Briefly, the role of the organization in society. The role of the firm in modern society. Organization is a system
If humanity associates the nineteenth century with the names of great personalities - Napoleon, Edison, Pushkin, then the twentieth century will most likely remain in our memory as the century of "superorganizations" that radically changed the material basis of human life. Indeed, in the 20th century, NASA and Glavkosmos paved the way for man into interplanetary space, IBM computerized first offices and then our apartments, Ford and General Motors turned the car from a luxury item into a mass means of transportation, KB im. Tupolev and Boeing made transatlantic flights as commonplace as a trip from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
Behind virtually every great achievement of the twentieth century is not a single genius, but the power of an organization. We do not remember the name of the inventor of the color television or microwave oven, but we know the names of the companies that produce them - Sony, Panasonic, Philips. The same can be said about cars, computers, mobile phones and a lot of other useful things that make life much easier for a modern person. This does not mean that the talent and experience of the individual have lost their significance in the life of society, they still underlie its development, but the material culture of this society has become so complex that further progress requires an enormous concentration of resources. Only within the framework of modern organizations, uniting and coordinating the efforts of hundreds and even thousands of talented and highly qualified people, it became possible to implement projects that the geniuses of the past could only dream of. The idea to build a tunnel under the English Channel arose many centuries ago, but it was realized only in 1994 by a group of French and British construction companies, Tsiolkovsky made ingenious calculations for the flight of a rocket back in 1894, and the first artificial satellite went into Earth orbit only in 1957, having absorbed the talent, knowledge and work of tens of thousands of people.
Organizations surround modern man throughout his life, in organizations - kindergartens, schools, institutes, institutions, clubs, parties - most of us spend the lion's share of our time. Organizations (called enterprises) create products and services, consuming which human society lives and develops;
Organizations (called state institutions) determine the order of life in society and control its observance; organizations (called public) are a means of expressing our views and interests. At the end of the 20th century, organization became a de facto universal form of social life. If the revolutions (spiritual and political) of the 19th century turned man from a patriarchal into a social being, then the revolutions of the present century, and above all the technological revolution, have made him a man of organization.
ORGANIZATION is a group of people who work together to achieve certain goals. The organizations are Moscow University, Polet LLP, which owns two kiosks near the Kursk railway station in Moscow, the Evropeiskaya hotel in St. Petersburg, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation, the party of beer lovers, KamAZ JSC, and the football veterans team. Despite the difference in the scales, spheres and activities of the above institutions, they have several common features:
Availability of activity goals;
The existence of stable relationships between members of the organization and the rules that determine the order of these relationships (organizational structure and culture);
Constant interaction with the environment (external) environment;
Use of resources to achieve organizational goals.
Both Moscow University and Polet LLP have goals that determine the nature and objectives of their activities: in the case of Moscow State University, this is training specialists and conducting scientific research, for Polet, it is maximizing return on invested capital. Both organizations use resources to achieve their goals: the university - the knowledge of professors and teachers, laboratories and classrooms, equipment; LLP - the labor of sellers and forwarders, funds for the purchase of goods. Each of the organizations has an internal structure that determines the relationship between its members: Moscow State University - a complex system of faculties, departments and research units, staffing tables; "Flight" - the director and two forwarders reporting to him, four sellers and a loader. In addition to the formal structure, each organization has its own culture, which determines the norms of behavior of its employees. Both a huge university and a microscopic LLP are not in a vacuum, they are constantly influenced by the state, competitors, consumers, etc.
2.
2.1.1. Lecture content
Lecture 1.2. Subject and objectives of the course. The place and role of the enterprise in society,
Topic 1. Subject and objectives of the course
1.1. course subject
The course "Economics and Enterprise Management" provides for the study of four disciplines in their harmonious dialectical connection:
Enterprise economy;
Marketing;
Control;
Organization of production.
The course consists of 5 sections.
