points - 4,
• 72 and above points - 5;

To enter a budget place in a prestigious university, you need to score more than 84 points.

Decide! Dare! Strive for the best!

Option No. 2004478

Demo version of the USE-2018 in biology.

When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. Units of measurement are not required.

If the option is set by the teacher, you can enter or upload answers to the tasks with a detailed answer into the system. The teacher will see the results of the short answer assignments and will be able to grade the uploaded answers to the long answer assignments. The points given by the teacher will be displayed in your statistics.

Version for printing and copying in MS Word

Consider the proposed classification scheme for the types of variability. Write in the answer the missing term, indicated in the diagram with a question mark.

Answer:

Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the answer. The cytogenetic method is used to determine

1) the degree of influence of the environment on the formation of the phenotype

2) inheritance of sex-linked traits

3) karyotype of the organism

4) chromosomal abnormalities

5) the possibility of manifestation of signs in descendants

Answer:

There are 56 chromosomes in the somatic cell of the fish body. What set of chromosomes does a fish spermatozoon have? Write down only the number of chromosomes in your answer.

In DNA, nucleotides with adenine account for 18%. Determine the percentage of nucleotides with cytosine that make up the molecule. Write down only the appropriate number in your answer.

Answer:

All of the features listed below, except for two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) the presence of chloroplasts

2) the presence of glycocalyx

3) the ability to photosynthesis

4) the ability to phagocytosis

5) the ability to biosynthesize protein

All of the features listed below, except for two, can be used to describe the DNA molecule. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) consists of two polynucleotide chains twisted into a spiral

2) transfers information to the site of protein synthesis

3) in complex with proteins builds the body of the ribosome

4) capable of self-doubling

5) in complex with proteins forms chromosomes

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the processes and stages of energy metabolism: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

BUT	B	AT	G	D

Answer:

Determine the ratio of phenotypes in offspring in a monohybrid crossing of two heterozygous organisms with complete dominance. Write down the answer in the form of a sequence of numbers showing the ratio of the resulting phenotypes, in descending order.

Answer:

All but two of the terms below are used to describe the sexual reproduction of organisms. Identify two terms that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

3) fertilization

4) ovogenesis

5) budding

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between an example of a biological phenomenon and the form of variability that it illustrates: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G	D

Establish a correspondence between the structures and germ layers, indicated in the figure by the numbers 1, 2, from which these structures are formed: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G	D

Answer:

If in the process of evolution an animal has formed the brain shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by

1) four-chambered heart

2) external fertilization

3) skin with scales or scutes

4) constant body temperature

5) cellular lungs

6) development of the embryo in the uterus

Tuberculosis bacterium is known to aerobic, microscopic, pathogenic organism. Choose from the text below three statements related to the description of the above signs of a bacterium.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the functions and plant organs that perform these functions: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G	D	E

Answer:

Establish the sequence of arrangement of systematic taxa of the plant, starting with the largest taxon. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1) Meadowgrass

3) Angiosperms

4) Monocots

5) Plants

6) Cereals

Answer:

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

While running in the human body

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) increases the synthesis of bile by liver cells

2) accelerates the process of protein biosynthesis in skeletal muscles

3) the number of leukocytes in plasma decreases

4) increased blood flow to the skin

5) sweating increases

6) excitability of the nervous system increases

Choose three correctly labeled captions for the drawing “Structure of the ear”. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) external auditory meatus

2) eardrum

3) auditory nerve

5) semicircular canal

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of human tissue: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G	D	E

Answer:

Establish the sequence of processes occurring in the human digestive system during the digestion of food. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1) intense water absorption

2) swelling and partial breakdown of proteins

3) the beginning of the breakdown of starch

4) absorption of amino acids and glucose into the blood

5) splitting of all food biopolymers to monomers

Answer:

Read the text. Choose three sentences that describe the morphological criterion of the species of Scots pine. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

(1) Scotch pine is a photophilous plant. (2) It has a tall, slender trunk, the crown is formed only near the top. (3) Pine grows on sandy soils, chalk mountains. (4) It has well developed main and lateral roots, needle-shaped leaves, two needles per node on the shoot. (5) Greenish-yellow male cones and reddish female cones develop on young shoots. (6) The pollen is carried by the wind and landed on the female cones where fertilization takes place.

