Congenital heart defects. What animals have a three-chambered heart? Who has a three-chambered heart without a septum

04.04.2020

bony fish	Amphibians (frogs and newts)	Reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles)	Birds	Mammals (animals)
covered with scales	Naked, covered in mucus (mucus moisturizes the skin so the skin can breathe)	Dry, without glands,		Has glands, covered with hair (hairline)
		covered with horny scales	covered in feathers
breathe gills	Saccular (primitive) lungs and skin	cellular	spongy	Alveolar
		light
A heart two-chamber	Three-chamber	Three-chamber with incomplete septum	Four-chamber (complete separation of arterial and venous blood)
cold-blooded ( Body temperature depends on ambient temperature)			Warm-blooded (body temperature is constant, remain active regardless of ambient temperature)
Fertilization external (occurs in water)		Internal (occurs inside the mother's body)
Development takes place in the aquatic environment.		Occurs inside the egg		Occurs inside the body of the mother in a special organ of the uterus, inside which there is a placenta.
	A larva with gills and a lateral line (tadpole) emerges from the egg.	covered with a leathery (parchment) shell. The first fully terrestrial animals, as development is not related to water.	shell-covered

Additionally

Amphibians:

there is no chest, there is one cervical vertebra.
the tadpole looks like a fish (no legs, breathes with gills, two-chambered heart, lateral line). The tadpole can only develop in water, so amphibians cannot be considered completely land animals.

reptiles- the first completely land animals.

Birds:

have a keel for attaching flight muscles.
lightness: hollow bones, no bladder, one ovary.
double breathing doubles the oxygen supply.

Mammals:

they feed the young with milk (there are mammary glands).
there is a diaphragm (muscle, the border between the chest and abdominal cavity).
differentiated (different) teeth - incisors, canines, molars.
good brain development, complex behavior.

FISH - AMPHIBIANS
1. Establish a correspondence between the sign of animals and the class for which this sign is characteristic: 1) Fish, 2) Amphibians. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the presence of a cervical vertebra
B) lack of ribs
B) indirect development
D) the presence of lever limbs
D) two-chambered heart
E) lack of lungs

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the circulatory system and the class of vertebrates for which it is characteristic: 1) bony fish, 2) amphibians
A) the heart is filled with venous blood
B) the presence of a three-chambered heart
C) in the ventricle of the heart, the blood mixes
D) one circle of blood circulation
D) the presence of one atrium

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the structural features and the classes of animals for which they are characteristic: 1) Bony fish, 2) Amphibians. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) three-chambered heart
B) division of the spine into tail and trunk sections
B) one circle of blood circulation
D) paired lungs
D) the presence of a cervical vertebra
E) bare skin covered with mucus

Answer

Amphibians - reptiles
1. Correlate the signs of animals with the classes for which this sign is characteristic: 1) amphibians, 2) reptiles
A) internal fertilization
B) fertilization in most species is external
B) indirect development
D) reproduction and development takes place on land
D) thin skin covered with mucus
E) eggs with a large supply of nutrients

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) amphibians, 2) reptiles
A) pulmonary and cutaneous respiration
B) external fertilization
C) dry skin without glands
D) postembryonic development with transformation
D) reproduction and development takes place on land
E) fertilized eggs with a high yolk content

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the class for which this trait is characteristic: 1) Amphibians, 2) Reptiles. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) a small supply of nutrients in the caviar
B) skin and pulmonary respiration
C) reproduction and development in water
D) direct postembryonic development
D) the skin is dry, without glands
E) internal fertilization

Answer

4. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the animal and the class to which it belongs: 1) Amphibians 2) Reptiles. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) thin skin
B) breathes with the help of lungs and moist skin
C) the skin is dry, the respiratory organs are lungs
D) three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle
D) three-chambered heart without a septum in the ventricle
E) breeds in water

Answer

5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and classes of animals to which they belong: 1) Reptiles, 2) Amphibians. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the skin contains many glands
B) the body is covered with horny scales
C) there is a trachea and bronchial system
D) the cervical region is represented by one vertebra
D) there is no chest
E) there is an incomplete septum in the ventricle of the heart

Answer

6. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and classes of animals to which they belong: 1) Reptiles, 2) Amphibians. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) skin without glands with horny shields
B) costal type of breathing
B) direct development

D) shell, leathery shells of the egg

E) saccular lungs

Answer

SHAPING 7:

C) an abundance of skin glands
K) chest

K) spawning of eggs

Amphibians - Birds
Establish a correspondence between the features of the respiratory system and the classes for which these features are characteristic: 1) Amphibians, 2) Birds. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) have air sacs
B) the lungs are spongy
C) the ratio of the surface of the skin to the surface of the lungs is 2: 3
D) the lungs are represented by hollow sacs
D) double breathing
E) partially skin respiration

Answer

Amphibians - Mammals
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of reproduction and the classes of animals for which they are characteristic: 1) Amphibians, 2) Mammals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) an egg with a large supply of nutrients
B) the development of the embryo in the uterus
B) the presence of a placenta
D) development with metamorphosis
D) the presence of a larval stage in development
E) fertilization in the oviducts

Answer

REPTILES - BIRDS
1. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) Birds, 2) Reptiles
A) warmth
B) body temperature depends on the ambient temperature
C) three-chambered heart, two circles of blood circulation
D) the body when moving usually comes into contact with the ground
D) double breathing is characteristic
E) arterial and venous blood in the heart do not mix

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the class of vertebrates for which it is characteristic: 1) Reptiles, 2) Birds. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) fluctuating body temperature
B) intensive metabolism in cells
B) no bladder
D) four-chambered heart
D) incomplete septum in the ventricle of the heart
E) the presence of a keel

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the sign of a vertebrate animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) Reptiles, 2) Birds. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct sequence.
A) a three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle
B) in the heart, arterial and venous blood do not mix
C) have a constant body temperature
D) the presence of hollow bones filled with air
D) the presence of a tarsus
E) the presence of horny scales on the body

Answer

4. Establish a correspondence between the features and classes of animals for which they are characteristic: 1) Birds, 2) Reptiles. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the presence of a tarsus on the hind limb
B) lack of care for offspring in most species
B) no bladder
D) the presence of teeth
D) the presence of the coccygeal gland
E) warm-bloodedness

Answer

REPTILES - MAMMALS

Establish a correspondence between the signs and classes of animals for which these signs are characteristic: 1) Reptiles, 2) Mammals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) complete separation of arterial and venous blood
B) embryonic development in the egg in all species
B) the presence of sweat glands
D) differentiated alveolar teeth
D) three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle
E) the presence of furrows and convolutions in the cerebral cortex

Answer

BIRDS - MAMMALS
1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and classes of chordates: 1) Birds, 2) Mammals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) have a buckle and a bobbin in the skeleton
B) have large eggs with a large supply of nutrients
C) the thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by a diaphragm
D) in many representatives of the cerebral cortex has convolutions and furrows
D) double breathing is characteristic
E) the cervical spine has seven vertebrae in all representatives

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the signs and classes of animals: 1) Birds, 2) Mammals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) intrauterine development
B) alveolar lungs
B) tooth reduction
D) the presence of many sebaceous glands
D) the presence of air sacs

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the trait of the animal and the class for which this trait is characteristic: 1) Birds, 2) Mammals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the presence of sweat and sebaceous glands in the skin
B) the presence of a placenta
B) the formation of a keel on the sternum
D) the presence of two sections in the stomach
D) lungs of the alveolar structure
E) double breathing

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Aromorphosis, thanks to which the ancient reptiles mastered the terrestrial habitat,
1) internal fertilization
2) protective coloration
3) five-fingered limb
4) three-chambered heart

