Traditions of English-speaking countries in English. Essay on the topic "customs and traditions of the English-speaking countries". Food Traditions in England

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Course work

ENGLISH WORLD
AND ITS CULTURAL DIVERSITY

5th year students of the correspondence department
Work manager:

Moscow - 2010
Table of contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………….….……. 3

Chapter I. Intercultural communication……………………………………………..4

Chapter II. Cultural diversity of the English-speaking world…………………9

2.1 Thanksgiving……………………………………………… …9

2. 2 Halloween………………………………….……………………… ..14

2.3 Christmas in England......................………………………………………17

2.4 Valentine's Day………………………………………….22

2.5 US Independence Day..………………………………………23

2.6 St. Patrick's Day……………………………………………….24

Conclusion………………………..…………………………………………... 39

References………………………………………………………… 41

INTRODUCTION

Approximately one third of the world's population speaks English. For some, it is native, for others, due to historical circumstances, it has become the second after the native. In the countries where the English language was introduced, it is distorted and transformed taking into account the new “living conditions” for it, “adapts” to local customs and traditions, taking on various dialect forms.
The relevance of this problem led to the choice of the topic of my course work "The English-speaking world and its cultural diversity".
Subject research is the English-speaking world. object research is the cultural diversity of English-speaking countries.
Target my research is to study and generalize knowledge about the most significant traditions and customs of the English-speaking world.
This goal is due tasks that I need to solve during the research:
– to study the development of intercultural communication;
– identify the most significant customs and traditions of English-speaking countries.
In solving these problems, I used the following research methods: study and analysis of special literature, generalization of knowledge on the topic.
The theoretical basis of the study is the works of Vereshchagin E.M., Ter-Minasova S.G. ; Pinyagina Yu.N. ,. Satinova V.M. .
The work contains 33 pages, consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.

CHAPTER I. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Every conversation with a foreigner is a crossroads of cultures, it is a practice of intercultural communication, because every foreign word reflects a foreign world and a foreign culture: behind every word there is an idea of ​​the world conditioned by the national consciousness.
Teaching people to communicate (orally and in writing), to teach them to arbitrarily create, and not just understand foreign speech is a difficult task, complicated by the fact that communication is not just a verbal process. Its effectiveness, in addition to knowledge of the language, depends on many factors: the conditions and culture of communication, the rules of etiquette, knowledge of non-verbal forms of expression (facial expressions, gestures), the presence of deep background knowledge, and much more.
Overcoming the language barrier is not enough to ensure effective communication between representatives of different cultures. To do this, you need to overcome the cultural barrier.
The cultural components that carry a nationally specific coloration include at least the following:
a) traditions (or stable elements of culture), as well as rituals defined as traditions in the "socio-normative" sphere of cultures (performing the function of unconscious familiarization with the normative requirements corresponding to the given system);
b) everyday culture, closely related to traditions, because of which it is often called traditional-everyday culture;
c) everyday behavior (habits of representatives of a certain culture, norms of communication accepted in a certain society), as well as the mimic and pantomimic nature associated with it, used by the carriers of a certain linguocultural part;
d) "national pictures of the world", reflecting the specifics of the perception of the surrounding world, the national characteristics of the thinking of representatives of a particular culture;
e) artistic culture, reflecting the cultural traditions of a particular ethnic group.
The native speaker of the national language and culture also has specific features. In intercultural communication, it is necessary to recognize the features of the national character of the communicants, the system of their emotional make-up, and national-specific features of thinking.
Thus, we are already talking about the need for a deeper integral study of the world (not the language, but the world) of native speakers, their culture in the broad ethnographic sense of the word, their way of life, national character, mentality, etc., because the real use words in speech, the actual speech reproduction is largely determined by the knowledge of the social and cultural life of the speech community speaking the given language. National structures are based on socio-cultural structures.
The meaning of words and the rules of grammar are clearly not enough to actively use the language as a means of communication. It is necessary to know as deeply as possible the world of the language being studied.
In other words, in addition to the meanings of words and grammar rules, you need to know when to say / write, how, to whom, with whom, where; as a given meaning/concept, a given subject of thought lives in the real world of the language being studied. .This term-concept - the world of the language being studied -borrowed by many educational institutions in Russia.
E. M. Vereshchagin and V. G. Kostomarov, the fathers of linguistic and regional studies of Russia, formulated this most important aspect as follows: “Two national cultures never completely coincide, this follows from the fact that each consists of national and international elements. The sets of incoming (international) and diverging (national) units for each pair of compared cultures will be different ... ".
The world of the language being studied is focused on the study of a set of extralinguistic facts (in contrast to the two previous concepts), that is, those sociocultural structures and units that underlie linguistic structures and units and are reflected in these latter.
In other words, the basis of the scientific discipline "the world of the studied language" is the study of the socio-cultural picture of the world, which is reflected in the linguistic picture of the world.
The picture of the world surrounding native speakers is not just reflected in the language, it also forms the language and its native speaker, and determines the features of speech usage. That is why without knowledge of the world of the language being studied, it is impossible to study the language as a means of communication. It can also be used as a piggy bank, a way of storing and transmitting culture, that is, as a dead language.
This conflict manifests itself at different levels. Studying it is very important, especially when these are difficulties hidden from the participants of communication. It manifests itself most clearly in vocabulary, since it is this part of the language that, through its lexical meaning, has a direct and immediate exit into the real world, into extralinguistic reality.
Having learned a new foreign word, the equivalent of a native one, one should be very careful with its use: behind the word is a concept, behind the concept is an object or phenomenon of the reality of the world, and this is the world of another country, foreign, alien, alien. Pay attention to the word use: it is in the process of speech production, that is, in the implementation of active skills in using the language (speaking, writing), that the problem of the cultural barrier, the cultural component, the presence of cultural background knowledge about the world of the language being studied is especially acute in order not only to learn, to recognize the meaning of the word in a text produced by someone, and to produce this text yourself, it is important to know not only the actual meaning of the word, but also as much as possible about what is behind the word, about the subject-concept (thing meant), about its functions in that world, where this language is used as a verbal means of communication.
All differences between languages ​​and cultures are revealed when they are compared. However, at the level of the linguistic picture of the world, these differences are not seen and the words of different languages ​​look deceptively equivalent. We emphasize once again that all these problems are revealed only in a comparative study of at least two languages ​​(respectively, cultures) - foreign and native.
Consider two main reasons that complicate communication in general, and in a foreign language in particular. Each word of each language has its own, inherent only in this language compatibility reserve. In other words, it is “friendly” and combined with some words and “not friendly” and, accordingly, not combined with others. Why victory can only be won, and defeat - endure; why you can play a role in Russian , meaning- to have, and conclusions, compliments - do ? Why is the English verb to pay , meaning "to pay" is supposed to be combined with such incompatible words, from the point of view of the Russian language, as attention - attention. Why do Russian combinations of strong tea, heavy rain in English sound like “strong tea” (strong tea), “heavy rain” (heavy rain).
There is only one answer: each word has its own lexical and phraseological compatibility, or valency. It is national (and not universal) in the sense that it is inherent only to this particular word in this particular language. This specificity becomes apparent only when comparing languages, just as a native culture is revealed in a collision with a foreign one. Therefore, native speakers do not see these main problems: they don’t even come to mind,that in some language tea can be strong and compliments pay. That is why, when learning a foreign language, you need to memorize wordsnot separately, according to their meanings, but in the natural, most stable combinations inherent in a given language.

