Abstract of the lesson of the circle “Snow, ice and their properties. Why is the snow white, crunchy and creaking underfoot? Snow is white and ice is clear

When thinking about winter, a snow-white cover always appears in the imagination, enveloping everything around, and rarely does anyone think about why it is white.

Droplets of water in the atmosphere, at sub-zero temperatures, freeze and turn into ice, falling to the ground in the form of snow. Ice is water in a solid state, it is transparent in itself. Then why is snow white?

Snowflakes also have no color, but if you look at them through a magnifying glass, you can see that they look like crystals, resembling a regular hexagon with edges in their shape. During a snowfall, it is the edges of the snowflakes that reflect the light rays that give the snow its usual white color.

On the ground, snow cover is a cluster of snowflakes located very tightly to each other in a chaotic manner. Together they reflect light with greater force, so even at night, when the surface is not illuminated by the sun, we see snow as white. The source of light rays at night are the moon, stars, lanterns.

However, the reason for the "whiteness" of the snow cover lies not only in the ability of the faces of ice crystals to reflect the light falling on them, but also in the purity of their surface. The bottom line is that no snowflake can be perfectly transparent. In the atmosphere, water droplets mix with various particles (dust, industrial emissions and other pollutants) that are able to absorb unreflected light rays.

Why does snow glitter?

In this case, the well-known law applies: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Billions of microcrystals, having the shape of a regular hexagon, absorb the sun's rays, refract them, and then reflect in different directions and at different angles, like "sunbeams". Therefore, we see how snowflakes sparkle and shimmer in the sun.

Why do snowflakes crunch and creak underfoot?

Walking through the snow, you can often hear a crunch or creak under your feet. Such a sound is obtained because the crystals of snowflakes rub against each other under mechanical pressure and break. However, this phenomenon can not always be observed, but only at a certain air temperature.

The fact is that snow creaks only at temperatures from 2 to 20 degrees below zero, and in different temperature ranges, creaking and crunching are accompanied by a special sound. This is explained by the fact that in severe frost, the crystals of snowflakes become denser and stronger, and at temperatures of 0 ° C and above, the snow cover loses its strength and begins to melt.


In fact, even the break of one small snowflake is accompanied by sound. But this sound is so weak that the human hearing organs simply do not perceive it. While trillions of snowflakes are breaking, the sound becomes much stronger and a person can clearly hear the characteristic crackling of snow.

When a Russian person is asked to imagine winter, the first thing he sees in his imagination is snow, a snow-white cover that has enveloped everything around. We are so used to the color of snow that we don’t even think about why snow is white.

Why is snow white

All the colors we perceive are dependent on the rays of the sun. Black objects completely absorb sunlight, and therefore are perceived by us as black. And if the object completely reflects a ray of the sun, then the color will appear white to us.

What is snow, exactly? This is frozen water, hexagonal pieces of ice. Water and ice are colorless. Why is snow white then? The ice remains colorless, as it passes the entire sunbeam through itself. And each snowflake would pass all the light through itself and would also have no color. But snowflakes usually fall on top of each other in erratic motion. And already together they become opaque, but white.

To understand why snow is white, why it reflects the rays of the sun, we need to look at the composition of snow. Snow is formed from snowflakes, and snowflakes are formed from a huge number of crystals. These crystals are not smooth, but with edges. This is the answer to our question why snow is white. It is from the edges that sunlight is reflected.

The water in the atmosphere is steam, it freezes and transparent crystals form. From the movement of air, the crystals move freely up and down. In this chaotic movement, the crystals are connected to each other. And when at last too many crystals gather together, then they begin to fall to the ground already in the form of snowflakes familiar to us.

It turns out that the color of snow is white, because the light of the sun that it reflects is also white. Think if a ray of the sun turned green or yellow, then the color of the snow would be the same. Surely, many have noticed that during sunrise or sunset, it seems to us that the rays of the sun become pinkish, and the snow at this moment seems pink to us.