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the type of animal and the structural features of its heart: 1) three-chamber without a septum in the ventricle, 2) three-chamber with an incomplete septum in the ventricle, 3) four-chamber
A) a lizard
B) common newt
B) lake frog
D) blue whale
D) gray rat
E) peregrine falcon

Answer

Choose three options. Mammals differ from reptiles in the following ways:
1) hairline
2) three-chambered heart
3) sweat glands
4) development of the placenta
5) dry skin
6) unstable body temperature

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Reptiles are called true land animals because they
1) breathe atmospheric oxygen
2) breed on land
3) lay eggs
4) have lungs

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. A three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle was formed in the process of evolution in
1) amphibians
2) bony fish
3) reptiles
4) cartilaginous fish

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. In the process of evolution, two atria in the heart first appeared in
1) reptiles
2) fish
3) amphibians
4) non-cranial

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Mammals are different from other vertebrates
1) constant body temperature
2) sexual reproduction
3) the presence of hairline
4) the presence of five parts of the brain

Answer

Choose three options. Birds, like reptiles
1) dry skin, devoid of glands
2) missing teeth
3) integuments consist of horny substance
4) four-chambered heart
5) arterial blood does not mix with venous
6) intestines, ureters, reproductive organs open into the cloaca

Answer

It is known that the class Mammals has characteristic features. Choose from the text below three statements related to the characteristics of this class. (1) The internal organs of mammals are located in body cavities, which are separated from each other by the diaphragm into two: chest and abdominal. (2) The thoracic cavity contains the lungs, heart, and the abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs. (3) The lungs of mammals are called spongy bodies. (4) In the oral cavity, differentiated teeth mechanically crush food, and then it is subjected to chemical processing by the enzymes of the digestive juices. (5) The process of filtering the blood from the end products of metabolism is carried out by the trunk kidneys. (6) The skin of mammals is dry without glands.

Answer

1. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution an animal has formed the brain shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by
1) four-chambered heart
2) external fertilization

5) cellular lungs
6) development of the embryo in the uterus

Answer

2. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution an animal has formed the brain shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by
1) three-chambered heart
2) internal fertilization
3) the skin is thin, dry, practically devoid of glands
4) constant body temperature
5) cellular lungs
6) diaphragm

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What features are common to humans and mammals?
1) warm-bloodedness
2) indirect development
3) open circulatory system
4) three-chambered heart
5) the presence of a diaphragm
6) the presence of skin derivatives - sebaceous glands

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the skin of an animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) Reptiles, 2) Amphibians. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) forms bony plates
B) contains an abundance of glands
B) forms horny outgrowths
D) absorbs water
D) abundantly supplied with capillaries, thin
E) provides gas exchange

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the feature of the structure and function of the skin and the class of vertebrates for which this feature is characteristic: 1) Amphibians, 2) Reptiles. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) participates in gas exchange
B) has horny scales
B) secretes copious mucus
D) protect against drying out
D) provides water to the body
E) does not have glands

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between vertebrates with a feature of its body temperature: 1) constant, 2) unstable. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) house sparrow
B) quick lizard
B) common dolphin
D) Nile crocodile
D) common newt
E) common mole

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between animals and a feature of their body temperature: 1) constant, 2) unstable. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) waterfowl
B) lobe-finned fish
B) cetaceans
D) tailless amphibians
D) scaly reptiles
E) great apes

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between animals and physiological characteristics: 1) warm-blooded, 2) cold-blooded. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in sequence corresponding to the letters.
A) a crocodile
B) frog
B) triton
D) penguin
D) coelacanth
E) whale

Answer

Establish a correspondence between organisms and the levels of their metabolism: 1) does not depend on environmental conditions, 2) depends on environmental conditions. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) grass frog
B) field mouse
B) barn swallow
D) common fox
D) quick lizard
E) common pike

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the signs of the skeleton and the animals for which they are characteristic: 1) a dove, 2) a frog. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the presence of a keel
B) toothless jaws with horny covers
B) the presence of a tarsus
D) one cervical vertebra
D) no chest

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the type of animal and the structure of its heart: 1) three-chambered, 2) two-chambered. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) river perch
B) blue shark
B) pond frog
D) common newt
D) common pike
E) gray toad

Answer

Analyze the text "Characteristics of the class Amphibians." For each cell marked with a letter, select the appropriate term from the list provided. Amphibians in their development go through the stage _______ (A). This brings them closer to fish. Breathing in amphibians _______ (B). Their heart is _______ (B), and in connection with the landfall, _______ (D) and lungs appeared.
1) Tadpole
2) Lung breathing
3) Skin-pulmonary respiration
4) Two-chambered heart
5) Three-chambered heart
6) Swim bladder
7) The second circle of blood circulation

Answer

Analyze the text. For each cell marked with a letter, select the appropriate term from the list provided. Reptiles are _____(A) vertebrates. The level of their organization is _____ (B) than that of amphibians. In the process of evolution, reptiles developed adaptations for life on land: _____ (C) the cover protects the body from drying out, the respiratory organ ______ (D), the heart has a _____ (D) septum in the ventricle.
1) warm-blooded
2) cold-blooded
3) higher
4) below
5) incomplete
6) horny
7) lungs
8) chitinous
9) complete

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution an animal formed the lungs shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by
1) four-chambered heart
2) external fertilization
3) skin with scales or scutes
4) constant body temperature
5) laying eggs with a dense shell
6) development of the embryo in the uterus

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Which of the following signs indicates the complexity of the organization of mammals compared to reptiles?
1) increase in the surface of gas exchange in the lungs
2) the appearance of the internal skeleton
3) increase in the number of body parts
4) change in the structure of the limbs

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. For animals that have the lungs shown in the figure, the following features are characteristic:
1) feather cover of the body
2) high metabolic rate
3) a three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle
4) the skin contains many glands
5) the presence of a diaphragm
6) reproduce sexually, lay eggs covered with shells

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the animal and the number of chambers of its heart: 1) two, 2) three. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) viper
B) shark
B) a lizard
D) salmon
D) triton
E) coelacanth

Answer

Arrange the animals according to the complexity of the structure of their heart in the process of evolution. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) toad
2) salmon
3) horse
4) turtle

Answer

From the text below, select three signs related to the adaptation of birds for flight. Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answers. (1) The compact body of birds has an ovoid, streamlined shape. (2) Just like mammals, birds are warm-blooded animals. (3) The avian cloaca is a cavity into which the digestive tract, ureters, and excretory ducts of the reproductive system open. (4) Some bones have air-filled cavities. (5) The coccygeal gland, located above the root of the tail, secretes an oily secret that serves to lubricate. (6) Birds have air sacs for double respiration.