CHAPTER II. CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE ENGLISH WORLD

English-speaking countries are such as Great Britain, Ireland, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Consider those traditions that are known throughout the world.

2.1 Thanksgiving

There is no more American holiday than Thanksgivings Day. There is no less political holiday than Thanksgiving. The very idea of ​​celebrating autumn and the end of the harvest dates back to the deepest antiquity, but for Americans these days are also directly connected with the history of the development of new lands, although it is also celebrated in Canada, however, on the second Monday of October.
On December 26, 1620, after a two-month voyage to the shores of Massachusetts, the ship Mayflower landed at Cape Cod. Most of the passengers belonged to the persecuted sect of the Puritans in England. The newly-minted pilgrims embarked on such a dangerous journey in the hope of founding a colony in the New World, where they could finally find the freedom they longed for.
At the end of the voyage, before leaving for uncharted land, the ship's passengers - the new settlers - signed a document known as the Mayflower Agreement, to which American historiography attaches momentous significance as the beginning of constitutional self-government, the basis of American life and the manifestation of the inner freedom of the spirit, which brought with them religious dissidents, oppositionists who challenged the medieval fanatical old Europe.
The Pilgrims faced incredible hardships. The first winter they had to endure on Novaya Zemlya was severe and cruel, out of 102 settlers, only 56 survived.
And on April 1 of the following year, a significant event occurred. To the Plymouth settlement, as it was then called, came out two Indians - Samoset (Samoset) and Squanto (Squanto). Squanto from the Patuxet tribe was an unusual Indian - about ten years ago he was forcibly taken to England, returned in 1614, but was soon kidnapped again and taken to Spain. At the end of 1619, he returned to his homeland again, however, he did not find his tribe - most likely, his relatives died out from infections brought by the conquerors. He nailed to another tribe, and when a small colony settled on the shores of America, he convinced his fellow tribesmen to make peace with the pilgrims. He already knew the world of Europe and understood that the future belongs to European civilization, and by fighting with the settlers, the natives can only achieve their own death.
So, April 1, 1621. Samoset and Squanto informed the Plymouth colonists of the arrival of Massasoit, the leader of the Wampanoag tribes that lived in what is now the states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. A peace treaty and a military alliance were concluded with him.
And Squanto became not just a friend and translator of the Plymouth colonists, but their guardian angel. He taught the pilgrims small but vital "tricks" of life on the new earth. For example, he learned how to grow corn in hilly conditions, using fish as fertilizer, how to catch wild turkeys, taught how to grow tobacco, beans and pumpkins, distinguish edible plants from poisonous ones, showed springs with drinking water, hunting trails and fishing places.
Thanks to his help, the harvest in October was very plentiful, and the Plymouth people were able to stock up with enough food for the whole winter. They had plenty of corn, fruits and vegetables, dried fish and smoked meat.
But most importantly, Squanto was an intermediary in negotiations with neighboring Indian tribes, providing the colonists with their friendly attitude and help. We can say with absolute certainty that without his participation the first colony of Europeans would not have survived on the new earth.
And the governor of the pilgrims, William Bradford, established a Thanksgiving day for all the colonists and their good neighbors - the Indians. In addition to Samoset and Squanto, the leader of the tribe came to the celebration, and with him another 90 daredevils. For three days the drums rattled, and the salute from the guns was heard. But this day did not become the prototype of the modern holiday.
The second summer in the new place was not so successful, and the third turned out to be completely dry. Then Bradford appointed a day of fasting and prayer, and soon after it began to rain! To celebrate this wonderful event, Thanksgiving Day was established.
For a long time, the holiday was unofficial in New England. It wasn't until 1777 that the Continental Congress declared the official national celebration of Thanksgiving in December. George Washington in 1789 proclaimed this holiday a national event and, at the request of Congress, fixed the date - November 26, Thursday. In his interpretation, it was the Thanksgiving of the Americans of their constitution.