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between examples of objects and methods for studying evolution in which these examples are used: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G	D

Answer:

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. The sustainability of the moist equatorial forest ecosystem is being determined. Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) great species diversity

2) the absence of decomposers

3) a large number of predators

4) branched food webs

5) population fluctuations

6) closed circulation of substances

Answer:

Match the examples with the environmental factors that these examples illustrate: for each item given in the first column, match the item from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G	D

Answer:

Set the sequence of evolutionary processes that took place on Earth, in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table.

1) the release of organisms on land

2) the occurrence of photosynthesis

3) the formation of the ozone screen

4) abiogenic synthesis of organic substances

5) the emergence of cellular life forms

Answer:

Consider a drawing of a moth butterfly and identify the type of adaptation, form of natural selection, and direction of evolution that led to the formation of the two forms of butterflies. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the terms given in the list. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided.

List of terms:

1) idioadaptation

2) mimicry

3) convergence

4) driving

5) aromorphosis

6) disguise

7) stabilizing

Analyze the cell structure table. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the terms given in the list. For each cell marked with a letter, select the appropriate term from the list provided.

cell structures

List of terms:

1) glycolysis

2) chloroplast

3) protein biosynthesis

4) mitochondrion

5) transcription

7) cytoplasm

8) cell center

Answer:

Analyze the table "Survival of starling chicks depending on the number of eggs in the clutch."

Survival of starling chicks depending on the number of eggs in the clutch

Number of eggs in	Percentage of surviving chicks (in %)
1	100
2	95
3	90
4	83
5	80
6	53
7	40
8	35
9	32

1) The optimal number of eggs in a clutch, which allows maintaining the number of starlings, is 5.

2) The death of chicks is explained by random factors.

3) The fewer eggs in the clutch, the more effective care for offspring.

4) The more chicks in the nest, the more often the parents feed each of the chicks.

5) The number of eggs in a clutch depends on climatic factors and the availability of food.

Analyze the graph of the rate of reproduction of lactic acid bacteria.

Select statements that can be formulated based on the analysis of the results obtained.

bacteria growth rate

1) is always directly proportional to the change in the temperature of the medium.

2) depends on the resources of the environment in which the bacteria are located.

3) depends on the genetic program of the organism.

4) increases in the range from 20 to 36 °C.

5) decreases at temperatures above 36 °C due to the denaturation of part of the proteins in the bacterial cell.

Analyze the histogram of the composition of the diet of animal Z.

On the x-axis are the taxa of vertebrates that animal Z feeds on, and on the y-axis - their number in the diet. Select statements that can be formulated based on the analysis of the histogram.

Animal Z belongs to

1) omnivores

2) consumers of the II order

3) producers of organic substances

4) semi-aquatic animals

5) inhabitants of the tundra

Answer:

It is known that in the blood plasma the concentration of a salt solution is normally 0.9%. The erythrocytes were placed in a glass beaker filled with sodium chloride solution. Compare the image of a normal erythrocyte in plasma (Fig. A) and an erythrocyte in solution (Fig. B). Explain the observed phenomenon. Determine the concentration of salt in a glass of solution (more than 0.9%, less than 0.9%, equal to 0.9%).

It is known that two types of chlorophyll are present in plant cells: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. A scientist, in order to study their structure, needs to separate these two pigments. What method should he use to separate them? What is this method based on?

Analysis of the results of violations of linked inheritance of genes allows you to determine the sequence of genes in the chromosome and make genetic maps. The results of numerous crossings of Drosophila flies showed that the frequency of linkage between genes BUT and AT is 5%, between genes BUT and FROM- 11%, between genes FROM and AT- 6%. Redraw the proposed scheme of the chromosome fragment on the answer sheet, mark on it the relative position of the genes BUT, AT, FROM and indicate the distance between them. What is the unit of distance between genes? What is it called?

“I will solve the Unified State Examination 2019 in biology for a high score,” this is how graduates plan to enter medical, biological, psychological, veterinary or environmental faculties in the future.

Patience and perseverance!