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution an animal has formed the brain shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by
1) double breathing
2) the presence of mammary glands
3) numerous skin glands
4) four-chambered heart
5) compound eyes
6) warm-bloodedness

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution an animal has formed the brain shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by
1) incomplete septum in the heart
2) warm-bloodedness
3) incubation of masonry and care for offspring
4) numerous non-united bones of the caudal spine
5) well developed lungs with air sacs
6) the presence of a variety of skin glands

Answer

1) lever type limbs
2) skin covered with scales or bony plates
3) the presence of a cervical vertebra
4) development with metamorphosis
5) one circle of blood circulation
6) the presence of a swim bladder

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution in animals the heart shown in the figure was formed, then these animals are inherent
1) skin respiration
2) air bags
3) one cervical vertebra
4) swim bladder
5) horny scales on the surface of the body
6) two circles of blood circulation

Answer

Choose three correct options out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution an animal first formed the limbs shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by:
1) two-chambered heart
2) chest with ribs
3) two circles of blood circulation
4) abundance of skin glands
5) direct development without metamorphosis in most representatives
6) eyelids and lacrimal glands

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution an animal has formed the skin shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by:
1) three-chambered heart
2) alveolar lungs
3) seven cervical vertebrae
4) lack of chest
5) cerebellar cortex and cerebral hemispheres with convolutions and furrows
6) development with metamorphosis

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six. If in the process of evolution an animal has formed the respiratory system shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by:
1) dry skin without glands
2) the presence of wool
3) the presence of a buckle and a bobbin in the skeleton of the limbs
4) high metabolism and warm-bloodedness
5) embryonic development in the uterus
6) the absence of the cerebral cortex in most representatives

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What animals are classified as reptiles?
1) common viper
2) pond frog
3) common newt
4) Nile crocodile
5) common toad
6) viviparous lizard

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Reptiles are characterized
1) breeding on land
2) constant body temperature
3) direct development
4) jointed body
5) internal fertilization
6) supplying the cells of the internal organs of the body with arterial blood

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. The complication of the structure of the respiratory system of mammals, compared with reptiles, is
1) the appearance of the right and left lungs
2) the presence of the trachea and bronchi
3) an increase in the respiratory surface of the lungs
4) the presence of nostrils and nasal cavity

Answer

Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made.(1) Amphibians are vertebrate animals that live in water and on land. (2) They swim well; swimming membranes are developed between the toes of the hind legs of anurans. (3) On land, amphibians move with the help of two pairs of five-fingered limbs. (4) Amphibians breathe with the help of lungs and skin. (5) Adult amphibians have a two-chambered heart. (6) Fertilization in tailless amphibians is internal; tadpoles develop from fertilized eggs. (7) Amphibians include lake frog, gray toad, water snake, crested newt.

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between animals and the habitats in which they breed: 1) water, 2) land-air. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) white-backed dolphin
B) common toad
B) crested newt
D) common frog
D) emperor penguin
E) Nile crocodile

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between animals and their breeding environments: 1) water, 2) ground-air. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) katran shark
B) gray toad
B) sea turtle
D) common viper
D) common frog

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What signs make it possible to classify crocodiles as reptiles?
1) dry skin with horny shields on the body
2) elevation of the nostrils and eyes above the surface of the head
3) swimming membranes on the hind legs
4) reproduction on land and internal fertilization
5) cellular lungs
6) four-chambered heart

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the systematic features of a person and the systematic groups to which he is attributed according to these features: 1) class Mammals, 2) detachment Primates. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the presence of nail plates
B) laying of sweat and sebaceous glands in embryogenesis
C) two mammary glands located on the chest
D) differentiation of teeth
D) developed facial muscles
E) long childhood

Answer

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and representatives of the classes of organisms shown in the figure. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) no chest
B) skin respiration
B) breeding on land
D) the presence of an incomplete septum in the ventricle of the heart
D) one cervical vertebra

Answer

Establish a correspondence between characteristics and representatives of classes. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) differentiated teeth
B) double breathing
B) the presence of vibrissae
D) the presence of a keel on the sternum
D) air cavities in tubular bones

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the characteristics of this organism?
1) the body is covered with horny shields
2) breeds in water
3) external fertilization
4) there is no chest
5) four-chambered heart
6) respiratory organs - lungs

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in the process of evolution an animal has formed the heart shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by
1) thin skin with an abundance of glands
2) pulmonary circulation
3) five-fingered limb of the lever type
4) the presence of the cervical spine
5) bone or cartilage skeleton
6) gill breathing

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What features in the structure of amphibians were formed in connection with living in the ground-air environment?
1) three-chambered heart
2) brain and spinal cord
3) pulmonary circulation
4) paired organs of smell
5) dissected (lever) limbs
6) horny cover of the body

Answer

It is known that the vole is a placental, herbivorous mammal. Choose from the text below three statements related to the description of the above features of the vole. (1) The vole is widely distributed in terrestrial ecosystems. (2) It is characterized by the presence of a diaphragm, an alveolar lung, and well-developed incisors. (3) The babies develop in the uterus, where the baby's place develops. (4) The vole is classified as a consumer of the first order. (5) Voles serve as food for many animals in various ecosystems. (6) Voles are very prolific animals.

Answer

Establish the sequence of complication of the circulatory system in chordates. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) three-chambered heart without a septum in the ventricle
2) two-chambered heart with venous blood
3) the heart is missing
4) heart with incomplete muscular septum
5) separation of venous and arterial blood flow in the heart

Answer

Establish a correspondence between animals and respiratory organs: 1) lungs, 2) gills. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) sea snake
B) slope
B) salmon
D) lizard
D) anaconda
E) triton

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. In placental mammals
1) there are differentiated teeth
2) development proceeds with complete transformation
3) there is a cloaca
4) the fetus develops in the uterus
5) there is no care for offspring
6) sebaceous glands are developed

Answer

Establish a correspondence between aromorphoses and classes of animals in which they first appeared: 1) Amphibians, 2) Reptiles, 3) Mammals. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) aperture
B) two circles of blood circulation
B) alveolar lungs
D) dense egg shells
D) placenta
E) costal type of breathing

Answer

In the course of evolution there was a process of complication of the blood system. From the moment the heart appeared, the number of its chambers increases, and the vessels departing from it differentiate. A three-chambered heart gives organisms a number of advantages over a simpler organ. Animals have higher vitality.

Complication of the structure of the heart

In the lancelet, the anterior part of the abdominal vessel pulsates.

In fish, the heart already consists of one atrium and one ventricle.

Who has a three chambered heart? In amphibians, the atrium has two parts, which open into the ventricle with a common opening.

It is also characteristic of reptiles. Already in lizards, snakes, turtles and crocodiles, each atrium has an independent opening that opens into the ventricle. The holes have valves. Reptiles, like amphibians, have a single ventricle, but it is separated by an incomplete septum that grows from bottom to top.

Birds and animals that feed their young with milk have two atria and the same number of ventricles. Both the atria and ventricles are completely separated from each other.

From the list above, it can be seen that a three-chambered heart is characteristic of amphibians and reptiles. However, the device still differs not only among the classes of these animals, but also between genera. So, in crocodiles, the septum between the back parts of the heart is almost complete. Despite this fact, crocodiles remain cold-blooded animals, because blood containing a large percentage of carbon dioxide enters the main arterial trunk. Mixed blood flows through the vessels leading to the body.

Outgrowths in the ventricle of the heart as the beginning of the formation of a septum

Those who have a three-chambered heart have small and large circles of blood circulation. This improves the overall standard of living. Moreover, who has a three-chambered heart, there is a tendency to form outgrowths in the ventricle. The frog already has numerous protrusions, which significantly separates the arterial blood and that in which there is a high content of carbon dioxide. However, tadpoles have only one circle of blood circulation.

The structure of the three-chambered frog heart

Amphibians have a three-chambered heart.

The ventricle has thick walls. The atria communicate with the ventricle through a common opening. The right atrium is larger in volume. It receives blood from the whole body, which has given away the element of oxidation. Blood flows from the lungs to the left side of the heart. The sinus venosus is connected to the right atrium. It pumps blood to the heart. On the right side is the arterial cone. It is also present in lower fish. Includes a number of valves. Serves to pump blood into the vessels. In amphibians, the cone is divided by a septum into two sections.