But Thanksgiving was made a full national holiday in 1863, during the Civil War, when President Abraham Lincoln announced that the fourth Thursday in November would henceforth be celebrated as Thanksgiving.
The final transfer of the holiday to the last Thursday of November happened in 1939, thanks to Roosevelt's decree. They say that he did it for purely economic reasons. After giving the ever-busy citizens of his country two extra days of rest, he correctly assumed that they would first of all go to stock up on gifts for Christmas. And four days of nationwide shopping will have a positive impact on the American treasury.
Thanksgiving Day is a family holiday, relatives and friends come from all over the country to sit at a common table filled with traditional treats. On the eve of all the airports in America are overcrowded, and the roads are clogged with cars. It seems that the whole country is on the move in order to catch up to the hearth, where generations meet, insults are forgotten and the best that happened in a year is remembered.
At the table and children. As long as they remember themselves, they also remember the leisurely generosity of Thanksgiving, its special peaceful spirit. After eating, one of the adults will definitely say: “What are we grateful for this year?” - and each will think about his own, and then in turn say: “I am grateful that ...”
The answers are impossible to predict. They can be serious or playful, practical or sentimental, with tears in their eyes or with an ironic smile. Probably, it is important not even what you say, but what you think about and how you respond to the question - with an open soul, as if being in an invisible temple for a second.
Every schoolchild here heard about the pilgrims who came to America almost four hundred years ago on the Mayflower ship. Having experienced troubles and hardships, they learned to appreciate simple pleasures. Therefore, a tasty and hearty lunch on this day is not just food, but also a special ritual, a symbol of worldly pleasures and connection with the earth that brings its fruits to people.
There is always someone to be thankful for. Do not complain, but rejoice. Do not grieve for the lost, but admire the gift. And believe in the best.
The American Thanksgiving has its own well-defined traditions: food (the must-have turkey, sweet potato yams with whipped flower sauce, cranberry sauce, spiced bread cubes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkin pie and gravy), two days off, more food, watching football games on TV, food again, local parades and more food. The week after Thanksgiving is celebrated by eating leftovers.
If someone is left without a festive dinner, then charitable organizations will invite him. The president himself will find time in his tight schedule and go that day to help feed the homeless, the poor and the elderly, laying generous portions on their plates. It is clear that they would have managed without his help, but this is also his role - to show the country an example of charity.
Another tradition is the solemn ceremony of pardoning the turkey. Harry Truman installed it over fifty years ago. In accordance with this tradition, at least one turkey must avoid the fate of being on the festive table. In the form of a half-jokingly-half-serious recognition of the role of the turkey, as well as the role of mercy, the American president, on the eve of the holiday, declares a pardon for a particular turkey, which is shown with him on television on the White House lawn. The President reads the decree and carefully strokes the alarmed bird. Later, she is sent to the zoo, where she lives until old age.
There are parades on Thanksgiving itself. The first parade walked along the western edge of Central Park in 1924, since then every year the procession has been sponsored by the shopping monster Macy's. The Christmas season begins with it, red SALE posters are hung out, shopping becomes hectic.
There is a procession along the autumn streets, but unlike European carnivals, not dolls of medieval characters are piled up above the crowd, but the many-meter-long dog Snoopy bursting with hot air, Garfield the cat, Piggy the pig and other characters of American history.
On that holy day - they were together, at the same table - the first colonists and the "last Mohicans". What they talked about, how they understood each other and what songs they sang - we can only guess ...
Depending on the class in which the lesson takes place, you can adjust the selection of information - in the 4th grade it should be more, partly in English, and in the second, respectively, in Russian, but, nevertheless, in any of the classes there should be the date of the holiday is stipulated, why it is celebrated, how long and characteristic traditions - food and parade.