Is there a different color of snow

Who can give an affirmative answer to this absurd question?! Don't dismiss this idea right away. In fact, it also happened that colored snow fell. For example, once Charles Darwin described one such case. It happened during one of his expeditions. Looking at the hooves of the mules, C. Darwin saw that they were covered with red spots. It happened when the mules walked through the fallen snow. It turned out that the red snow was formed from the presence of red pollen in the air at the time when the snow began to fall.

Our Ksyusha became a little bitch. And mom and dad became walking mini-encyclopedias. Therefore, we decided to help parents of the same why children create a new section “” and publish answers to the most common children's questions in it. We will try to adapt all the answers as much as possible for preschool children, so that it is easier for parents to explain the complex laws of nature to them.

It's winter now and that's why, of course, questions about why are in the TOP of why girls :) That's why we publish our answers to the snowiest questions.

What is snow?

Snowflakes are formed in the same way as raindrops: water evaporates from the seas and oceans and rises to the sky, where it cools down and collects into droplets. When it is very cold, water droplets freeze into ice crystals. They fall to the ground in the form of snow. The melted snow evaporates or flows into streams, from where it begins its journey to heaven again.

Why is snow white?

If snowflakes and droplets are of the same nature, then why are droplets transparent and snowflakes white? The fact is that each individual snowflake is transparent in itself, but together they fall to the ground in a chaotic manner and form a loose mass. Snowflakes lie to each other at different angles. Sunlight is reflected first in one snowflake, then in another, and so on, until it is directed back. It turns out that the snow completely reflects the sunlight, and since the rays of the sun are white, the snow is also white. If the rays of our Sun were yellow and red, then the snow would also be yellow or red. At sunset or sunrise, when we see the pink rays of the sun, the snow also turns pink.

Why do snow and ice melt from salt?

Snow and ice are water that freezes (becomes solid) at 0 degrees Celsius. If you add salt to water, you get a brine solution that freezes at temperatures below 0. If you sprinkle salt on ice or snow, we will make them melt, since salt dissolves in water and lowers its freezing point.

First, the ice around the salt crystal will melt, and then the melting process will spread further from this point.

Which snow melts faster?

Dirty snow melts faster because:

  1. There are also salts in the mud, which speed up the process of snow melting.
  2. The mud is usually dark, which means that it absorbs the sun's rays and as a result heats up quickly, warming the snow with it.

Can you eat snow?

Snow tends to collect dust on itself. City dust, in addition to the usual natural dirt and bacteria, contains a lot of heavy metals and other toxic substances that are very dangerous for humans. By eating snow, a person absorbs all these toxic substances and exposes his life to the danger of poisoning.

High in the mountains, pure snow falls without dangerous impurities, but such water is also not good for the body, since it lacks the most important salts that are usually found in drinking water. There is only one conclusion: eating snow is not only unhealthy, but also dangerous to health.

Are there identical snowflakes in the world?

More than a hundred years ago, when the first cameras first appeared, one man, nicknamed “Snezhika”, decided to photograph snowflakes under a microscope. He took 5,000 shots, but not a single pattern of snowflakes was repeated. Many years have passed, and scientists are still arguing: are there identical snowflakes. They even created 2 twin snowflakes in their lab, but that still didn't end their argument. Starting another study, scientists came to the conclusion that snowflakes can differ not only in the external pattern, but also in the internal structure. This means that even if the snowflakes are the same externally, then most likely their internal structure is still different.

When examining a single snowflake closely, you can see that it is transparent. But snow, which consists of thousands and thousands of transparent snowflakes, is white. How does it work?

This is because light has different wavelengths. Each wavelength has its own color. The distribution of colors by wavelength can be seen in the picture below.

Some materials can absorb waves of a certain wave, while others reflect them. That is why objects have different colors. For example, some materials reflect short wavelengths of blue, but longer wavelengths are absorbed, so we see a blue object. Other materials are red because they only reflect the wavelength characteristic of red. A material that reflects all waves incident on it will appear white, while a material that absorbs all waves will appear black.