Scheme of the movement of blood in the heart of a frog

Blood with a high content of carbon dioxide, mixed with saturated oxygen, goes to the right atrium, and only enriched with an element for oxidation enters the left atrium. The atria contract simultaneously. The blood passes into the single ventricle. Here, outgrowths prevent strong mixing of blood. The arterial cone departs to the right of the ventricle, so blood containing a larger amount of carbon dioxide flows here first. It fills the pulmonary arteries. The cone has a spiral valve. With increased blood pressure, it shifts, opening the opening of the aortic arches. Mixed blood rushes here from the middle part of the ventricle. Further, blood pressure increases even more, and the spiral valve opens the mouths of the carotid arteries that go to the head. Blood flows into the carotid arteries, as the rest of the vessels are already filled.

The circulatory system of lizards and other reptiles

In lizards and snakes, the two circulations are not completely separated. But the degree of their separation is higher than that of amphibians. Two aortic arches are preserved. There is a wall in the ventricle, but it does not completely divide into two halves. It is believed that the heart of crocodiles has four chambers. Although the hole between the ventricles is still preserved.

Thus, with a three-chambered heart, they have greater mobility compared to fish. They can go to land, where they feel great. Evolutionarily increased vital activity.

Individuals with a three- and four-chambered heart always have two circles of blood circulation, which also greatly increases the mobility of organisms. And for land vertebrates, this is necessary in conditions when it is much harder to keep the body than in the aquatic environment. In the presence of two circles of blood circulation, the blood carrying oxygen goes under sufficient pressure, as it passes through the heart again. And it does not mix with venous.

Some frogs emerge from their hiding places in early spring, when the snow has not yet melted. Common frogs are among the first to appear in the middle lane.

Those with a three-chambered heart have greater mobility in cold conditions than other cold-blooded representatives.

The first description of vice belongs to Farre (1814). The frequency of this heart disease according to clinical data is 1-3%, according to pathoanatomical data - about 1.5% of all CHD.

With this anomaly, both atria communicate through a common valve or two separate atrioventricular valves with a common ventricle, from which the aorta and pulmonary artery depart.

There is diversity anatomical variants of the defect. The most common 4 variants of a three-chambered heart:
in variant I, the only ventricle is represented by the myocardium of the left ventricle;
with type II defect, the entire myocardium has the structure of the right ventricle;
the third type implies the structure of the myocardium of both the right and left ventricles, but the interventricular septum is absent or its rudiment is present;
the fourth type does not have a clear differentiation of the myocardium.

Feature of hemodynamics with a three-chambered heart, there is a mixture of arterial and venous blood flows in a single ventricular chamber. The aorta and the pulmonary artery, which originate directly from the ventricular cavity, have the same systemic pressure, and from birth such a child has hypertension in the pulmonary circulation. Low pulmonary vascular resistance in newborns leads to significant pulmonary vascular hypervolemia. In the single ventricle, a larger volume of oxygenated blood mixes with a smaller volume of venous blood. Initially, arterial hypoxemia in such children is absent or minimal.

Clinical picture variable and depends on concomitant developmental defects and volume of pulmonary blood flow. A three-chambered heart is more often diagnosed shortly after the birth of a child. In a typical case, shortness of breath, congestive rales in the lungs, tachycardia, liver enlargement, repeated pneumonia, and a delay in weight gain appear after birth. Approximately 2/3 of infants immediately after birth develop cyanosis, which is not pronounced, has a bluish tint, localized on the lips, fingertips, increases with crying and physical exertion. The systolic murmur is not loud or not audible, the second heart sound is amplified and split.

With a combination of the common ventricle with pulmonary stenosis, cyanosis appears early. The newborn suffers from shortness of breath and quickly gets tired. Cardiomegaly varies from mild to moderate. A loud systolic ejection murmur is heard.

Diagnosis of a three-chambered heart.

On the ECG, it is often difficult to differentiate complexes, however, among them, unchanged, pointed or two-humped P waves can be noted. In some cases, there are signs of an increase in the right or both ventricles.

Polymorphism electrocardiographic changes associated with a large number of anatomical and hemodynamic features of this defect. Common to most variants of the defect is a high voltage of QRS complexes in standard and chest leads, a discrepancy between the degree of ventricular hypertrophy and deviation of the electrical axis of the heart. Type I defect is characterized by hypertrophy of both ventricles. At the III type of defect hypertrophy of a right ventricle prevails. Various types of rhythm disturbances, atrioventricular blockades are also characteristic.

On the radiograph determined cardiomegaly. In all newborns, against the background of increased pulmonary blood flow, there is an increase in the shadow of the heart due to the right ventricle and atrium.

If the defect is not accompanied by stenosis of the pulmonary artery, then the pulmonary pattern is enhanced, the main branches of the pulmonary artery swell.
With pulmonary artery stenosis, the pulmonary pattern is depleted, the shadow of the heart is small, there is a bulging of the ascending aorta along the upper left edge of the heart shadow.

2D echocardiography in the projection from the apex, it makes it possible to identify the common chamber with one or two atrioventricular valves, the outlet cavity, and the transposition of the great vessels. The main echocardiographic sign of defect is the absence of an echo signal from the interventricular septum. With both atrioventricular valves present, the mitral valve is located behind, and the tricuspid valve is to the right. If there is only one valve, then it occupies the entire cavity of a single ventricle.

Forecast. The defect quickly ends with the death of the child from progressive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, secondary bronchopulmonary infections and progressive hypoxemia. About 75% of babies with this defect die in the first year of life.
Correction. Operative correction of defect is possible.

"Ancient reptiles" - Has a long tail with a diamond-shaped extension at the end. Seymouria occupies an intermediate position between amphibians and the most ancient reptiles. The legs are weak and short with claws that hold onto trees and rocks. groups of dinosaurs. Brontosaurus and Diplodocus had a long neck to get juicy foliage on tall trees, while Iguanodon and Anatosaurus stood up on strong hind limbs when eating.

"Yellowbelly" - Presentation on the topic: yellowbell (Pseudopus apodus). ? Ananyeva N. B., Bor L. Ya., Darevsky I. S., Orlov N. L. Five-language dictionary of animal names. external description. Relatives of the yellowbell are slender armored spindles from the genus Ophisaurus. Reaction to a person. Historical fact. In captivity, they quickly get used to taking food from their hands.

"Class reptiles" - In lizards, the skin sheds in pieces. The eyes are scaly. General characteristics of the Reptile class. What is the role of amphibians in nature. In the water - ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. zoo quiz. . In the digestive system, the stomach and caecum are expressed. The external structure of the LIZARD. - Why is the frog's skin covered not with water, but with mucus?

"Reptiles" - Reptiles. Sea leatherback turtle Giant turtle (length up to 2 m and weight up to 600 kg). Anaconda From the family of boas, reaches a length of 10-12 m. Reptiles Similarity of reptiles with other animals Distinctive features of reptiles The most ancient reptiles Reptiles are giants.

"The internal structure of reptiles" - Venous blood. What is the peculiarity of the respiratory system of a lizard? Determine which scheme of the structure of the heart belongs to a fish, a frog, a lizard. Digestion of proteins. What are the features of the internal structure of the chameleon lizard? Right atrium. There is an tensile ligament in front of the jaw. What are the similarities and differences between a frog skeleton and a lizard skeleton?

"Squads of reptiles" - Squad Lizards Squad. Hence the name - "reptiles" - covered with scales. Reptile class. Most of them live on land. Squad Crocodiles. habitats. Skeleton of reptiles. Detachment Beakheads. Reptiles are land animals. The external structure of reptiles. Origin of Reptiles.

In total there are 17 presentations in the topic

Reptiles are the first completely land animals.

they feed the young with milk (there are mammary glands).
there is a diaphragm (muscle, the border between the chest and abdominal cavity).
differentiated (different) teeth - incisors, canines, molars.
good brain development, complex behavior.