Section 1. (Preparatory), which includes the following topics:
1. Subject and objectives of the course.
2. Place and role of the enterprise in society.
3. Essence, goals and objectives of management. Basic functions and organizational structures of management.
4. The role of costs in business.
5. Marketing approach to entrepreneurial activity.
Section 2. Product development. Preparation of production. Themes:
6. Scientific, technical and organizational preparation of production.
Section 3. Production. Themes:
7. Production process, types of production, production structure of the enterprise.
8. Organization of technical, material and labor support for production.
Section 4. Sales of products. Themes:
9. Marketing decisions on pricing.
10. Marketing decisions on the distribution of goods (services).
11. Promotion of goods (services).
Section 5. Management of the enterprise. Themes:
12. Management process.
13. Basic management methods.
14. Organization of enterprise management.
15. System for forecasting and planning the activities of the enterprise.
16. Methods of managing a firm in an unstable market.
17. Product quality assurance.
1.2. Course objectives
The study of the main areas of activity of industrial machine-building and instrument-making enterprises and the training of specialists - engineers to understand and make decisions in the field of organizing and managing the creation, production and marketing of products based on economic knowledge in relation to specific market conditions.
Topic 2. Place and role of an organization (firm) in society
2.1. The role of the organization (firm) in modern society
The concept of organization (firm)
From the point of view of law, an organization is an independent economic entity (carrying out this or that activity with the aim of realizing its results on the market) entity created in the manner prescribed by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for the production of products, performance of work and provision of services in order to meet public needs and receive arrived.
From the point of view of economics, the organization is (Figure 2.1):
business unit,
In which the factors of production are systematically and purposefully combined,
To through the manufacture and sale of products (works, services)
To ensure the achievement of the goals of this economic unit and its owner.
The role of the firm in modern society
Until the middle of the twentieth century. The approach of managers to the relationship between the firm and society was based on the following provisions:
"What's good for the company is good for society"
- "Business is business"
It is necessary to implement the principle of free enterprise (profit should be obtained with minimal restrictions on the part of society).
Rice. 2.1. Organization Model
This approach was also accepted by society. However, with the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution, the opinion prevailed that this lack of restrictions gives rise to serious social injustice. Society has introduced a number of restrictions: laws on child labor, minimum wages, labor protection, antitrust, etc.
At the same time, consumers began to make demands because of monopoly prices, counterfeit goods, unfavorable terms of purchase, dishonesty, collusion, political influence, pollution, and so on.
All this has led to a significant increase in control over the activities of firms.
At the same time, the firm is the "wealth generator" of society (Fig. 2.2):
Generates goods and purchasing power to purchase them,
Supports the expansion of social infrastructure and provides a return on capital,
Creates jobs in itself, suppliers, in the public sector,
Provides own growth.
At the same time, numerous connections are visible, and it is obvious that the success of the company depends on how they are regulated, who regulates and controls them and how.
Rice. 2.2. The role of the firm in society (the firm is a "wealth generator")
2.2. The production process is the basis of the company's activities
Production activity in a broad sense is the activity of a person, a team of people, the state, aimed at creating new material and other values.
The general system-technical model of the production process is shown in fig. 2.3.
Rice. 2.3. Manufacturing process model
As a rule, modern industrial production is very difficult. Its features are:
In the complex nature of the need to take into account economic, technical, political factors;
Complexity, both technical and organizational;
Close connection with the external environment of the enterprise;
Fast nomenclature update;
A sharp increase in the value of the personnel potential of enterprises.
The specific content of the management of production activities are, in particular:
Selection and justification of the production structure of the enterprise, its production capacity, specialization of workshops, organization of sites, jobs;
Determining the composition of the equipment, taking into account its technical and economic characteristics;
Organization of technical training and maintenance of production;
Determination and management of the personnel of the enterprise;
Selection and organization of production, based on the interests of market consumers;
Obtaining the necessary ratio of economic results (profit and costs) as a result of production;
Determination and organization of the rational movement of objects of labor, the rate of production and launch of the entire range of products;
Organization of material and technical supply of production, based on its uninterrupted functioning;
Organization of enterprise management;
Solving the problems of social development of the team.