Snow, as you know, is frozen water. If you look at water, you can see that it is transparent, which means that light waves pass through it. Therefore, it is not surprising that the snowflake is also transparent. If you pass a beam of light through one snowflake, it will not be reflected, but, having passed through the smallest ice crystals, it will be refracted at an angle. No wonder they say: “no two snowflakes are the same”, because they all have a diverse and unique shape. When a beam hits another snowflake, it will again be refracted at some angle, then another and another, and so on until it hits our retina, and our brain interprets the information received as white.

Freshly fallen snow that does not contain impurities refracts light waves until they are reflected back, which is why it appears completely white. But sometimes even on pure snow you can notice some bluish tint. In this case, everything depends on the density of the fallen snow (if we exclude the presence of impurities). If it is sufficiently loose, then long light waves penetrate it a little deeper, while short, predominantly blue, remain on the surface. We just observe them.

Illustration: depositphotos.com

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I cherish the snow in my hands and warm it with my breath.
Look, my snowball has turned into a stream!
Ah, stay out of the way! He is in a hurry to find spring!
Galina Mikhailovna Novitskaya
Galina Mikhailovna Novitskaya(1933-2000) - Soviet poetess, prose writer, translator.
Most of the work of Galina Novitskaya is poetry for children,
in which the poetess created a unique atmosphere of beauty and fragility of the world.

CHEST OF INTEREST: SNOW
Physics around us

This year, the winter in Kursk dragged on - it doesn’t want to let go of the reins of government and remove the snow from the yard :-) The sun pleases with warmth, but it can’t cope with snowdrifts ... From working with a shovel and transferring snow from the yard to the garden - the amount of snow does not change :- ) Someone is driving stale snow, arranging dancing with a tambourine, someone makes fires and sings sonorous songs - driving away winter and attracting spring ...
But neither one nor the other is not our method ;-)
Let's try to appease the winter, let the snow go home in an unconventional, but hopefully effective way :-)))))))
Your attention riddles and proverbs about snow, inimitable poetry of winter performed by Ivan Alekseevich Bunin and Robert Ivanovich Rozhdestvensky, masterpieces of world art and my favorite physics!

MYSTERIES ABOUT SNOW

  • It warms in winter, smolders in spring, dies in summer, comes to life in autumn.
  • He lay, lay, and ran into the river.
  • There is a mountain in the yard, and water in the hut.

PROVERBS ABOUT SNOW

  • Snow to the earth-breadwinner is a warm casing.
  • More snow in the fields - more bread in the bins.
  • Inflate snow - bread will arrive; water will spill - hay will be typed.

Goryushkin-Sorokopudov Ivan Silych(11/05/1873 - 12/29/1954) - Russian and Soviet painter, graphic artist and teacher. Honored Art Worker of the RSFSR.

Korochun- winter solstice. The night of Korochun and Kolyada is much cooler :-) foreign ... Celtic Halloween ;-) And also ... treat yourself to amazing winter landscapes on the green page "Seasons: Winter".

Snow warms in winter, smolders in spring, dies in summer, comes to life in autumn
Snow to the earth-breadwinner - a warm casing

casing it is outerwear made of leather - a sheepskin sheepskin coat. Sheepskin coat it is long, not clothed fur coat. It turns out that mother winter dresses the earth in snow fur coat. And now attention - interest Ask ;-)

DOES A FUR COAT HEAT US AND DOES SNOW WARM THE EARTH?