2.2 Halloween

ancient celtic a holiday whose history began in the lands of modern Britain and northern France; noted in night from October 31 to November 1 . Also referred to as "eve all saints day ". Traditionally celebrated inEnglish speaking countries, although it is not an official weekend or public holiday. Since the end of the twentieth century, during the process Americanization and globalization the fashion for Halloween paraphernalia has also appeared in most non-English speaking countries West, including in the Russian Federation, CIS countries and Eastern Europe. Halloween is also celebrated informally in some other countries with close cultural ties to USA or the UK, for example, in Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand , in a number of island countries Oceania.
The Celtic calendar divided the year into two parts - dark, beginning in late October - early November (month samonios ) and light. The bright part began in March - April (month hyamonius ). The change of parts of the year, as well as months, occurred with the onset of the full moon. Also, along with the onset of the dark part of the year, on the first three nights of samonios, the Celts celebrated the new year. The change of the dark and light parts of the year in the spring was also celebrated with a holiday. Subsequently, the pronunciation changed according to the rules of pronunciation in the Gaelic languages, and by the beginning of our era the holiday began to be called Samhain , as well as the corresponding month. Thus, the modern holiday Halloween originates from the Celtic the ritual festival of Samhain assimilated by those who settled in BritainGermanic tribes(Angles, Saxons and Jutes ) after the 6th century AD. Halloween has become one of the main folk holidays inBritish Ireland. In the nineteenth century, waves of Irish emigration brought the holiday to USA , where it is marked with 1846.
Halloween has a very rich paraphernalia, interest in which is actively exploited by modern companies - manufacturers of goods for children (costumes, masks, sweets, jewelry, etc.).
One of the main attributes of the holiday isjack-o'-lantern» in the form of a head from a carved pumpkins with a lit candle or electric lighting inside.
The appearance of this symbol is most often associated with Irish legend about a person named Jack, an old farmer, gambler and strong drinks. He cheated twice devil , and after death did not get into paradise - because of his vicious life, nor in hell - since the devil, during Jack's lifetime, swore not to take his soul. He was doomed to wander the world with a pumpkin head with a smoldering ember inside it.
popular and different contour - linear illumination of modern industrial production: various lamps, especially consisting of small purple or orange lights. They decorate houses, fireplaces, wrap around bare trunks trees and shrubs, lighting fires at night. Cornices, balconies and entrances houses are also usually decorated with artificial cobwebs, spiders, bats, witches, owls, cats, witch brooms, etc.
A holiday symbol for many Irish people is a burning candle, which was traditionally placed on the eastern window and burned until the end of the holiday. This evening in families the legend of the bronze head is often recalled, which reflects the ancient Celtic custom of hunting for the heads of their enemies, with which they later decorated the tombs. AT USA Halloween candles are traditionally dyed orange, purple, pink or black colors and at the same timeflavored cinnamon or other spices with sharp sweet-spicy smell which is strongly associated with the holiday.
Suits for Halloween are based on the themes of witchcraft and its images in cinema and literature. Children, dressed in costumes and masks, go to beg for sweets from the homeowners, while saying the traditional phrase "Trick or Treat!"- "Trick or Treat!" Witch outfits are especially popular, mages, sorcerers, vampires, the dead , werewolves, ghosts, mermaids, various nocturnal animals ( cat, bat, wolf etc.) Parties, carnivals are held, accompanied by an ominous, cemetery music, howling wolves, hooting owls and other sounds recorded in audio
etc.................

1. There are a lot of holidays in USA, such as New Year's Eve, Valentine's Day, Easter, May Day, Halloween, etc.

There are many holidays in the United States such as New Year's Day, Valentine's Day, Easter, May Day, Halloween, etc.

2. Christmas is the most important public holiday in the US, and takes place on December 25 th . Christmas is the most important public holiday in the United States and is celebrated on December 25th.