1. Establish a correspondence between the sign of animals and the class for which this sign is characteristic: 1) Fish, 2) Amphibians. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

A) the presence of a cervical vertebra

B) lack of ribs

B) indirect development

D) the presence of lever limbs

D) two-chambered heart

E) lack of lungs

2. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the circulatory system and the class of vertebrates for which it is characteristic: 1) bony fish, 2) amphibians

A) the heart is filled with venous blood

B) the presence of a three-chambered heart

C) in the ventricle of the heart, the blood mixes

D) one circle of blood circulation

D) the presence of one atrium

A) three-chambered heart

B) division of the spine into tail and trunk sections

B) one circle of blood circulation

D) paired lungs

D) the presence of a cervical vertebra

E) bare skin covered with mucus

Choose one, the most correct option. Aromorphosis, thanks to which the ancient reptiles mastered the terrestrial habitat,

1) internal fertilization

2) protective coloration

3) five-fingered limb

4) three-chambered heart

A) a lizard

B) common newt

B) lake frog

Choose three options. Mammals differ from reptiles in the following ways:

1) hairline

2) three-chambered heart

3) sweat glands

4) development of the placenta

6) unstable body temperature

Choose one, the most correct option. Reptiles are called true land animals because they

1) breathe atmospheric oxygen

2) breed on land

3) lay eggs

1. Correlate the signs of animals with the classes for which this sign is characteristic: 1) amphibians, 2) reptiles

A) internal fertilization

B) fertilization in most species is external

B) indirect development

D) reproduction and development takes place on land

D) thin skin covered with mucus

E) eggs with a large supply of nutrients

2. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) amphibians, 2) reptiles

A) pulmonary and cutaneous respiration

B) external fertilization

C) dry skin without glands

D) postembryonic development with transformation

D) reproduction and development takes place on land

E) fertilized eggs with a high yolk content

A) a small supply of nutrients in the caviar

B) skin and pulmonary respiration

C) reproduction and development in water

D) direct postembryonic development

D) the skin is dry, without glands

E) internal fertilization

4. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the animal and the class to which it belongs: 1) Amphibians 2) Reptiles. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

A) thin skin

B) breathes with the help of lungs and moist skin

C) the skin is dry, the respiratory organs are lungs

D) three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle

D) three-chambered heart without a septum in the ventricle

E) breeds in water

A) the skin contains many glands

B) the body is covered with horny scales

C) there is a trachea and bronchial system

D) the cervical region is represented by one vertebra

D) there is no chest

E) there is an incomplete septum in the ventricle of the heart

Choose one, the most correct option. A three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle was formed in the process of evolution in

Choose one, the most correct option. In the process of evolution, two atria in the heart first appeared in

Establish a correspondence between the trait and the class of chordates, for whose representatives this trait is characteristic: 1) Mammals 2) Birds

A) missing teeth

B) participation of the skin in thermoregulation

B) participation in breathing air sacs

D) alveolar structure of the lungs

D) filling of bone cavities with air

E) the presence of convolutions and furrows in the cerebral cortex

Choose one, the most correct option. Mammals are different from other vertebrates

1) constant body temperature

2) sexual reproduction

3) the presence of hairline

4) the presence of five parts of the brain

Choose three options. Birds, like reptiles

1) dry skin, devoid of glands

2) missing teeth

3) integuments consist of horny substance

4) four-chambered heart

5) arterial blood does not mix with venous

6) intestines, ureters, reproductive organs open into the cloaca

1. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) Birds, 2) Reptiles

B) body temperature depends on the ambient temperature

C) three-chambered heart, two circles of blood circulation

D) the body when moving usually comes into contact with the ground

D) double breathing is characteristic

E) arterial and venous blood in the heart do not mix

2. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the class of vertebrates for which it is characteristic: 1) Reptiles, 2) Birds. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

A) fluctuating body temperature

B) intensive metabolism in cells

B) no bladder

D) four-chambered heart

D) incomplete septum in the ventricle of the heart

3. Establish a correspondence between the sign of a vertebrate animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) Reptiles, 2) Birds. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct sequence.

A) a three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle

B) in the heart, arterial and venous blood do not mix

C) have a constant body temperature

D) the presence of hollow bones filled with air

D) the presence of a tarsus

E) the presence of horny scales on the body

A) the presence of a tarsus on the hind limb

B) lack of care for offspring in most species

B) no bladder

D) the presence of teeth

D) the presence of the coccygeal gland

1) four-chambered heart

2) external fertilization

5) cellular lungs

6) development of the embryo in the uterus

1) three-chambered heart

2) internal fertilization

3) the skin is thin, dry, practically devoid of glands

4) constant body temperature

5) cellular lungs

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What features are common to humans and mammals?

2) indirect development

3) open circulatory system

4) three-chambered heart

5) the presence of a diaphragm

6) the presence of skin derivatives - sebaceous glands

A) forms bony plates

B) contains an abundance of glands

B) forms horny outgrowths

D) absorbs water

D) abundantly supplied with capillaries, thin

E) provides gas exchange

1. Establish a correspondence between vertebrates with a feature of its body temperature: 1) constant, 2) unstable. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

A) house sparrow

B) quick lizard

B) common dolphin

D) Nile crocodile

D) common newt

E) common mole

2. Establish a correspondence between animals and a feature of their body temperature: 1) constant, 2) unstable. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) waterfowl

B) lobe-finned fish

D) tailless amphibians

D) scaly reptiles

E) great apes

3. Establish a correspondence between animals and physiological characteristics: 1) warm-blooded, 2) cold-blooded. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in sequence corresponding to the letters.

4. Establish a correspondence between organisms and their metabolic levels: 1) warm-bloodedness, 2) cold-bloodedness. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) grass frog

B) barn swallow

D) common fox

D) quick lizard

E) common pike

Establish a correspondence between the features of the respiratory system and the classes for which these features are characteristic: 1) Amphibians, 2) Birds. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

A) have air sacs

B) the lungs are spongy

C) the ratio of the surface of the skin to the surface of the lungs is 2: 3

D) the lungs are represented by hollow sacs

D) double breathing

E) partially skin respiration

Establish a correspondence between the type of animal and the structure of its heart: 1) three-chambered, 2) two-chambered. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

B) blue shark

B) pond frog

D) common newt

D) common pike

2) Lung breathing

3) Skin-pulmonary respiration

4) Two-chambered heart

5) Three-chambered heart

6) Swim bladder

7) The second circle of blood circulation

1) four-chambered heart

2) external fertilization

3) skin with scales or scutes

4) constant body temperature

5) laying eggs with a dense shell

6) development of the embryo in the uterus

Choose one, the most correct option. Which of the following signs indicates the complexity of the organization of mammals compared to reptiles?

1) increase in the surface of gas exchange in the lungs

2) the appearance of the internal skeleton

3) increase in the number of body parts

4) change in the structure of the limbs

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. For animals that have the lungs shown in the figure, the following features are characteristic:

1) feather cover of the body

2) high metabolic rate

3) a three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle

4) the skin contains many glands

5) the presence of a diaphragm

6) reproduce sexually, lay eggs covered with shells

Establish a correspondence between the animal and the number of chambers of its heart: 1) two, 2) three. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

Arrange the animals according to the complexity of the structure of their heart in the process of evolution. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.

1) double breathing

2) the presence of mammary glands

3) numerous skin glands

4) four-chambered heart

5) compound eyes

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Cold-blooded animals are

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What animals are classified as reptiles?