Note that solving the exam in biology is not so simple. Often, even the presence of knowledge in the subject does not guarantee a high mark on the exam. KIMs prepared by the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements change every year. The changes concern not only the number of questions, but also the very structure of the test. So, last year, the time to complete the examination work increased to 210 minutes. Along with it, the complexity of the tasks also increased. They have become more objective, and the probability of guessing the correct answer is close to zero. There are no questions where only one answer is correct. The first part of the exam, with proper preparation, is not difficult. The main thing is attentiveness. As the practice of past years shows, examinees do not read the wording of the task. For example, the particle not is passed through. This happens for two reasons:

• lack of practice in solving test tasks;
• strong excitement.

Future applicants need to pay attention not only to the study of theory in the preparation process, but also to practice solving real exam tickets. They can be found in the Open Job Bank on the FIPI portal or on other specialized sites dedicated to preparing for the exam in biology. For example, in Gushchin's project "I will solve the Unified State Examination" a lot of attention is paid to preparation for biology. A good collection of USE tests in biology is also presented in our educational center. We also offer our students to take a test after studying each topic. Study not only the selection of USE tasks in biology, but also the codifier. It reflects all content elements that will be tested in the exam. In this case, it is important to choose the option of the current year.

How to prepare and solve exam assignments?

To successfully solve tasks from the second part, passing online tests on the USE website in biology is not enough. These questions require a detailed answer and careful preparation with a tutor, teacher or online instructor. The most difficult tasks are in cytology and genetics. Few graduates successfully cope with them. Do you want to be among them? We invite you to online courses that contain not only theory, but also homework verification by the teacher. With the knowledge gained from us, you will easily cope with the tasks on the exam and enter the university of your dreams!

And finally. To avoid becoming a hostage to stress, rest well and get enough sleep before the test. Mentally say "I will pass the exam in biology" and everything will work out for you!

Preparation for the exam / OGE. How is the training going?

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It is no secret that competent and systematic preparation for the Unified State Examination is the key to obtaining the coveted high scores that serve as a pass to adulthood, to a dream that the Novisse online preparation center for the Unified State Examination will help to approach. It stands out among other similar organizations with the simplicity, academic character and competence of teaching...

It is no secret that competent and systematic preparation for the Unified State Examination is the key to obtaining the coveted high scores that serve as a pass to adulthood, to a dream that the Novisse online preparation center for the Unified State Examination will help to approach. It stands out among other similar organizations by the simplicity, academic character and competence of teachers; educational material no longer seems like a terrible "vinaigrette" of terms, rules and exceptions, especially when it is presented by a person who is interested in the subject himself and who is easily able to inspire the student to productive activity. High-quality presentations are quickly remembered and lined up in the head in a coherent series of knowledge, and selected practical tasks will help to "fill your hand" in solving exam questions. This format of video lectures is convenient for busy graduates from different cities, aimed at a worthy result of their efforts. I am grateful to "Novisse" for the quality preparation for the exam, charismatic qualified teachers and new amazing discoveries! Learn, don't procrastinate!

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To be honest, I really enjoy your webinars! First, everything is easily explained. No extra information is given. Secondly, I am glad that after each lesson there is a practice. Thirdly, a very convenient time and day was chosen! Well, fourthly, the teacher is very good! Reading the biography, I can safely trust this teacher. I would like to thank you for doing such interesting and useful classes! And I am sure that thanks to your classes I will be able to score high scores!

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The biology exam is one of the selective ones and those who are confident in their knowledge will take it. The exam in biology is considered a difficult subject, as knowledge accumulated over the years of study is tested.

The tasks of the USE in biology are selected to be of different types; to solve them, confident knowledge of the main topics of the school biology course is required. On the basis of the teachers developed over 10 test tasks for each topic.

See the topics that you need to study when completing assignments from FIPI. For each task, its own algorithm of actions is prescribed, which will help in solving problems.

Changes in KIM USE 2019 in biology:

• The task model in line 2 has been changed. Instead of a task with multiple choice for 2 points, a task for working with a table for 1 point has been included.
• The maximum primary score decreased by 1 and amounted to 58 points.

The structure of the USE tasks in biology:

• Part 1- these are tasks from 1 to 21 with a short answer, up to about 5 minutes are allotted for completion.

Advice: Read the wording of the questions carefully.

• Part 2- these are tasks from 22 to 28 with a detailed answer, approximately 10-20 minutes are allotted for completion.