3. People traditionally buy presents for their friends and family for Christmas.

People traditionally buy gifts for their friends and family at Christmas.

4. Before Christmas the shops are very busy. Many shops decorate their buildings with lights, Christmas trees. Before Christmas the shops are very busy. Many shops decorate their buildings with lights, Christmas trees.

5. People also send Christmas cards to their friends to say Merry Christmas. Christmas cards usually have pictures with Christmas trees, snowmen, Santa Claus.

People also send Christmas cards to their friends to wish them a Merry Christmas. On Christmas cards, there are usually pictures of Christmas trees, snowmen, Santa Claus.

6. Many people decorate their homes for Christmas. Most people buy Christmas trees. They put small lights and decorations on them.

Many people decorate their houses for Christmas. Most people buy Christmas trees.

7. In the US some people put small lights along the edges of their windows, the roof, and the main door of their houses.

In the United States, people hang small lights around the edges of their windows, on their rooftops, and at their front doors.

8. Some people in US decorate their front doors with a wreath, a circle made of green leaves. Some people in the United States decorate their front doors with a round wreath made from green leaves.

9. In the US, people eat Christmas cookies, special cookies that are baked at home. Traditional British food includes Christmas cake.

In the United States, people eat special Christmas cookies made at home. Traditional British food includes Christmas cake.

10. Children get very excited on Christmas Eve because they believe that Santa Claus will come down the chimney of their house in the night and put presents in the Christmas stocking trumpet their house at night and leave presents in a Christmas stocking

11. Christmas Day is a public holiday and people spend the day with their families.

Christmas is a public holiday and people spend the day with their families.

12. After Christmas Day in the US, many stores have special sales (a period of time when goods can be bought cheaper).

After Christmas in the US, many stores have special sales (the period when goods can be bought cheaper).

13. A lot of sports are played on Boxing Day, and many people watch sports on television.

Many sporting events take place on this day and many people watch them on TV.

20. Twelfth Night is twelve days after Christmas, and it is the day when people take down their decorations and remove their Christmas trees.

Twelfth Night is the twelve days after Christmas and is the day people take down the decorations and remove the Christmas trees.