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Personnel management of a modern organization Shekshnya Stanislav Vladimirovich
1.1. The role of the organization in the life of modern society. Organization concept
If humanity associates the nineteenth century with the names of great personalities - Napoleon, Edison, Pushkin, then the twentieth century will most likely remain in our memory as the century of "superorganizations" that radically changed the material basis of human life. Indeed, in the 20th century, NASA and Glavkosmos paved the way for man into interplanetary space, IBM computerized first offices and then our apartments, Ford and General Motors turned the car from a luxury item into a mass means of transportation, KB im. Tupolev and Boeing made transatlantic flights as commonplace as a trip from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
Behind virtually every great achievement of the twentieth century is not a single genius, but the power of an organization. We do not remember the name of the inventor of the color television or microwave oven, but we know the names of the companies that produce them - Sony, Panasonic, Philips. The same can be said about cars, computers, mobile phones and a lot of other useful things that make life much easier for a modern person. This does not mean that the talent and experience of the individual have lost their significance in the life of society, they still underlie its development, but the material culture of this society has become so complex that further progress requires an enormous concentration of resources. Only within the framework of modern organizations, uniting and coordinating the efforts of hundreds and even thousands of talented and highly qualified people, it became possible to implement projects that the geniuses of the past could only dream of. The idea to build a tunnel under the English Channel arose many centuries ago, but it was realized only in 1994 by a group of French and British construction companies, Tsiolkovsky made ingenious calculations for the flight of a rocket back in 1894, and the first artificial satellite went into Earth orbit only in 1957, having absorbed the talent, knowledge and work of tens of thousands of people.
Organizations surround modern man throughout his life, in organizations - kindergartens, schools, institutes, institutions, clubs, parties - most of us spend the lion's share of our time. Organizations (called enterprises) create products and services, consuming which human society lives and develops;
organizations (called state institutions) determine the order of life in society and control its observance; organizations (called public) are a means of expressing our views and interests. At the end of the 20th century, organization became a de facto universal form of social life. If the revolutions (spiritual and political) of the 19th century transformed man from a patriarchal being into a social one, then the revolutions of the present century, and above all the technological revolution, have made him person of the organization.
An organization is a group of people who work together to achieve specific goals. The organizations are Moscow University, Polet LLP, which owns two kiosks near the Kursk railway station in Moscow, the Evropeiskaya hotel in St. Petersburg, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation, the party of beer lovers, KamAZ JSC, and the football veterans team. Despite the difference in the scales, spheres and activities of the above institutions, they have several common features:
Availability of activity goals;
The existence of stable relationships between members of the organization and the rules that determine the order of these relationships (organizational structure and culture);
Constant interaction with the environment (external) environment;
Use of resources to achieve organizational goals.
Both Moscow University and Polet LLP have goals that determine the nature and objectives of their activities: in the case of Moscow State University, this is training specialists and conducting scientific research, for Polet, it is maximizing return on invested capital. Both organizations use resources to achieve their goals: the university - the knowledge of professors and teachers, laboratories and classrooms, equipment; LLP - the labor of sellers and forwarders, funds for the purchase of goods. Each of the organizations has an internal structure that determines the relationship between its members: Moscow State University - a complex system of faculties, departments and research units, staffing tables; "Flight" - the director and two forwarders reporting to him, four sellers and a loader. In addition to the formal structure, each organization has its own culture, which determines the norms of behavior of its employees. Both a huge university and a microscopic LLP are not in a vacuum, they are constantly influenced by the state, competitors, consumers, etc.
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The role of organizations in society is determined by the fact that, firstly, they are generators of resources, turning costs into values, and, secondly, they create benefits that are useful for society and contribute to the development of mankind. They take on an increasingly significant social role, becoming the central link in public life. After all, it is in organizations that resources and knowledge are collected and accumulated, the reasonable use of which helps to solve many chronic diseases of society associated with poverty, unemployment, homelessness, etc.
The social responsibility of an organization is its obligation not only to comply with the requirements of the laws of the economy, but also to assist in achieving long-term goals that benefit society. It is based on social norms of morality and ethics, which managers should be guided by when making decisions.
When people combine their efforts in order to obtain some results, the need for management immediately arises, and first of all, for the organization and coordination of their joint activities. This gives us a reason to consider the organization from the standpoint of managing it, i.e. as an object to be controlled.