1) common viper

2) pond frog

3) common newt

4) Nile crocodile

6) viviparous lizard

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Reptiles are characterized

1) breeding on land

2) constant body temperature

3) direct development

4) jointed body

5) internal fertilization

6) supplying the cells of the internal organs of the body with arterial blood

Choose one, the most correct option. The complication of the structure of the respiratory system of mammals, compared with reptiles, is

1) the appearance of the right and left lungs

2) the presence of the trachea and bronchi

3) an increase in the respiratory surface of the lungs

4) the presence of nostrils and nasal cavity

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of reproduction and the classes of animals for which they are characteristic: 1) Amphibians, 2) Mammals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) an egg with a large supply of nutrients

B) the development of the embryo in the uterus

B) the presence of a placenta

D) development with metamorphosis

D) the presence of a larval stage in development

E) fertilization in the oviducts

A) complete separation of arterial and venous blood

B) embryonic development in the egg in all species

B) the presence of sweat glands

D) differentiated alveolar teeth

D) three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle

E) the presence of furrows and convolutions in the cerebral cortex

Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made. (1) Amphibians are vertebrate animals that live in water and on land. (2) They swim well; swimming membranes are developed between the toes of the hind legs of anurans. (3) On land, amphibians move with the help of two pairs of five-fingered limbs. (4) Amphibians breathe with the help of lungs and skin. (5) Adult amphibians have a two-chambered heart. (6) Fertilization in tailless amphibians is internal; tadpoles develop from fertilized eggs. (7) Amphibians include lake frog, gray toad, water snake, crested newt.

Establish a correspondence between animals and the habitats in which they breed: 1) water, 2) land-air. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

Tasks number 13 with explanations

1. The complication of the circulatory system compared to reptiles is evidenced by

1. The presence of two atria in the heart

2. Formation of an incomplete septum in the ventricle of the heart

3. The appearance of a three-chambered heart

4. Complete separation of venous and arterial blood

Explanation: reptiles have a three-chambered heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle, which causes blood to mix, two circles of blood circulation. Mammals have two ventricles (respectively, there is a complete septum between them), two circles of blood circulation and blood does not mix. The correct answer is 4.

2. Complex forms of behavior due to the presence of the cerebral cortex are manifested in

Explanation: The complex behaviors associated with a developed cerebral cortex are characteristic of mammals. The correct answer is 4.

3. What part of the hearing organ of vertebrates develops only in mammals?

1. Middle ear cavity

2. Inner ear

3. Eustachian tube

4. Ear

Explanation: no class of animals, except mammals, has an auricle, but all other parts of the auditory analyzer do. The correct answer is 4.

4. An ordinary dolphin, plunging into the depths of the sea, consumes oxygen, which is contained in

2. Body cavities

3. Air bags

Explanation: The dolphin is a secondary aquatic mammal, meaning the ancestors of the dolphin lived on land. And, like any other mammal, it has lungs in its respiratory system, which it breathes with. It has neither air sacs (like birds) nor gills (like fish) and air also does not accumulate in body cavities. The correct answer is 1.

5. Which vertebrates in the process of evolution first developed a three-chambered heart and lungs?

Explanation: a three-chambered heart and lungs appeared in animals whose development is not associated with water, these are reptiles. The correct answer is 1.

6. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in

4. Pulmonary vesicles

Explanation: mammals are the most highly organized animals and their gas exchange takes place in the pulmonary vesicles (alveoli). The correct answer is 4.

3. Three-chamber, with a septum in the stomach

4. Three-chamber, without a septum in the stomach

Explanation: birds are rather highly organized animals with intensive metabolism and warm-bloodedness, so their heart consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The correct answer is 1.

8. Internal fertilization is typical for

2. Tailless amphibians

3. Tailed amphibians

Explanation: Internal fertilization is characteristic of organisms that do not require water to develop. Among these organisms are reptiles. The correct answer is 4.

9. An incomplete septum in the ventricle of the heart appeared in the process of evolution in

Explanation: birds have a four-chambered heart, that is, the septum between the ventricles is complete (as in mammals), amphibians have no septum at all, so the heart is three-chambered, and reptiles have an incomplete septum, but already in crocodiles it becomes full and their heart is four-chambered. The correct answer is 4.

10. Air sacs as part of the respiratory system are found in

Explanation: Air sacs are an adaptation for flight, so they are part of the bird's respiratory system. The correct answer is 1.

11. The features that distinguish amphibians from other vertebrates include

1. Dissected limbs and differentiated spine

2. Heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle

3. Naked mucous skin and external fertilization

4. Closed circulatory system and two-chambered heart

Explanation: all vertebrates have dissected limbs and a differentiated spine, reptiles have a heart with an incomplete septum in the ventricle, fish have a closed circulatory system and a two-chambered heart, and amphibians have bare skin and external fertilization. The correct answer is 3.

12. A high metabolic rate allows birds to

1. Take care of offspring

2. Lay eggs in nests

3. Eat plant foods

4. Expend a lot of energy during the flight

Explanation: A high metabolic rate is one of the adaptations for flight, so we choose to expend a lot of energy during flight. The correct answer is 4.

13. One of the signs of the complication of birds and mammals compared to reptiles is

1. Division of the body into sections

2. Constant body temperature

3. Internal skeleton

4. Presence of organ systems

Explanation: Birds and mammals, unlike all other animals, have a three-chambered heart and a constant body temperature. The correct answer is 2.

14. The highest level of metabolism is typical for

Explanation: The highest metabolic rate is characteristic of the most highly organized group of animals. Among the presented answer options, the most progressive group are mammals. The correct answer is 4.

15. The mammary glands of mammals are modified glands.

Explanation: mammary glands are external secretion glands, originated from sweat glands (that is, they are modified sweat glands). The correct answer is 1.

16. Which of the following features first appeared in chordates?

2. Nervous system

3. Circulatory system

4. Internal skeleton

Explanation: the vast majority of chordates have an internal bone skeleton (or cartilage), this is a progressive feature. The correct answer is 4.

Tasks for independent solution

1. In which of the following animals did the spine first appear in the process of evolution?

The correct answer is 4.

2. Lancelet belongs to the group of animals

The correct answer is 3.

3. Vertebrate animals with a three-chambered heart, closely related to the aquatic environment, are combined into a class

The correct answer is 3.

4. What kind of blood is supplied to the cells of the body of vertebrates?

4. Rich in carbon dioxide

The correct answer is 3.

5. Arterial blood in the heart does not mix with venous blood in

1. Most reptiles

2. Birds and mammals

3. Tailed amphibians

4. Tailless amphibians

The correct answer is 2.

6. What animals have an external skeleton made of chitin?

1. Bivalves

4. Gastropods

The correct answer is 3.

7. What part of the brain is most developed in mammals?

1. Forebrain

4. Diencephalon

The correct answer is 1.

8. In which of the listed groups of animals in the process of evolution did two atria first appear in the heart?

The correct answer is 3.

9. Vertebrates with a three-chambered heart, pulmonary and skin respiration, -

2. Cartilaginous fish

The correct answer is 1.

10. Large and small circles of blood circulation have

4. Cartilaginous fish

The correct answer is 1.

11. Snakes are different from lizards

1. The presence of a horny cover

2. Feeding on live prey

3. Merged transparent eyelids

4. The ability to hide in holes

The correct answer is 3.

12. Dry skin with horny scales or scutes covering the body

The correct answer is 2.

13. Among vertebrates, the most complex structure of the circulatory and nervous systems are

1. Cartilaginous and bony fish

2. Tailed and tailless amphibians

3. Aquatic reptiles

4. Birds and mammals

The correct answer is 4.

14. What is the difference between higher mammals and marsupials?

1. The development of the coat

2. The duration of intrauterine development

3. Feeding offspring with milk

4. Internal fertilization

The correct answer is 2.

15. Bats navigate in flight using

2. Organs of vision

3. Organs of taste

4.UV rays

The correct answer is 1.