IVANCHENKO ANNA ANDREEVNA EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF SECONDARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION: ''YALTA MEDICAL COLLEGE'' NURSING. COURSE 1. LEADER: QUEEN TATYANA BORISOVNA. CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES CONTENTS: 1.INTRODUCTION 2. THE USA -INDEPENDENCE DAY -HALLOWEEN -THANKSGIVING DAY -CHRISTMAS 3.SCOTLAND -FOOD AND DRINKS -THE DAY OF ST. DAVID -LOVESPOONS 4.CONCLUSION Introduction THE OBJECT OF MY WORK ARE THE CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES. AND I WANT TO SAY THAT THESE COUNTRIES ARE FULL OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. MANY TRADITIONS HAVE PASSED MANY CENTURIES, OTHERS HAVE APPEARED RELATIVELY RECENTLY. THE PURPOSE OF MY WORK IS TO STUDY THE GENERALIZED EXPERIENCE OF LIFE AND TRADITIONS OF THE ENGLISHSPEAKING COUNTRIES. Independence Day On the 4th of July the Americans celebrate their national holidayindependence Day. The United States gained independence in the gradual and painful process On this day Americans have holiday from work. People have day-long picnics with favorite foods like hot dogs, ham-burgers, potato salad, baked beans. Lively music is heard everywhere. PEOPLE PLAY BASEBALL OR COMPETE AT THREE LEGGED RACES OR PIE-EATING OR WATER-MELONEATING CONTESTS. SOME CITIES HAVE PARADES WITH PEOPLE DRESSED AS THE ORIGINAL FOUNDING FATHERS WHO MARCH TO THE MUSIC OF HIGH SCHOOL BANDS. IN THE EVENING PEOPLE GATHER TO WATCH FIREWORK DISPLAYS. HALLOWEEN HALLOWEEN IS A FESTIVAL THAT TAKES PLACE ON OCTOBER 31. IN THE UNITED STATES CHILDREN WEAR COSTUMES AND MASKS AND GO TRICK-OR-TREATING. MANY OF THEM CARVE JACK-O"-LANTENS OUT OF PUMPKINS. FORTUNETELLING AND STORYTELLING ABOUT GHOSTS AND WITCHES ARE POPULAR ACTIVITIES. HALLOWEEN DEVELOPED FROM NEW YEAR FESTIVALS AND FESTIVALS OF THE DEAD. CHRISTIAN CHURCH ESTABLISHED A FESTIVAL ON NOVEMBER 1 CALLED DAY" ALL SAINTS SO THAT PEOPLE COULD CONTINUE TO CELEBRATE THEIR FESTIVALS. PEOPLE ONCE BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE MANY GHOSTS AND WITCHES ON THE EARTH AND THAT THEY MET ON OCTOBER 31 TO WORSHIP THE DEVIL. TODAY, PEOPLE DO NOT BELIEVE IN GHOSTS AND WITCHES BUT THEY LIKE TO TELL STORIES ABOUT THEM ON HALLOWEEN. THANKSGIVING DAY THERE IS ONE DAY A YEAR WHEN ALL AMERICANS STAY HOME WITH THEIR FAMILIES AND EAT A BIG DINNER. THIS IS THANKSGIVING DAY. THE PILGRIMS CELEBRATED THE FIRST THANKSGIVING DAY IN THE FALL OF 1621. THE PILGRIMS SAILED TO AMERICA ON BOARD THE "MAYFLOWER" SHIP FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. THEY WERE AMONG THE FIRST EUROPEAN SETTLERS IN AMERICA. THERE WERE PEOPLE LIVING IN AMERICA BEFORE THE PILGRIMS ARRIVED. THESE PEOPLE WERE THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS. AMERICANS STILL CELEBRATE THANKSGIVING DAY IN THE FALL. IT IS CELEBRATED ON THE FOURTH THURSDAY IN NOVEMBER. TURKEY IS STILL THE MAIN DISH AND PUMPKIN PIE IS THE MOST POPULAR DESSERT. CHRISTMAS CHRISTMAS IS CHRISTIAN HOLIDAY THAT CELEBRATES THE BIRTH OF JESUS ​​CHRIST. FOR MILLIONS OF CHRISTIANS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD IT IS THE HAPPIEST AND THE BUSIEST TIME OF THE YEAR. NO ONE KNOWS THE EXACT DATE OF CHRIST "S BIRTH BUT MOST CHRISTIANS CELEBRATE CHRISTMAS ON DECEMBER 25. THE WORD CHRISTMAS COMES FROM CHRISTES MASSE, AN EARLY ENGLISH PHRASE THAT MEANS MASS OF CHRIST. SCOTLAND FOOD AND DRINKS WHAT IS THE FOOD OF SCOTLAND TO OFFER THE STRANGER? SCOTLAND PRODUCES NUMBER OF DISHES: SCOTS MEATBALLS SAVORY DISH IS POPULARLY KNOWN AS "MINCE", SMALL MUTTON PIES WHICH MUST BE SERVED PIPING HOT AND THE IMMORTAL HAGGIS. THE DAY OF ST. DAVID (MARCH 1) ST. DAVID'S DAY. MARCH 1ST IS A VERY IMPORTANT DAY FOR WELSH PEOPLE. IT'S ST. DAVID'S DAY. HE IS THE “PATRON" OR NATIONAL SAINT OF WALES. ON MARCH 1ST, THE WELSH CELEBRATE ST. DAVID'S DAY AND WEAR DAFFODILS IN THE BUTTONHOLES OF THEIR COATS OR JACKETS. MAY DAY. MAY 1ST WAS AN IMPORTANT DAY IN THE MIDDLE AGES, THE CELEBRATION OF SUMMER'S BEGINNING. FOR THAT DAY PEOPLE DECORATED HOUSES AND STREETS WITH BRANCHES OF TREES AND FLOWERS. IN THE VERY EARLY MORNING YOUNG GIRLS WENT TO THE FIELDS AND WASHED THEIR FACES WITH DEW . THEY BELIEVED THIS MADE THEM BEAUTIFUL FOR A YEAR AFTER THAT. LOVESPOONS The lovespoon is a traditional craft that dates back to the seventeenth century. Over generations, decorative carvings were added to the spoon and it lost its original practical use and became a treasured decorative item to be hung on a wall. The lovespoon was given to a young woman by her suitor. It was important for the girl's father to see that the young man was capable of providing for the family and woodworking. Sailors would often carve lovespoons during their long journeys, which is why anchors would often be incorporated into the carvings. CONCLUSION AT THE WHAT IS STRIKING IS THAT FOR MANY CENTURIES, THEY WERE ABLE TO SURVIVE, TO SURVIVE AND TO REMAIN RELEVANT IN THE MODERN WORLD OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY LIST OF USED LITERATURE: 1. N KOSHCHEEVA.E. FOR THE ENGLISH READER PART II. OF THE ENGLISH NATIONAL TRADITION M. 1972. 2. PINYAGIN Yu.N. GREAT BRITAIN: HISTORY, CULTURE, LIFESTYLE. - PERM: PERM. UN-TA, 1996. - 296. 3. In SATINOV.M. READING AND TALKING ABOUT BRITAIN AND THE BRITs. MN.: VYSH. ShK., 1997. - 255C. 4. TRADITIONS, HABITS AND CUSTOMS. M.: INFRA-M 2001,. - 127C.

