Types of computer mice and how to choose the best one? Classification of types of computer mice Which type of mouse is better

There are more than 300 species and more than 1500 varieties in the mouse family. Among the representatives of the detachment of these mammals, there are both omnivorous species and herbivores. Some types of mice have been artificially bred and kept as pets. Mice can be found on any of the continents with the exception of Antarctica, as well as highlands. All species and varieties differ from each other in their way of life, size and color.

It is difficult to find a person who has never met mice in his life. The fact is that many representatives of this family have been living next to humans for thousands of years. They do not just live, but constantly annoy a person with their presence. In addition, they spoil food, furniture, things and everyday items. Over the long history of coexistence, the mouse has become the hero of some cartoons, and some of the species have become pets. Mice are easy to distinguish from other types of mammals, as they differ in characteristic features. For example:

• They have an elongated body.
• The long tail can take up to 120 percent of the body.
• The head is small with a blunt or elongated muzzle.
• Ears can be large or barely visible.
• Small eyes in appearance resemble small beads.
• The nose is small and pink in color.
• The hind legs are designed so that the animal can jump and also rise up, leaning on an outstretched foot.
• The forelimbs are somewhat smaller than the hind ones.

Interesting to know! Mice can be distinguished by the presence of long, centrally located teeth in both the upper and lower jaws. The size of the teeth changes every day by a couple of millimeters in the direction of increase. Therefore, the animal constantly grinds them down, often gnawing through wood products, including furniture.

The entire body of mice is covered with coarse hair, the length of which depends on the type of animal and always feels smooth on the surface of the body. There are no mice with fluffy fur.

Coat color can also be very different. Under natural conditions, there are gray, brown, red, black, and ocher-colored mice. Quite rare, but there are albino mice that are distinguished by their white coat color and red eyes and nose. If you pay attention to decorative mice, then their color can be the most diverse - blue, yellow, orange, smoky, etc. The belly and sides of mice are always lighter, with white hairs.

It is important to know! A wild mouse can be distinguished from mice that are found in a human dwelling by the presence of a longitudinal strip of a dark or light shade on its back.

In some species of mice, the entire back is painted with longitudinal stripes, both dark and light in color.

Mice are rodents that are not impressive in size. The structure of the body of various species does not differ in anything remarkable and has similarities. The maximum body length without a tail lies within 13 cm, although there are mainly species with a body length of about 9 centimeters.

In nature, a mouse is able to gain weight on the order of 20 grams, although under conditions of intensive nutrition, this weight can increase to 50 grams. In other words, animals that live next to humans are in more comfortable conditions than those that live in natural conditions.

Mice are mammals because they give birth to live young. After birth, the female feeds her offspring with milk for a month. Each female has 8 nipples. After mating, the female bears future mice for about 25 days. 9 days after giving birth, she can again mate and again bring offspring. Each time she can give birth to from 1 to 12 cubs. She can get pregnant up to 5 times in a year. The population of rodents noticeably increases 1 time in 7 years.

Newly born mice have no hair, no teeth, and they can't see yet. Already after 1 week, the offspring have teeth and hair begins to grow, and after another 20 days they can already eat on their own. After 3 months, young offspring are able to independently fertilize, increasing the population of rodents.

Besides the fact that the mouse is an omnivore, it has to constantly gnaw something in order to grind off its teeth, which are constantly growing. In this regard, it seems that the rodent eats completely non-edible components. Therefore, her appetite is explained by some features of her life. So:

• Mice constantly gnaw on hard objects to keep their teeth from reaching gigantic proportions.
• Mice digest food quickly because they are in constant motion. During the day, the animal should eat at least 5 grams of food and drink up to 20 ml of water.
• Mice differ in one characteristic feature - they taste all new objects.

The mouse is considered a predator that prefers food of plant origin. She eats worms, insects, chicks, eggs, due to which she replenishes her body with proteins. In addition, if she climbs into the nest to the chicks, then she will eat them, and then she will equip her mouse nest in the bird's nest.

Despite this, she happily eats seeds, root parts and greens of plants. If there is not enough food for her, then she is taken for vegetables, fruits and berries.

Interesting Facts! Having settled in a human dwelling, mice eat everything - sausage, cheese, meat, lard, cookies, sweets, soap, napkins, toilet paper and other, by no means food components. Even the language does not turn to say that the mouse is a predator.

It is believed that mice are naturally quite shy. Maybe it is, but if the mouse does not behave like this, then it will not survive, because it has a sufficient number of natural, natural enemies.