Advice: express your thoughts in a literary way, answer the question in detail and comprehensively, give a definition of biological terms, even if this is not required in the assignments. The answer should have a plan, not write in solid text, but highlight points.

What is required of the student in the exam?

• Ability to work with graphic information (diagrams, graphs, tables) - its analysis and use;
• Multiple choice;
• Establishing compliance;
• Sequencing.

Points for each task in USE biology

In order to get the highest grade in biology, you need to score 58 primary points, which will be converted to one hundred on a scale.

• 1 point - for 1, 2, 3, 6 tasks.
• 2 points - 4, 5, 7-22.
• 3 points - 23-28.

How to Prepare for Biology Tests

1. repetition of the theory.
2. Proper allocation of time for each task.
3. Solving practical problems several times.
4. Checking the level of knowledge by solving tests online.

Register, study and get a high score!

Secondary general education

Biology

Preparing for the exam in biology. Task 26

USE in biology is just around the corner. This year, the knowledge test will be somewhat different from the exams of previous years. The Russian Textbook Corporation presents a series of webinars in which Georgy Lerner, professor at MIOO, analyzes assignments and tells how training should take place. This time we are studying line 26 from the demo version, the tasks of which are related to evolutionary doctrine and the basics of ecology - it is one of the most difficult in the exam.

Biology. USE 2018. Peculiarities

• From 2018, special attention will be paid to the conceptual apparatus. It is possible that already next year the terminology that the student must master will be written in the codifiers for the exam.


• The number of questions related to eras and periods, the evolution of plants and animals will increase. They had hardly met before. Graduates need to study the geochronological table, be prepared for tasks to determine an organism belonging to a particular period, to a particular era, to determine an imprint, to calculate the lifetime of a given organism.


• The number of questions on the origin of life on Earth will increase. Previously, they were practically non-existent.


• The wording "What will happen if they disappear ..." will almost be excluded. Some consequences are impossible to predict. Instead, applicants will be asked to name factors that may lead to a reduction in the size of a particular population.


• This year, applicants will not be able to confine themselves to concise answers. Examinees must show knowledge of the subject - for this, when preparing, it is necessary to get away from “coaching”.

Options for task number 26, solutions and explanations

Example 1

What aromorphoses ensured the development of the most ancient organisms in the Archean and Proterozoic? Specify at least four aromorphic features and their significance in evolution. Response elements:

Response elements:

1. The advent of photosynthesis ensured the primary synthesis of organic substances from inorganic substances, the accumulation of oxygen in water and the atmosphere, and the formation of an ozone screen.


2. The emergence of aerobic metabolism ensured the synthesis of a large amount of ATP and the supply of energy to the body.


3. The sexual process led to the appearance in organisms of various characteristics - material for evolution.


4. The emergence of multicellularity led to the differentiation of cells, tissues and organs.


5. The emergence of eukaryotes provided a variety of kingdoms of wildlife.

Note: The wording of the answer may be different, the main thing is the correct use of terms. In addition, if the examinee does not complete the task “Indicate”, “Explain”, he will lose 2 points.

Example 2

A population is stable if it has a large population. Why are small populations more likely to go extinct than large ones?

Response elements:

1. The probability of death of small populations from the impact of adverse environmental factors is higher than that of a large population.


2. Connections between members of the population are weakened (sound alarm, release of chemicals).


3. Difficulty in reproduction.


4. Inbreeding of individuals in small populations leads to the appearance of harmful recessive genes. With a high abundance, the population is relatively heterogeneous.

Note: The task does not indicate the number of criteria to be answered - therefore, it is necessary to name at least three. The answer must correspond to the meaning of the question, and if there is no such correspondence, then the score is reduced. To complete the task, you need to specify the events that lead to the disappearance of small populations. Criterion number 2 is the most difficult for applicants, it is rarely mentioned in the algorithm for solving such a problem.

Example 3

In cod, pike and many other fish, the number of spawned eggs is in the millions. At the same time, there are fish that lay several hundred or tens of eggs. Explain why both types of fish exist in nature.

Response elements:

1. Female fish, as a rule, spawn a large amount of eggs into the water and it is fertilized there. Fertilization is external.