Scenario for the celebrationhalloween»

(6th grade)

The purpose of the lesson: familiarization with the culture of the people of the language being studied, broadening the horizons of students and increasing motivation for learning English.

Tasks:

Educational:

to give an idea of ​​the history and traditions of the UK associated with the holiday "Halloween";

Developing:

to promote the development of speaking skills (ability to communicate, explain, tell);

promote the development of teamwork skills;

to promote the development of students' creative abilities;

Educational:

to form a positive attitude towards the culture of the people of the language being studied;

continue the formation of cognitive interest in the subject and interest in foreign literature

Equipment

computer, multimedia projector, screen (for showing a presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint);

fillword (1 copy for each team), audition task (1-2 copies for each team);

a lantern made from a pumpkin (jack-o-lantern), picture tokens to indicate points.

1. Organizational stage

Students sit at their desks in teams (2 teams). The teacher greets the students, briefly talks about the objectives and course of the lesson.

Teacher: Hello students! I'm glad to see you. Today you will learn a lot about wonderful holiday Halloween and its history. You will have a group game, do different tasks and collect points for the right answers. In the end of the lesson the winners will light our jack-o-lantern.

2. Basic stage

1) Presentation(The teacher talks about the history and traditions of the Halloween holiday, the students watch the presentation, answer the teacher's questions)

2) Video(Watching a video with listening elements. Students sing a song about “Halloween”)

3) Right translation.

Teacher: The first competition will check your knowledge in Halloween’s expressions, words. (Students translate the words on the cards)

four) "Themostattentivestudent» (Students are given a picture with a list of items to find. The team that finds more items wins.

5) "Mysterious letters" -fillword

Teacher: You must find as many words as you can in this grid. There are 3 minutes for you to do the task.

6) Choosetherightanswers. (Students choose the correct answer)

1) When is Halloween celebration?

2) What are the special colors of Halloween?

a) purple and orange

b) white and orange

c) black and orange

3) What is a Jack-o-Lantern made of?

4) The festival of Halloween marks

a) the end of summer

b) the end of autumn

c) the end of winter

5) A witch flies on a

6) Who brought Halloween to America?

a) English immigrants

b) Irish immigrants

c) German immigrants

7) What aren't supernatural creatures?

8) What do children say when the knock at the door on Halloween?

a) Trick or Treat

b) Trick or Money

c) Trick or Beat

9) Which creatures around during Halloween?

10) What is potion?

a) a liquid with magic powers

b) a mixture of dried flowers

c) something to eat

7) Conclusion.(At the end, the team with the most points wins the right to light the Halloween symbol Jack-o-lanterns).

English Speaking Countries: Culture and Traditions

The word "culture" has various meanings. It often refers to music, literature, art, and higher education. It also means the customs of society and the way in which people interact with each other.

Every culture has certain basic ideas that one accepts for what is provided. They are fundamental things that one "knows" from his or her childhood, and which are automatic to people who live in that culture. They include everything from the general attentions and details of daily life to the deeper issues of a person's place in society, family, life and death.

When a person enters a new culture, the basic customs and ideas he or she automatically assumed may no longer be true. The individual faces a new set of customs and attitudes to try to understand. Let us explore some elements of English speaking culture and traditions.

The presentation there is very simple: You state your name, where you live and your occupation. In a formal situation, your first and last names are used. In a party or social setting, use your first name only. Men are introduced to women, young men to elders, old friends to newcomers, and young girls to the married. Usually women are not introduced to man.

Entering one says something like: "Mrs. Smith, may I represent Mr. Brown", and then turning to Ms. Smith simply says "Mrs. Smith". The usual response to an introduction is "How are you?" which is a kind of congratulations and not a question - very formal. You can say something less formal: "Nice to meet you," "I'm glad to meet you," or "Happy to meet you." If you don't know the person's name, say "Sir" to the person or "Madam" to the woman. If the lady's marital status is unknown, she should be referred to as madam. However, it would have been much more civilized to look into the person's name and say: "It's nice to meet you, Mrs. Brown." People usually shake hands firmly especially when formally introduced, but they don't always shake hands with people they see often.

Certain types of behavior are expected in English speaking countries. The American identity is very tied to home origins. Conversations between two Americans to meet abroad will usually include an early focus on home states or colleges, whereas this is unlikely with two English people (assuming they spoke to each other at all). Nicknames are much more commonly used in the US than in the UK.

People in both countries view time as an expensive object or "material. They talk about it in many different ways. They save it, waste it, waste it, kill it. They have free time, leisure, free time. They invest in it." and plan it carefully. Then never be late. It's not a tradition to drop in on acquaintances without asking. Be polite and friendly in public places. Phrases like "Excuse me" and "I'm sorry" are used much more often than in Russia. there are also very concerned about grooming.Daily showers and a set of fr.esh clothes is the norm.Never ask people their age.Smile and people will smile with you.