In the wild, the mouse adapts to various conditions of its existence: it crawls, swims, digs holes in the ground, and some species have learned to fly. Such abilities of such a small mammal allow it to survive in such harsh natural conditions.

A mouse can arrange its nest anywhere - underground, in the hollows of old trees, in bird nests, under stones, etc. When she settles in a person's house, her nest can be found under the floor, in the attic, in the basement, in the openings between the walls. The rodent goes hunting at night, and does not go far from its nest. During the daytime, mice sit quietly in their hiding places.

Interesting Facts! Some species of mice live in numerous flocks, where the head of the flock is a male with several females. Each individual is responsible for its territory, where it obtains food for itself. The offspring is raised by all the females together, and after reaching their “age”, the young are expelled from the pack.

Mice wait out the winter in different conditions. For example:

• In the ground, in deep holes.
• In haystacks or straw.
• In commercial buildings for various purposes.

Mice that hibernate in natural conditions prepare food supplies for the winter. To do this, rodents allocate special places in their burrows, where they carry everything that can be useful in winter, if only not to die of starvation.

Mice have a sufficient number of natural enemies - these are reptiles, and hedgehogs, and cats, and dogs, and foxes, as well as other birds of prey and animals.

In nature, a mouse can live no more than a year, although a term of about 5 years is laid down at the genetic level. This is due to the fact that this rodent has too many natural enemies. In artificial conditions, rodents live for about 3 years, and in laboratory conditions - 7 years.

Each species of mice has some features that are dictated by the living conditions. The main difference lies in their size and color. If you study the features of each species, then they are easy to distinguish from each other.

The smallest member of the mouse family. The length of the body and tail does not exceed 7 centimeters, so the animal easily fits in the palm of even a child. The rodent forms its nests from grass and small twigs of plants. Thanks to its tenacious paws with sharp claws, the mouse easily climbs trees. It tolerates winter frosts perfectly, so it behaves actively even in winter.

The coat color is more red, so it is called a yellow mouse. As for the color of the abdomen, muzzle and tips of the ears, it is almost white. This small rodent can cause significant damage to horticultural crops. It mainly prefers to eat plant foods, but occasionally eats small worms and beetles.

Already from the name it becomes clear where this animal lives. The forest mouse grows up to 10 cm in length, while the tail has a length of about 7 cm. It settles mainly on forest edges. It is distinguished by a sharp muzzle and a dark red, sometimes almost black color. A distinctive feature of this rodent is the size of its ears - they are large. This type of mice became the prototype of the hero of one of the cartoons called "Mickey Mouse". They are not only large, but also round.

A wood mouse can arrange a nest for itself either in an earthen hole or in a tree, as high as possible. Waiting out the winter in burrows. Depth up to 2 meters. During thaws, it can be seen in the snow. An absolutely harmless living creature for humans, but a thunderstorm for garden plants.

Gerbil

The homeland of the gerbil is the United States. The rodent was introduced for laboratories. who carried out special studies. After that, the gerbil became widespread and was kept as a pet. The advantage of this rodent is that it does not have a characteristic "mouse" smell. This animal has a rather cute and attractive appearance. In nature, there are up to hundreds of varieties of this unique creature. The dwarf and Mongolian variety of gerbil is very popular.

The back of this attractive creature is brown-red, and the abdomen is almost white. A contrasting dark stripe runs along the back. The nose is pink, the ears are small and round, and the muzzle is blunt. This species has somewhat large eyes compared to other mouse species. Another feature is the presence of a brush at the tip of the tail.

The steppe mouse is outwardly similar to the gerbil mouse and grows up to 7 cm in length, while the tail is one third longer than its body. It is capable of causing serious damage to agriculture, as it lives in the wild. Lives in deep burrows, storing them for the winter. It settles in cereal fields, as well as among bushes located next to water bodies. For the normal functioning of this pest, dense thickets of grass or bushes are necessary. Often this type of mice is called voles. They are also active in winter, as evidenced by their numerous footprints in the snow.

It is considered the most common rodent on the planet. With the onset of cold weather, it tries to move closer to a person. It is not a problem to meet even on the upper floors of apartment buildings. The pest is still the same! Food, things, furniture, interior items, as well as electrical wiring suffer from his teeth, which often leads to fires.

It grows up to 6 cm in length and has a gray coat color. The tail of the rodent is small, the muzzle is slightly elongated, the ears are small and round.