2. Adaptation to survival with external fertilization - a large number of eggs.


3. In fish with low fecundity, care for offspring is well developed, otherwise they could not exist.

Note: Such tasks are difficult. Criterion #1 is difficult to deduce from the question since the vast majority of fish are externally fertilized. If the examinee answers that part of the eggs are not fertilized, washed ashore by waves or eaten by other fish, this will be more in line with the meaning of the question. You need to introduce students to different answers.

Example 4

It is believed that on the slopes of hills, fields should be plowed across the slope (horizontally, in terraces), and not along (from the top to the bottom). Explain why it is necessary to do this and what the plowing of fields along the slope can lead to.

Response elements:

1. When plowing along a slope, both the water used for irrigation and natural precipitation will flow along the beds to the foot of the hill.


2. This water will leach fertilizers and other nutrients out of the soil, accelerating soil erosion.


3. When plowing across a slope, the water will remain in the soil longer and the substances will be washed out much more slowly.

Note: Schoolchildren, as a rule, are not familiar with the term "terracing". This task causes them serious difficulties due to the lack of experience in traveling to places where this method of plowing is common.

Example 5

The body of penguins is covered with a very powerful dense layer of contour feathers, under which there is a thick layer of down feathers. At the same time, penguins, unlike other birds, change down feathers all at once, and not gradually throughout their lives. Explain why penguins have evolved such features of the downy layer of feathers and how these features increase their adaptability to environmental conditions.

Response elements:

1. Penguins live in cold conditions, so they need a powerful down layer (down feathers of a special structure) as thermal insulation.


2. If the down feathers were changed gradually, this would lead to a violation of the density of contour feathers, which, in turn, would lead to wet feathers when swimming.


3. Therefore, the penguins developed a change of all down feathers at once, so that the period of the change was as short as possible.

Note: The applicant may not understand the meaning of the question. It is necessary to devote time to this task, to present a fan of answers. Better - using additional information. It is necessary to say that the penguin molt lasts about 20 days - this is a short time during which the birds starve and accumulate in flocks to keep warm. Down feathers are pushed out by new feathers. If the phrase “all at once” is understood by the applicant as “very quickly” (which is quite likely), it will be difficult to answer.

Example 6

What happens to the signs and characteristics of organisms during divergent speciation? What are the driving forces of evolution underpinning this process? What form of natural selection underlies this process?

Response elements:

1. With divergence, there is a divergence of signs.


2. Divergence is due to hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection.


3. Driving form of natural selection leading to polymorphism.

Note: Term polymorphism will often appear in tasks in 2018. In some questions of this type it will be necessary to speak of a disruptive form of selection.

Example 7

Why does biological regression often lead to the extinction of a species? Justify your answer with at least four arguments.

Response elements:

1. With biological regression, the abundance of a species is sharply reduced due to a decrease in the adaptation of organisms when environmental conditions change.


2. There is a decrease in the range due to a decrease in the number.


3. Inbreeding occurs, which leads to the manifestation of harmful mutations and the death of organisms.


4. Random factors increase the likelihood of extinction of a species.

Note: The task requires the ability to operate with the concepts of "regression", "adaptation", "range", "mutations". It is simple, but applicants can not always give exactly four full criteria. Possible fan of answers: organisms do not have time to adapt to changing environmental conditions; they cannot compete with other species; as a result, they are weeded out by natural selection; due to the decrease in the number, the range is shrinking. Each of these formulations is consistent with the algorithm given in the criteria.

A new study guide is offered to the attention of students and teachers, which will help them successfully prepare for the unified state exam in biology. The handbook contains all the theoretical material on the biology course required for passing the exam. It includes all elements of the content, checked by control and measuring materials, and helps to generalize and systematize knowledge and skills for the course of the secondary (complete) school. The theoretical material is presented in a concise, accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks that allow you to test your knowledge and the degree of preparedness for the certification exam. Practical tasks correspond to the USE format. At the end of the manual, answers to tests are given that will help schoolchildren and applicants to test themselves and fill in the gaps. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren, applicants and teachers.

Example 8

Prove that most modern birds are in a state of biological progress (taking into account the characteristics of birds).

Response elements:

1. Great species diversity due to diversity and adaptation to their ecological niches.


2. High intraspecific abundance of individuals associated with complex behavior (caring for offspring, flights, building various nests, etc.).