What would you say if you were assured that a fur coat does not warm at all? You would think, of course, that they are joking with you. And if you were to prove this statement in a series of experiments? Do, for example, such an experiment. Notice how much the thermometer shows, and wrap it in a fur coat. Take it out after a few hours. You will be convinced that it has not heated up even by a quarter of a degree: how much it showed before, it shows so much now. Here is the proof that the fur coat does not heat. You might suspect that fur coats are even cold. Take two ice packs; wrap one in a fur coat, leave the other in the room uncovered. When the ice in the second bubble melts, unfold the fur coat: you will see that here it almost did not begin to melt. This means that the fur coat not only did not warm the ice, but seemed to even cool it, slowing down the melting!
What can be objected? How to refute these arguments? No way. Fur coats really do not warm, if by the word "warm" we mean the message of warmth. The lamp heats, the stove heats, the human body heats, because all these objects are sources of heat. But the fur coat in this sense of the word does not warm at all. It does not give its own heat, but only prevents the warmth of our body from leaving it. That is why a warm-blooded animal, whose body itself is a source of heat, will feel warmer in a fur coat than without it. But the thermometer does not generate its own heat, and its temperature will not change from the fact that we wrap it in a fur coat. Ice wrapped in a fur coat retains its low temperature longer, because the fur coat is a very poor conductor of heat - it slows down the access of heat to it from the outside, from room air.
In the same sense as a fur coat, snow warms the earth; being, like all powdered bodies, a poor conductor of heat, it prevents heat from leaving the soil covered by it. In soil protected by a layer of snow, the thermometer often shows ten degrees more than in soil not covered with snow.
So, to the question of whether a fur coat warms us, we must answer that a fur coat only helps us to warm ourselves. Rather, it would be to say that we warm the fur coat, not she us.
("Is the coat warm? Entertaining physics, Yakov Isidorovich Perelman)


Oscar Claude Monet(Oscar-Claude Monet; 11/14/1840 - 12/5/1926) - French landscape painter, one of the founders of impressionism.


Polenova Elena Dmitrievna(11/27/1850–11/19/1898) - Russian artist, graphic artist, painter, master of decorative design, one of the first illustrators of children's books in Russia, one of the founders of the Art Nouveau style in Russian art. Sister of the painter Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov.

And for the sake of completeness, one more interest Ask ;-)

WHAT PROTECTS FROM THE COLD BETTER:
A WOODEN WALL OR A LAYER OF SNOW THE SAME THICKNESS?

Snow protects against heat loss better than wood: the thermal conductivity of snow is 2.5 times less. The insignificant thermal conductivity of snow is due to its “warming” effect on the soil; covering the earth, it slows down the loss of heat by it. The poor thermal conductivity of snow is due to its loose composition. Snow contains up to 90% of air - not only between snowflakes, but also inside them: there are air bubbles in ice crystals of snow.
(“What protects against the cold better: a wooden wall or a layer of snow of the same thickness? Do you know physics?”, Yakov Isidorovich Perelman)


Volkov Efim Efimovich(04/04/1844 - 02/17/1920) - Russian painter, landscape painter, member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions, full member and academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts.

THE UNIQUE POETRY OF WINTER
Epiphany Night, 1886-1901 Ivan Alekseevich Bunin

Dark spruce forest with snow, like fur,
Gray frosts have sprung,
In spangles of hoarfrost, as if in diamonds,
Dozed off, bowed, birches.

Their branches froze motionless,
And between them on a snowy bosom,
Just through the lace silver,
A full moon looks from the sky.

He rose high above the forest,
In its bright light, numb,
And strangely shadows creep,
Blackening in the snow under the branches.

The thickets of the forest were covered with a blizzard, -
Only traces and paths wind,
Running away between pines and fir trees,
Between the birches to the dilapidated gatehouse.

Gray-haired blizzard lulled
With a wild song, the forest is empty,
And he fell asleep, covered with a blizzard,
All through, motionless and white.

Mysteriously slender thickets sleep,
They sleep, dressed in deep snow,
And glades, and meadows, and ravines,
Where once the streams roared.

Silence - even the branch does not crackle!
And, perhaps, behind this ravine
The wolf makes his way through the snowdrifts
Cautious and insinuating step.

Silence - and, perhaps, he is close ...
And I stand, filled with anxiety,
And I look tensely at the thickets,
On footprints and bushes along the road.

In distant thickets, where branches and shadows
Patterns weave in the moonlight
Everything seems to me something alive,
It's like the animals are running.

Light from the forest guardhouse
Cautiously and timidly flickers,
As if he hid under the forest
And waiting for something in silence.

A diamond radiant and bright,
Now green, then blue playing,
In the east, at the throne of the Lord,
A star shines quietly, as if alive.