In fact, these are albino mice that can appear in any of the rodent species. This is due to failures in genetics, due to which the coat acquires a pure white color. As a rule, white mice always have red eyes. Similar specimens can often be seen within the walls of laboratories.

Types of mice

The subfamily of mice includes about 300 of the 400 species in the family. The greatest diversity of species can be found in Africa and Tropical Asia, to a lesser extent - in the temperate and northern parts of Eurasia and in Australia.

All over the globe, not without human help, representatives of the synanthropic species settled - house mice. The most common are the following genera.

African mice (Thamnomys). About 5 species belong to this genus, united by a similar appearance. The body length of these animals is about 10–14 cm, and a well-pubescent tail with a brush of elongated hair at the end is 14–20 cm. Representatives of the genus of African mice have chestnut or reddish-brown fur on the upper side and white on the lower side. These animals live in natural conditions in Africa, distributed from Ghana to Western Uganda. They also live in mountainous regions at an altitude of up to 4000 m above sea level and in humid equatorial forests.

They prefer to settle in trees, in nests or hollows. African mice feed on plant products - leaves and fruits. Activity is shown only in the dark. They breed almost throughout the year.

Grass Mice (Arvicanthis) distributed in large numbers in Africa, especially in Eastern Africa, they inhabit savannahs, forests, and shrubs. These are rather large animals: the body reaches a length of 19 cm, the tail is 16 cm. Grass mice weigh about 100 g. Some species have fur with real thin needles. The rest of the fur is long, with separate spiny bristles, grayish-brown in color, lighter in the lower part. These animals settle in burrows or empty termite mounds, they can also occupy a human dwelling. They feed on a wide variety of plant foods, often damaging grain stocks and crops. Grass mice tend to form colonial settlements. The rhythm of daily activity extends to day and night. They can live in captivity for about 8 years. Under natural conditions, they breed throughout the year, but the peak of sexual activity occurs at the end of the rainy and the beginning of the dry season.

house mice

Approximately 6 kinds Pied mice (Lemniscomys) live in Africa, mainly in tall grass savannahs and on the edges of forests. These animals reach a length of 14 cm, and their tail is 16 cm. They have a striped color: the back and sides are dark with intermittent light stripes. The animals mostly settle in other people's holes, although they may well build their own. They feed on soft seeds, root crops and fruits, sometimes insects. Active during the day.

Wirehair mice (Lophuromys). 10 species of this genus are most widely distributed throughout Africa, from Ethiopia to Angola. They live in thickets of bushes, reeds and grasses, in swamps, fields and forests. Animals with a body length up to 14.5 cm, and a tail up to 11.5 cm come in different colors: dark, olive, brown or variegated, with separate whitish, yellowish or orange streaks located on a dark background. There are species with an orange or dull orange base of the hair of the fur, which is inherent in almost all African inhabitants. Wirehair mice usually make their nests in burrows, dense vegetation, or under logs and deadwood. These animals feed not only on root crops and fruits, but also on insects, as well as toads, lizards and some invertebrates. Such mice are active at any time of the day.

Striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) is a member of a monotypic genus, that is, it includes a single species. This animal is distinguished by the alternation of brown and yellowish stripes on the back. The striped mouse reaches a length of 11 cm, its tail with sparse bristly hairs is about the same length. This animal lives on the edges of forests, near crops, in tall grass among shrubs and along the channels of dried-up reservoirs, digs holes or builds nests in thick grass or among roots. Awake during the day.

Spiny Mouse (Acomys wilsoni) differs in that its tail is very thin and fragile, so it is easily lost in critical situations. This animal with large erect ears reaches a length of 12 cm. The tail is naked, scaly, with spines and coarse hard hair, also about 12 cm long. The animal is found in Iran, Pakistan, Arabia and Africa, where it settles in savannahs and semi-deserts. Lives in burrows, termite mounds or among stone placers. The spiny mouse is omnivorous, but prefers to eat plant foods.

It breeds from February to September. The female after 42 days of pregnancy brings 1-3 cubs weighing 5-6 g each. Mice are born with open eyes and feed on mother's milk for two weeks, after which they independently obtain plant food.

Elliot's mouse (Golunda ellioti) occurs naturally in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and the island of Sri Lanka. In appearance, it resembles a large forest vole of the genus Clethrionomys. Among the thick soft fur on the back are hard prickly bristles. The upper incisors are grooved.

Animals of this genus live on coffee plantations, in weeds along the edges of fields, on grassy plains and in swampy places, in nests built from plant fibers. The nest is ball-shaped with a diameter of 15–20 cm.