3. A wide range of habitat, due to warm-bloodedness and the ability to fly.

Note: In this example, one should not talk about a four-chambered heart, double breathing, a beak without teeth, and other adaptations for flight, since this is not asked. Warm-bloodedness is correctly referred to as adaptation to the experience of various environmental conditions. The answer to this task, as in the previous example, lends itself to algorithmization: everything that decreases during regression increases during progress, and vice versa.

Example 9

Describe the composition of the Earth's primary atmosphere and the conditions under which the abiogenic synthesis of the first organic substances took place. What substances did Miller and Urey synthesize in their experiment? Why are these substances not formed at the present time, for example, during volcanic eruptions?

Response elements:

1. The Earth's primary atmosphere contained water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen, and methane.


2. The conditions for synthesis were electrical discharges and high temperature.


3. As a result of the experiment, scientists received several amino acids, urea and lactic acid.


4. The resulting organic substances are immediately absorbed by microorganisms or oxidized by atmospheric oxygen.

Note: Obviously, there should be 4 criteria in the answer. This example shows that it is necessary to know the names of some scientists and their works.

Example 10

Clover grows in the meadow, pollinated by bumblebees. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in the clover population?

Response elements:

1. Reducing the number of bumblebees.


2. Increase in the number of herbivorous animals.


3. Propagation of competing plants (cereals, etc.).

Note: The assignment may include other criteria:

1. Clover trampling by cows.


2. Destruction of nests of bumblebees by birds.


3. Destruction of bumblebee eggs by parasitic insects, etc.

Example 11

What plants in natural conditions receive mineral nutrition not from the soil, and explain how?

Example 12

Explain why two eggs in a clutch are enough to renew the species of a white-tailed eagle, and 6-7 eggs in a nightingale clutch.

Response elements:

1. High fecundity is distinguished by species in which the death of individuals in nature is high.


2. In the nightingale, the excess production of eggs, as it were, covers their possible death (nesting type of chicks, many enemies, long flights to winter quarters, etc.).


3. In species with well-developed care for offspring, the death of chicks is low (more mature chicks, lack of natural enemies, sedentary lifestyle).

Note: The assignment requires applicants to have at least some understanding of the white-tailed eagle. The condition partly leads to the correct answer - at least the students can compare the sizes of the birds, assume the care of the offspring in the eagles, and thus derive the first criterion.

A new study guide is offered to the attention of students and teachers, which will help them successfully prepare for the unified state exam in biology. The collection contains questions selected by sections and topics tested at the exam, and includes tasks of different types and levels of complexity. Answers to all questions are given at the end of the manual. The proposed thematic tasks will help the teacher organize preparation for the unified state exam, and students will independently test their knowledge and readiness for the final exam. The book is addressed to students, teachers and methodologists.

Example 13

Explain the influence of the density of the aquatic habitat on the "living organisms" of biocenoses.

Response elements:

1. Light penetrates the water to a shallow depth, so plant organisms can exist only in the upper layers (up to 150-200 m).


2. The density of the aquatic environment affects the streamlined body shape and strong muscles of fast moving animals.


3. The density of the environment facilitates the weight of organisms and creates the possibility of constantly being in the thickness of the environment (plankton).


4. The presence of plankton makes possible the filtration type of nutrition of many animals.

Note: Criterion No. 4 is hardly directly related to the question, since the direct effect of water on the vital activity of organisms is not indicated. Possible answer fan: aquatic plants have poorly developed mechanical tissue and high buoyancy; animals have developed adaptations such as mucus on the skin, fins, adaptation to different depths, and so on. Tasks on the topic "Ecology of organisms" require the ability to apply knowledge in a changed situation. In questions, the influence of light, humidity, salinity and other factors is encountered.

Example 14

List at least four aquatic habitat factors. Explain their role in the life of organisms.

Response elements:

1. The density of water determines its buoyancy force (the distribution of the organism over different depths).


2. The temperature regime is smoother, there are no excessively high and low temperatures.


3. Limited amount of oxygen. There are dams in reservoirs for various reasons.


4. The salt composition limits the distribution of freshwater and marine life.

Note: Similar types of tasks may concern ground-air, soil, intraorganism habitats. We are talking about physico-chemical properties and their role in the life of organisms. The applicant will answer correctly if such properties are well studied by him.