And above the forest, higher and higher
The moon rises, and in wondrous peace
Freezing midnight freezes
And the crystal kingdom of the forest!



Velts Ivan (Johann-Alexander) Avgustovich(1866-1926) - Russian landscape painter of Austrian origin.

Moonlight fills the Epiphany night with fabulous charm and brings to it a delightful palette of colors that transforms the winter landscape and our mood with you ;-) Snow in the moonlight fascinates, shining with diamonds, and excites our imagination with bizarre images ... And now attention - interest Ask ;-)

WHAT IS LIGHTER: CLEAR SNOW ON A MOONNIGHT
OR BLACK VELVET ON A SUNNY DAY?

Nothing, it would seem, surpasses black velvet in black and white snow in white. However, these ancient classics of black and white, dark and light, appear completely different when approached with an impartial physical device - a photometer. Then it turns out that, for example, the blackest velvet under the rays of the sun is lighter than the purest snow on a moonlit night. The reason is that a black surface, no matter how dark it may appear, does not completely absorb all the rays of visible light falling on it. Even soot and platinum black, the blackest paints we know of, scatter about 1-2% of the light falling on them. Let's stop at 1% and assume that the snow scatters all 100% of the light falling on it (which is certainly exaggerated). It is known that the illumination given by the Sun is 400,000 times stronger than the illumination of the Moon. Therefore, 1% of sunlight scattered by black velvet is thousands of times more intense than 100% of moonlight scattered by snow. In other words, black velvet in sunlight is many times lighter than snow illuminated by the moon.
This applies, of course, not only to snow, but also to the best whites (the lightest of them - lithopon - scatter 91% of the light falling on them). Since no surface, if it is not incandescent, can throw off more light than falls on it, and the Moon sends out 400,000 times less light than the Sun, then the existence of such a white paint, which in moonlight would be objectively lighter than itself, is unthinkable. black paint on a sunny day.
(“Which is lighter: black velvet on a sunny day or pure snow on a moonlit night? Do you know physics?”, Yakov Isidorovich Perelman)

§ The bewitching magic of moonlight in the integrated collection of quality problems in physics on the green page "Physics and Fiction: Optics (Moonlight)" - Is it possible to read a book in the light of a full moon?
§ I invite readers to go on an exciting walk through lunar poetry and painting and indulge in interesting things about the variability and inconstancy of the color and size of the Moon on the green page "Description of the Moon in Poetic Works".


Ludwig Munte(Ludvig Munthe; 03/11/1841 - 03/30/1896) - Norwegian painter.

THE UNIQUE POETRY OF WINTER
“These snowflakes are a mixture ...”, Robert Ivanovich Rozhdestvensky

These snowflakes are a mixture. This snow is dust.
Like a belated revenge on the summer riot of herbs.
These snowflakes come true, ghostly wing.
White nothingness plural...
This snow likes. This snow pain:
Having opened yourself in the sky, become yourself on earth.
This snow is term. This snow circle.
A strange haze of roads, understood not suddenly.
Learned by heart, started from the basics,
This snow is sadness. This snow is calling.
Falling in slow succession from the darkness
In the thirsty palm of the touch of winter.


Meshchersky Arseniy Ivanovich(1834-1902) - Russian landscape painter; landscapes from the nature of southern and northern Russia, the Crimea and the Caucasus.

Interesting facts about ice and the birth of snowflakes
Ice- complex hexagonal crystals formed by water frozen at a temperature of 0 ° C or below. Ice is less dense than water, so it doesn't sink.. When water vapor condenses at temperatures below freezing, ice crystals form. This occurs mainly in high cirrus clouds, but also in that part of other clouds that looks gray. The accumulation of such crystals creates snowflakes. The process can occur near the surface of the Earth, which leads to the formation of frost. And now attention - interest Ask ;-)

WHY IS ICE CLEAR AND SNOW WHITE?