16. Snakes can swallow prey many times their body diameter thanks to

1. Flattened head and wide mouth

2. A small number of teeth and a voluminous stomach

3. High mobility of the jaw bones

4. Large head and body sizes

The correct answer is 3.

17. Birds differ from reptiles in terms of

1. The presence of yolk in the egg

2. Reproduction by eggs

3. Feeding offspring

4. Breeding on land

The correct answer is 3.

18. Vertebrates with a three-chambered heart and bare skin are classified as

The correct answer is 4.

19. Mammals can be distinguished from other vertebrates by the presence of

1. Hairline and auricles

2. Dry skin with horny scales

3. Claws and tail

4. Four limbs running type

The correct answer is 1.

20. The heart of a tadpole resembles a heart in structure

4. Adult amphibian

The correct answer is 1.

21. In non-cranial animals, the skeleton

3. Consists of chitin

4. Represented by a chord

The correct answer is 4.

22. Body cavity, mantle and shell have

The correct answer is 3.

23. In the distribution of mammals by orders, the most important feature is

1. The nature of the cover of the body

2. The structure of the teeth

3. Habitat

The correct answer is 2.

24. Bony fish, unlike cartilaginous,

1. Have paired fins

2. Covered in scales

3. Have swim bladders

4. They live in the depths of the ocean

The correct answer is 3.

25. The cells of the body are supplied with a large amount of oxygen in animals with

1. Gill breathing

2. Open circulatory system

3. Indirect development

4. Constant body temperature

The correct answer is 4.

26. Fish determine the direction and speed of water movement, the distance to underwater objects, the depth of immersion with the help of an organ

4. Sideline

The correct answer is 4.

27. The shape of the body of tadpoles, the presence of a lateral line, gills, a two-chambered heart, one circle of blood circulation indicate the relationship of amphibians with

The correct answer is 4.

28. Mammals differ from other vertebrates in having

1. Nervous system

2. Five parts of the brain

3. Hairline

4. Sexual reproduction

The correct answer is 3.

The correct answer is 4.

30. You can recognize amphibians among vertebrates of other classes by

1. The presence of two pairs of limbs

2. Skin with bony scales covered with mucus

3. Dry skin with horny scales or scutes

4. Naked moist skin with a lot of glands

The correct answer is 4.

31. Complex forms of behavior due to the presence of the cerebral cortex are manifested in

The correct answer is 4.

32. An ordinary dolphin, plunging into the depths of the sea, consumes oxygen, which is contained in

2. Body cavities

3. Air bags

The correct answer is 1.

33. Which vertebrates in the process of evolution first developed a three-chambered heart and lungs?

They have a three-chambered heart, with an incomplete septum in the ventricle.

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reptiles

"Reptiles" - Reptiles. Sea leatherback turtle Giant turtle (length up to 2 m and weight up to 600 kg). Anaconda From the family of boas, reaches in length. Reptiles Similarities of reptiles with other animals Distinctive features of reptiles The most ancient reptiles Reptiles are giants.

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All about ventricular septal defect in newborns, children and adults

In this article, you will learn about the malformation of the heart in the form of a ventricular septal defect. What is this developmental disorder, when does it occur and how does it manifest itself. Features of diagnosis, treatment of the disease. How long do they live with such a vice.

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a violation of the integrity of the wall between the left and right ventricles of the heart, which occurred during the development of the embryo at a gestational age of 4–17 weeks.

Such a pathology in 20% of cases is combined with other malformations of the heart muscle (Fallot, complete opening of the atrioventricular canal, transposition of the main heart vessels).

With a septal defect, a message is formed in two of the four chambers of the heart muscle and blood is “dumped” from the left sections to the right (left-right shunt) due to higher pressure in this half of the heart.

Symptoms of a significant isolated defect begin to manifest themselves at 6–8 weeks of a child's life, when increased pressure in the pulmonary vascular system (physiologically for this period of life) normalizes and arterial blood reflux into the venous occurs.

Such an anomaly of blood flow gradually leads to the following pathological processes:

expansion of the cavities of the left atrium and ventricle with a significant thickening of the wall of the latter;
increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation system with the development of hypertension in them;
progressive increase in heart failure.

The window between the ventricles is a pathology that does not occur during a person's life, such a defect can develop only during pregnancy, therefore it is referred to as congenital heart defects.

In adults (people over 18 years of age), such a defect can persist throughout life, provided that the communication between the ventricles is small and (or) the treatment is effective. There is no difference in the clinical manifestations of the disease between children and adults, except for the stages of normal development.

The danger of defect depends on the size of the defect in the septum:

small and medium are almost never accompanied by a violation of the heart and lungs;
large ones can cause the death of a child from 0 to 18 years old, but more often fatal complications develop in infancy (children of the first year of life), if treatment is not carried out in time.

This pathology lends itself well to correction: some of the defects close spontaneously, others proceed without clinical manifestations of the disease. Large defects are successfully eliminated surgically after the preparatory stage of drug therapy.

Serious complications that can cause death usually develop with combined forms of heart failure (described above).

Pediatricians, pediatric cardiologists, and vascular surgeons are involved in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating patients with VSD.

How common is vice

Violations of the structure of the wall between the ventricles are the second most common among all heart defects. The defect is registered in 2-6 children per 1000 live births. Among babies born before term (premature) - in 4.5-7%.

If the technical equipment of the children's clinic allows ultrasound examination of all infants, then a violation of the integrity of the septum is recorded in 50 newborns for every 1000. Most of these defects are of small size, therefore they are not detected by other diagnostic methods and do not affect the development of the child.

Ventricular septal defect is the most common manifestation in violation of the number of genes in a child (chromosomal diseases): Down syndrome, Edwards, Patau, etc. But more than 95% of the defect is not combined with violations of the structure of chromosomes.

A defect in the integrity of the wall between the ventricles of the heart in 56% of cases is detected in girls and in 44% in boys.

Why does

Violation of the formation of the septum can occur for several reasons.

Diabetes mellitus with poorly controlled sugar levels

Phenylketonuria is a hereditary pathology of amino acid metabolism in the body.

Infections - rubella, chickenpox, syphilis, etc.

In case of twin birth

Teratogens are drugs that cause fetal harm

Classification

Depending on the localization of the window, several types of defect are distinguished:

Symptoms

A ventricular septal defect in a newborn (a child of the first 28 days of life) manifests itself only in the case of an extensive window or a combination with other defects, if not, the clinical symptoms of a significant defect occur only after 6–8 weeks. The severity depends on the volume of blood shunted from the left chambers of the heart to the right.

Small defect

There are no clinical manifestations.
Nutrition of the child, weight gain and development without deviations from the norm.

Moderate defect

Clinical manifestations in premature infants occur much earlier. Any infection of the respiratory system (nose, throat, trachea, lungs) accelerates the onset of symptoms of a heart problem due to an increase in venous blood pressure in the lungs and a decrease in their compliance:

moderate rapid breathing (tachypnea) - more than 40 per minute in infants;
participation in breathing of the auxiliary muscles (shoulder girdle);
sweating;
weakness during feeding, forcing to take rest breaks;
low monthly weight gain against the background of normal growth.

big defect

The same symptoms as with a moderate defect, but in a more pronounced form, in addition:

blue face and neck (central cyanosis) on the background of physical activity;
constant cyanotic coloration of the skin is a sign of a combined defect.

As the pressure in the pulmonary circulation system increases, manifestations of hypertension in the pulmonary circulation join:

Difficulty breathing with any exertion.
Pain in the chest.
Pre-fainting and fainting states.
Squatting down relieves the condition.