The global and sharp turn in the history of the development of our country from socialist principles of economic management to a market-entrepreneurial economy also necessitated the development of a new management paradigm.
The economic reforms being carried out in the country are aimed at integrating the national economy of the Russian Federation into the world economy and occupying a worthy place in it, subject to two main conditions:
firstly, the reforms should be based on the principles and mechanisms adopted in the world economic community;
secondly, when carrying out reforms, the features of the previous development and the current state of the country's economy, national culture and behavioral characteristics of the population, the duration of the period of transformation and other factors and conditions that shape the development of the country should be taken into account.
In the system of views on the management of the economy in the transition period, the main provisions are the following.
Decentralization of the management system, not implying a complete rejection of state regulation of socio-economic processes occurring at the level of organizations and enterprises. The movement towards the market is a complex process, in which the state must be an indispensable and active participant, since the market is not able to solve many problems related to the needs of the whole society, the social unity of the country, fundamental scientific research, long-term programs, etc. The state should establish and protect the general rules for the functioning of the market, using such forms of intervention as legislation (including antimonopoly), state orders, licensing exports and imports, setting lending rates, various forms of stimulation and control of the rational use of natural resources. resources, etc. It is also entrusted with the task of filling non-market economic zones, which include: environmental security, socio-economic human rights (including consumer protection), income redistribution, elimination of structural and regional imbalances, development of effective international ny economic relations.
Performing these functions, the state regulates supply and demand at the macro level, without interfering and not limiting the action of the mechanism of self-regulation at the level of organizations between which commodity-money exchange is carried out. The shareholding of state bodies will change throughout the entire transition period - from significant at the beginning to a rational level at the end. The forms of state influence should also be different, which, as we move along the path to the market, will increasingly turn into “soft” regulatory instruments (tax, credit, depreciation, tariff policy, etc.).
Transition to a polycentric economic system to ensure a significant increase in the role of self-government at all levels. In the conditions of the Russian Federation, economic centers are increasingly moving to the level of regions, whose economic independence is growing. On the one hand, this leads to an increase in the number and complexity of tasks solved in the regions, on the other hand, it significantly simplifies the system of managing the national economy as a whole, reduces entropy (an element of chance) and contributes to the growth of the controllability of the Russian economy.
Installation on a combination of market and administrative methods of managing public sector enterprises. During the transitional period, the state sector of the economy is reduced due to the expansion of the sphere of market entrepreneurship and privatization. However, even at the end of the period, it will account for a significant part of the country's gross domestic product, and the importance of large and super-large enterprises for the economy will not decrease. The management of these enterprises should be based on a combination of market and administrative methods. The predominance of one or another group of methods depends on the status of enterprises in the economic system of the country.
The concept of managing non-state sector organizations as open, socially oriented systems, signifying a turn towards the market and the consumer. Each organization functioning in a market environment must independently resolve issues not only of the internal organization, but also of the entire set of relations with the external environment. Marketing research, expanding foreign economic relations, attracting foreign capital, establishing communications - this is not a complete list of those tasks that used to be outside the competence of organizations, but now are among the most important. Along with the economic function of the organization and perform a social role. The latter can be considered in two aspects: from the point of view of orientation towards the consumer and his requests, i.e. meeting the needs of society in goods and services produced by the enterprise; from the standpoint of solving the most important social problems of labor collectives and the environment of the organization.
Spheres of economy are subdivided into specialized branches.
An industry is a set of qualitatively homogeneous enterprises (organizations) characterized by unity:
Economic purpose of products;
Homogeneity of consumed raw materials;
The commonality of the technological process and technical base;
Special professional staff;
Specific working conditions and performing a general (specific) function in the national economy.
When determining the industry affiliation of an enterprise, it is considered as a single whole, attributed to a particular industry, based on the type of activity that is predominant at the time of registration. Branch division is the result of the development of the social division of labor.
The economy of any country is a complex economic mechanism, the various elements of which interact with each other and determine the mutual development of each other. It represents a huge number of economic entities (enterprises, firms, organizations) that create a variety of goods and services.
The enterprise is a structural link in the economy as a whole.