Snow has a white color for the same reason that crushed glass, sugar, and in general all sorts of crushed transparent substances appear white. Crush the ice in a mortar or scrape it with a knife - and you will get a white powder. This color is due to the fact that the rays of light, penetrating into small pieces of transparent ice, do not pass through them, but are reflected inward at the boundaries of ice and air (total internal reflection). The surface, randomly scattering the rays falling on it in all directions, is perceived by the eye as white.
This means that the reason for the white snow is its fragmentation. If the gap between the snowflakes is filled with water, the snow loses its white color and becomes transparent. Such an experiment is not difficult to do: if you pour snow into a jar and pour water into it, the snow will turn colorless and transparent before your eyes from white.
(Why is ice transparent and snow white? Do you know physics?”, Yakov Isidorovich Perelman)


Albert Bierstadt(Albert Bierstadt; 1830-1902) - American landscape painter, representative of the Düsseldorf art school.


Georg Eduard Otto Saal(Georg Eduard Otto Saal; 03/11/1817–10/03/1870) was a German painter.

The materials of this article will be useful to apply not only to physics lessons and fiction, but also in extracurricular activities. I hope that the solution proposed in the article quality problems in physics will not only help to arouse interest in the subject among schoolchildren, but also expand their knowledge and cultural horizons ;-)
And let's hope that Mother Winter will appreciate this article and give way to spring ;-)
For greater fidelity, I suggest that readers of the green pages urgently replenish the chest of interesting things with high-quality problems in physics dedicated to snow.
Waiting for your suggestions in the comments.

QUALITY TASKS IN PHYSICS DEDICATED TO SNOW

Task #1
Why the harder the frost, the harder the snow creaks underfoot?

Answer: The creak of snow during significant frosts is explained by the fact that snowflakes under the pressure of a person’s foot, sleigh runners or car wheels do not melt, as at higher temperatures, but break and move. And the lower the temperature, the more the snow creaks.

Task #2
"More snow in the fields - more bread in the bins" rightly says an old Russian proverb. Snow cover is a kind of giant fur coat that protects the surface of the earth from frost and cold winds. What other important role does snow cover play?

Answer: Snow cover is a source and custodian of moisture, which is so necessary for the fields: “Snow will inflate - bread will arrive; water will spill - hay will be typed. In the spring, snow gives melt water saturated with oxygen. No wonder snow reclamation is considered as one of the most important conditions for obtaining high and stable yields.

Task #3
In early spring, as well as after short-term winter thaws, holes in the snow form at the foot of the trees. Explain the reasons for their occurrence.

Answer: At first glance, the cause of holes in the snow is very simple. During a fine spring or winter day, the sun's rays warm up the tree trunk well, which is facilitated by the dark color of its surface and the fact that the rays of the low-standing sun fall on the surface of the trunk almost perpendicularly. The thermal conductivity of wood is very low, so it releases heat relatively slowly. The areas of snow cover adjacent to the trunk gradually thaw under the influence of this heat, and as a result, a snow hole is formed. On the south side, where the tree trunk receives more sunlight (in the Northern Hemisphere), the depth of the hole is usually greater - because the south side of the tree warms up more.
All this is so. However, the above explanation cannot be considered exhaustive. It does not explain why there are usually fewer or no snow holes at the foot of wooden poles. The fact is that in spring and during winter thaws, the tree seems to wake up - internal juices begin to move from its roots to the branches. Together with them, the tree trunk and branches receive warmth from the underground layers penetrated by roots. Thus, the tree trunk is heated not only from the outside (due to the absorption of the energy of sunlight), but also from the inside (due to the rise of juices through the capillaries inside the tree trunk).
()


Winter convoy on the way
Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich, 1857



Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich(Hovhannes Ayvazyan; 07/29/1817 - 05/02/1900) - the world-famous Russian marine painter, battle painter, collector, philanthropist.

§ The painting by Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky depicts a well crane.
I invite readers to look at the green page "Box of quality problems in physics: Elements of statics: balance of bodies, moment of force, simple mechanisms".
The main feature of this collection is a puzzle about three wells, and also ;-) informative interesting things about the inclined Nevyansk tower - an architectural pearl of the Urals, shrouded in legends under the very flag-weather vane with the coat of arms of the Demidovs ...