I will. OTBeTbTe na eonpocbi.

1. What are the two meanings of the word "culture"?

2. How do you address strangers?

3. Introduce yourself formally.

4. Introduce yourself informally.

5. What can a person do with his/her time?

6. Is it really necessary to make appointments in Russia? When it is necessary? When isn't it necessary?

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1. Rick would like to find... a really good job.

D. -

2. They didn't... a word about their plans.

A. to say.

B. conversation

C. talk

D. to say

3. I wonder when she ... tomorrow.

A. would arrive

B. will arrive

C. arrives

d. arrival

4. The bill is not... as I thought it would be.

A. so expensive

b. dear

C. so expensive

D. more expensive

5. No one... Julia to arrive so late.

A. expected

B. waiting for

C. wanted

D. waiting

6. If it is.. so late I would call you.

A. does not have

C. didn't have

7. Board... all my suggestions.

A. abandoned

B. switchable

C. refused

D. depressed

8. We traveled a lot... by train and by car.

D. ~

9. Modern English began... the fifteenth century.

10. Peter looked very excited....

A. Lately

B. the other day;.

D. next week

II I'm thirsty, I'd like some mineral water, but we don't have

A. some

D. anything

12. The manager told his secretary... at work.

a. no smoking

B. no smoking

C. do not smoke

D. no smoking

13. The meeting was cancelled. .. heavy snowfall.

A. As a result

D. because

14. Vikay asked Mom... while she was on the phone.
A. don't speak

B. don't speak

C. did not speak

D. don't speak

15. Ann went to England... she could improve her English

C. so that

16. I'm really interested in Economics.... Me.
A. So do

19. We have our English class... Monday morning.

20. If you. them in advance, they will arrive.

A. informed

b. inform

C. will report

D. would report.

flono/iHMTe/ibHbie toko™ /

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invitations

If you have a party, you can call your friends and invite them. You can also send a written invitation, which would be more of an official. Invitations can be written on special cards or spelled out. When sent by post, they must give the following information: date, time, place, kind of party, which party is for, and who is giving the party. R.S.V.P. meens that you ask those who will receive an invitation to call you or send you a message indicating whether they will or will not come. (R.S.V.P. - from French, meaning "Please answer").

The form of acceptance or regret depends on the form of the invitation received. If you want people to call, you must include your phone number.

Sometimes the invitation will determine the type of dress - formal or informal.

Formal:"Bow tie" means tuxedo for men,

"White tie" means full evening dress (tails) for men, evening dress for women.

Informal: a dark business suit for men and an elegant (cocktail) dress for women.

Random: every day dress.

Thank you notes are usually written to thank someone for a gift, or for letting you stay a few days in the house. Some thank you notes have a printed message and you can just sign your name. Others do not have a printed message allowing you to write your own.

Party Etiquette

1. When you receive an invitation give your "yes" or "no" answer quickly.

2. Never break an obligation without prior notice. If you are unable to do so, write or telephone to express your regret.

3. Do not arrive before the time indicated in the invitation. Try not to be late. Come on time.

4. Do not shake hands with the hostess if she does not give it.

5. Stand up when prompted. Ladies can stay put.

1. Show your appreciation of the hospitality offered.

7. When leaving the party, thank the host and hostess, say goodbye, but do not attract undue attention from other guests.

8. Don't get stuck. Do not violate the boundaries of the host's hospitality.

9. Don't push breakfast, especially strong drinks, on unwilling guests.
l0. The master and mistress must see that no one is neglected, that everyone

the guests are engaged in a conversation of a common nature that they all enjoy at the party.

11. Write thank you notes to thank someone for a gift or for letting you stay at the host's house for a few days.

Table Etiquette

1 Don't draw undue attention to yourself in public.

2, when eating, take as much as you want, but eat as much as you take.

3 do not eat too fast or too slow, do not champ when eating.

4 don't speak with your mouth full.

5 Take a little of each dish that is offered to you.

6 do not reach across the table. If something has on the other hand

table, say, "Please pass the salt?"

1. Don't start eating when everyone is being served unless the hostess says "Start food please, your food might catch a cold."

8. When refusing a dish, say "no, thank you."

9. When accepting a dish, say "yes, please." If you want more of the dish, say "can I have some more meat (fish, salad, pie, etc.)?"

10. Don't leave a spoon in your cup while drinking tea or coffee. Place it in a special stand or in a saucer.

11. Eat pies with forks, don't scoop.

2. Indicate that you have finished (have had enough) place knife

and the fork on the plate together, not crossed.
13. Don't wish each other "bon appetit."