An enterprise is an institution in the form of a factory, mine, farm, or store that performs one or more specific functions of producing and distributing a variety of goods and services.
The enterprise acts as a commodity producer, therefore, it solves a number of interrelated tasks:
Receiving a profit;
Providing consumers with products;
Fulfillment of their obligations to the state;
Compliance with standards;
Regulations.
An enterprise is an economic unit, a legal entity. The company is economically independent and separate. The enterprise has a specific owner, which can be:
Individual owner;
A group of individuals (partnership members, shareholders, etc.);
Organizations (unions, associations, foundations);
State and municipality.
Enterprises occupy a special place in the system of the national economy. The enterprise is the primary structural element of the national economic complex of Russia. The national economic complex has specific sectoral, regional, reproductive and other structural characteristics. Entrepreneurship is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at the systematic receipt of profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law. Entrepreneurs create a sector of enterprises in a market economy. The enterprises that form the basis of this sector are independent economic units of different forms of ownership, which have combined economic resources for the implementation of commercial activities. Commercial activities are understood as activities for the production of goods and the provision of services for third parties, individuals and legal entities, which should bring commercial benefits to the enterprise, namely profit.
The enterprise is an independent economic entity, with the right of a legal entity, created in the manner prescribed by law, for the production of products, performance of work and provision of services in order to meet public needs and make a profit.
The enterprise as the main link in the economy is characterized by:
Commonality of production processes, technologies, capital;
Solving the main economic problem at the enterprise level;
The unity of the organization of labor, production and management.
An enterprise, as a production, technical, economic, organizational and social system, is characterized by the following features:
The enterprise manufactures products, performs works, services that form the material basis of human life and society as a whole. The standard of living of people and the welfare of society depend on what products an enterprise produces, what costs it incurs for its manufacture;
An enterprise is a form of organization of the life of each person and society as a whole. Here the worker realizes his creative potential and contributes to public law.
The enterprise acts as the main subject of economic relations that develop between different areas in the process of production and sale of products.
An enterprise is not only an economic, but also a social organization; its basis is a person or a labor collective.
At enterprises, the interests of society, the owner, the collective and the employee are intertwined, contradictions between them arise and are resolved;
The enterprise, carrying out production and economic activities, has an impact on the natural environment, determining the state of the human habitat.
Commercial enterprises have the rights of legal entities, they have separate property in ownership, economic management or operational management and are liable for their obligations with this property, they can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights on their own behalf, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and defendant in court.
The main features of a legal entity are:
Property isolation (the presence of separate property provides the material and technical possibility of the enterprise functioning, its economic independence and reliability).
Independent property liability (the ability to answer with your property for the obligations that arise for the enterprise in relations with creditors, including the budget);
Independent performance in economic circulation on your own behalf (the ability to conclude all types of civil law contracts with business partners).
Organizational unity (the right to be a plaintiff and defendant in court; must have an independent balance or estimate; must have its own name).
In a commercial enterprise, there are certain functions:
Planning and development of strategic, current and operational plans;
Organization of production and economic activities (technical processes, production, material and technical means, working and financial resources, labor and wages);
Ensuring employment of the population;
Scientific and production function;
Ensuring financial stability.
A business enterprise has the following tasks:
Production of competitive high-quality products;
Rational use of material and technical, labor, financial and other resources;
Creation of a highly professional team capable of implementing innovative processes;
Ensuring the efficiency (profitability) of production at minimal cost;
Carrying out the pricing policy of the enterprise.
The goal of the enterprise is the excess of results over costs, i.e. achieving the greatest possible profit and profitability at minimal cost. The role of a commercial enterprise is manifested in the following:
At the enterprise level, the main economic tasks of society are solved (what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce);
The economic situation in the country as a whole depends on the results of the enterprise;
The enterprise creates jobs, providing employment for the population;
The quality of products, goods, services, satisfaction of the needs of the population depends on the activities of the enterprise;
The enterprise forms budgets of various levels and off-budget funds through the tax system;
The enterprise, carrying out foreign economic activity, forms the currency resources of the country;
The enterprise, using the received net profit, provides social development of the labor collective.
A commercial enterprise can be created in various organizational and legal forms specified in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.