Task #4
Why does it snow much more in mountainous regions than in the plains?

Answer: In the mountains, the distance from the clouds to the ground is much less than on the flat terrain. The smaller this distance, the smaller, other things being equal, the probability that falling snow will melt or evaporate. That is why much more snow falls in the mountainous regions than in the plains.

Task #5
Why does snow linger on tree branches?

Answer: Try pouring sand on a leafless tree branch. He practically does not linger on it and almost completely wakes up down to the ground. Unlike sand, snow can accumulate on bare branches, sometimes forming such heavy caps that branches break off.
Snow growths on trees form during snowfall in calm weather, when the air temperature is close to 0°C. Under these conditions, various processes inside the snow are quite intensive: thawing and freezing, evaporation and crystallization. They lead to the formation of bonds between the fallen snowflakes and the surface of the branches, as well as between the snowflakes themselves. The first snowflakes melt and freeze to the branches, forming a thin frost on them. Subsequent snowflakes freeze already to this ice. So gradually large snow caps grow on the branches, capable of holding on even with gusts of wind (unless, of course, these gusts are too strong).
(“Snow and ice. Physics in nature, Lev Vasilyevich Tarasov)


Peter Mörk Mönsted(Peder Mork Monsted; 10.12.1859–20.06.1941) - Danish painter, a recognized master of landscape, a representative of the "golden age" of Danish painting.

Task #6
Why does snow darken over time?

Answer: Snow darkens primarily because dust and soot that are in the air are deposited on it. But it's not just that, the darkening of the snow means that it has become less reflective of the sun's rays and, therefore, absorb them more. Thaws and the movement of water vapor from the depth of the snow cover to its surface - all this leads to the filling of the air pores of the surface layer with melt water and ice, leads to the compaction of this layer and the formation of crust. As a result, the total internal reflection decreases, the penetration of sunlight into the depths of the snow cover increases, the absorption of light inside the cover increases - the snow darkens even more.
It should be noted that in spring the moistening of the snow and the contamination of its surface reduce the proportion of light reflected by the snow cover to 30%. In other words, during the period from snowfall to spring melting, the reflectivity of the snow cover decreases by more than 3 times.
(“Snow and ice. Physics in nature, Lev Vasilyevich Tarasov)

Task #7
What takes longer to get rid of snow: hillocks or lowlands?

Answer: The lowlands are freed from snow longer, since cold air is heavier than warm air and descends from the hillocks down into the lowlands. The hills get not only more warm air, but also more sunlight, especially the southern slopes of the hills.

For the curious:
Red hill- one of the most ancient Slavic holidays, symbolizing the final and irrevocable arrival of spring!
With the spread of Christianity, it was timed to coincide with the first Sunday after Easter (the so-called Fomin's day). In 2018, Krasnaya Gorka will be celebrated on Sunday - April 15th.
In ancient times, each village had its own hill, gorushka, hillock, where village festivities took place. Such elevated places were cleared of snow faster than others., began to turn green and it was here that the first spring round dances began to dance ... Such slides were called among the people Red, that is, beautiful!
Red hill in Russia has long been sometimes weddings. There was a proverb among the people, on this subject: “Whoever marries on Krasnaya Gorka will never get married!” Our ancestors believed that the marriage union concluded on this day would be filled with love and prosperity.
A very pragmatic message was also invested in this proverb - wedding festivities were terribly desirable ;-) to spend in the spring, before the sowing season, so as not to be distracted from field work later.


Korzukhin Alexey Ivanovich(03/23/1835–10/30/1894) - Russian genre painter, academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts, one of the founders of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.

§ I invite readers of the green pages to take a short journey into the world of Slavic mythology: komoeditsa- a two-week celebration of the vernal equinox - the beginning of astronomical spring. And also ... poems about spring, delightful spring landscapes and luxurious flower still lifes on the green page of The Seasons: Spring.

I wish you success in your decision
quality problems in physics!

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