Diagnostics

It is impossible to identify a ventricular septal defect in children based only on clinical manifestations, given that complaints are not specific.

Physical data: external examination, palpation and listening

Enhanced apical thrust

Splitting the second tone

Rough systolic murmur to the left of the sternum

Rough systolic murmur in the lower third of the sternum on the left

There is a noticeable trembling of the chest during myocardial contraction

Moderate amplification of the second tone

Short systolic murmur or none at all

Pronounced accent of the second tone, palpable even with palpation

Abnormal third tone heard

Often there are wheezing in the lungs and an enlarged liver

Electrocardiography (ECG)

With progression of heart failure - thickening of the right ventricle

Thickening of the right atrium

Deviation of the electrical axis of the heart to the left

With severe pulmonary hypertension, there is no thickening of the left heart

Chest x-ray

Strengthening of the lung pattern in the central sections

Expansion of the pulmonary artery and left atrium

Enlargement of the right ventricle

When combined with pulmonary hypertension, the vascular pattern is weakened

Echocardiography (EchoCG) or ultrasonography (ultrasound) of the heart

Allows you to identify the presence, localization and size of VSD. The study gives clear signs of myocardial dysfunction based on:

the approximate level of pressure in the chambers of the muscles of the heart and pulmonary artery;
pressure difference between the ventricles;
the size of the cavities of the ventricles and atria;
the thickness of their walls;
volume of blood ejected by the heart during contraction.

The size of the defect is estimated in relation to the base of the aorta:

Cardiac catheterization

It is used only in complex diagnostic cases, it allows you to determine:

type of malformation;
the size of the window between the ventricles;
accurately assess the pressure in all cavities of the heart muscle and central vessels;
the degree of blood discharge;
expansion of cardiac chambers and their functional level.

Computed and magnetic tomography

These are highly sensitive research methods with great diagnostic value.
Allows you to completely eliminate the need for invasive diagnostic methods.
Based on the results, it is possible to build a three-dimensional reconstruction of the heart and blood vessels to select the optimal surgical tactics.
The high price and specificity of the study do not allow them to be carried out on a stream - diagnostics of this level are carried out only in specialized vascular centers.

Complications of vice

Pulmonary hypertension (Eisenmenger's syndrome) is the most severe of the complications. Changes in the vessels of the lungs cannot be cured. They lead to the reverse discharge of blood from the right to the left sections, which quickly manifests itself as symptoms of heart failure and leads to the death of patients.
Secondary aortic valve insufficiency - usually occurs in children older than two years and occurs in 5% of cases.
Significant narrowing of the output of the right ventricle is present in 7% of patients.
Infectious and inflammatory changes in the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis) - rarely occurs before the age of two years. Changes capture both ventricles, more often located in the defect area or on the tricuspid valve leaflets.
Blockage (embolism) of large arteries by bacterial thrombi against the background of an inflammatory process is a very common complication of endocarditis with a wall defect between the ventricles.

Treatment

A small VSD does not require treatment. Children develop in accordance with the norms and live a full life.

It is shown to carry out antibacterial prophylaxis of pathogens that can cause endocarditis, which can cause endocarditis, in the treatment of teeth or infectious diseases of the oral cavity and respiratory system.

Such a defect does not affect the quality of life, even if it does not close on its own. Adult patients should be aware of their pathology and warn medical personnel about the disease in any treatment for other diseases.

Children with moderate and large defects are observed by cardiologists throughout their lives. They are given treatment that compensates for the manifestations of the disease or, in the case of surgery, can get rid of the pathology. There are moderate restrictions on mobility and the risk of inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, but life expectancy is the same as in people without malformation.

Drug treatment

Indications: moderate to large defect in the septum between the ventricles.

diuretic drugs to reduce the load on the heart muscle (Furosemide, Spironolactone);
ACE inhibitors, which help the myocardium under conditions of increased stress, dilate blood vessels in the lungs and kidneys, and reduce pressure (Captopril);
cardiac glycosides that improve myocardial contractility and conduction of excitation along nerve fibers (Digoxin).

Drugs for ventricular septal defect

Surgery

Lack of effect from drug correction in the form of progression of heart failure with impaired development of the child.
Frequent infectious and inflammatory processes of the respiratory tract, especially the bronchi and lungs.
Large septal defect with increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation system, even without a decrease in heart function.
The presence of bacterial deposits (vegetations) on the internal elements of the heart chambers.
The first signs of disruption of the aortic valve (incomplete closure of the valves according to ultrasound).
The size of the muscle defect is more than 2 cm when it is located in the region of the apex of the heart.

Endovascular operations (minimally invasive, not requiring large operational access) - fixing a special patch or occluder in the defect area.

Cannot be used with large windows between the ventricles, as there is no room for fixation. Used for muscular type of defect.

Major surgeries involving transection of the sternum and connection of a heart-lung machine.

With a moderate size of the defect, two flaps are connected from the side of each ventricle, fixing them to the septal tissue.

A large defect is closed with one large patch of medical material.

A persistent increase in pressure in the blood flow system of the vessels of the lungs is a sign of the inoperability of the defect. In this case, patients are candidates for transplantation of the cardiopulmonary complex.

In case of development of aortic valve insufficiency or combination with other congenital disorders of the structure of the heart, simultaneous operations are performed. They include closure of the defect, valve replacement, correction of the origin of the main heart vessels.

The risk of death during surgical treatment in the first two months of life is 10-20%, and after 6 months - 1-2%. Therefore, they try to carry out any necessary surgical corrections of heart defects in the second half of the first year of life.

After the operation, especially endovascular, it is possible to reopen the defect. With repeated operations, the risk of fatal complications increases to 5%.

Forecast

Isolated VSDs lend themselves well to correction, subject to timely diagnosis, observation and necessary treatment.

In the muscular variant of the defect, if the defect is small or moderate in size, 80% of pathological messages close spontaneously during the first two years, another 10% may close at a later age. Large septal defects do not close, but are reduced in size, allowing surgery to be performed with less risk of complications.
Perimembranous defects close spontaneously in 35–40% of patients, while in some of them a septal aneurysm forms in the area of the former window.
The infundibular type of violation of the integrity of the septum between the ventricles cannot close itself. All defects of moderate and large diameter require surgical correction during the second half of the first year of a child's life.
Children with small defects do not require any therapy, but only observation in dynamics.

Antibacterial prophylaxis during dental procedures is indicated for all patients with this heart disease, due to the risk of developing inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

Restriction on the level of physical activity is indicated for any type of defect of moderate and large diameter before its spontaneous closure or surgical closure. After the operation, children are observed by a cardiologist and, in the absence of a recurrence, within one year they are allowed to do any kind of exercise.

The overall mortality in violation of the structure of the wall between the ventricles, including postoperative, is about 10%.

Congenital heart defects. What animals have a three-chambered heart? Who has a three-chambered heart without a septum

Additionally

Complication of the structure of the heart

Outgrowths in the ventricle of the heart as the beginning of the formation of a septum

The structure of the three-chambered frog heart

Scheme of the movement of blood in the heart of a frog

The circulatory system of lizards and other reptiles

Diagnosis of a three-chambered heart.

Tasks number 13 with explanations

They have a three-chambered heart, with an incomplete septum in the ventricle.

reptiles

All about ventricular septal defect in newborns, children and adults

How common is vice

Why does

Classification

Symptoms

Small defect

Moderate defect

big defect

Diagnostics

Physical data: external examination, palpation and listening

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Chest x-ray

Echocardiography (EchoCG) or ultrasonography (ultrasound) of the heart

Cardiac catheterization

Computed and magnetic tomography

Complications of vice

Treatment

Drug treatment

Surgery

Forecast

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