Muscovy mouse

These rodents prefer to settle in family groups. The female usually gives birth to 3-4 cubs several times a year.

Elliot's mouse forages on the ground and in trees, which it can dexterously move around. The diet consists only of plant foods. In Sri Lanka, rodents cause great damage to coffee plantations by eating buds and flowers on coffee trees.

Soft-haired mice (Millardia) found in India, Pakistan and Burma, as well as on the island of Sri Lanka. These animals inhabit fields, mountain slopes and swampy places, arranging small simple holes for themselves or hiding in voids under stones and in other people's holes. The length of the body of the animals reaches 16 cm, the tail - 15 cm. The color of the coat is gray. Soft-haired mice feed on grains of field crops and marsh plants.

Best suited for home use baby mice (Micromys minutus). The length of their body barely reaches 7 cm, the tail - 5–7 cm. Under natural conditions, they are found on the territory from the Iberian Peninsula to the Pacific Ocean. They live in the forest-steppe zone, often live in fields with grain crops, among floodplain shrubs. In summer they arrange spherical nests from plant fibers, placing them among grass stems, and move to burrows for the winter.

baby mouse

The baby mouse is brighter and more diverse than other species. In young individuals, the coat color is dull, brownish. After the first molt, the animals acquire a bright red color. The underside of the coat is pure white. This graceful and cute animal easily gets used to new living conditions, while behaving calmly and peacefully. Rodents of this species require a spacious cage so that they can move freely and climb. The diet of baby mice should include insects and other invertebrates, as well as fresh greens and grain feed. In food, the animal is unpretentious, can live in small terrariums.

Asian mice (Sylvaemus major) are divided into island and mainland-Sakhalin. The distribution area is quite large - from Altai to the west to South China, Burma, Indochina and Central Yakutia. Representatives of this genus settle in flat, floodplain and foothill deciduous and mixed forests, arranging burrows for themselves, equipped with 2–3 feeding chambers and one nesting chamber. These are quite large animals. The length of their body reaches 12 cm, the tail is about 11 cm. The Asian mouse is active at dusk and at night.

Asia Minor Mouse (Sylvaemus mystacinus)- the largest representative of the genus Sylvaemus. The coloration is smoky gray on the back, with a complete absence of red tones. The belly is white.

The body length is about 13 cm, and the tail is up to 14 cm. The ears are large, protruding from the fur, the muzzle is elongated, with large bulging eyes.

The Asia Minor mouse lives in the south-west of Georgia, in Asia Minor and Western Asia, up to Iraq. This is a mountain species, common at an altitude of up to 1300–1400 m above sea level. Prefers to settle in deciduous or deciduous-coniferous forests, as well as bushes mixed with lianas, wild grapes and herbaceous plants. Especially loves boxwood thickets. It can live in placers of stones, ruins of buildings, in artificial fences and bushes along the outskirts of fields. Rodents of this species do not dig holes, arranging nests in tree hollows, voids under roots and stones.

It is most active at dusk and at night. The breeding season falls on the warm season. The female brings up to 6 cubs.

Asia Minor mouse

Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) quite common in the territory from Western Europe to the Pacific Ocean, in the forest-meadow zone. This is one of the few types that rarely settle in buildings. It hides most often in its own or other people's holes. The length of the body of this animal reaches 12 cm, the tail - 9 cm. The color of the coat is reddish-brown from the sides, in the middle of the back from the back of the head to the base of the tail there is a clearly demarcated black stripe. The field mouse feeds on plant foods and insects.

Representatives of the genus wood mice (Sylvaemus sylvaticus) settle in natural shelters, their own or other people's holes in river floodplains, among meadow bushes. The area of ​​their distribution extends from the deserts of Western, Minor, Central Asia and North America to the West Siberian taiga and European forest tundra, as well as from the Atlantic Ocean to Northern Pakistan, Altai and Tien Shan. These animals are distinguished by large feet, body and tail lengths up to 11 cm. Some individuals have a yellow or buffy spot on the chest. Wood mice feed mostly on grain feed, sometimes on insects.

Lesser Wood Mouse (Apodemus uralensis) lives in Europe, in the Caucasus, Altai, south of Western Siberia.

The body length of this animal reaches 7-10 cm, the tail is the same length.

Prefers to settle in deciduous forests and floodplains. It climbs trees well, so it usually arranges nests in hollows, among branches, it can be occupied by birdhouses.

In winter, the small wood mouse builds holes between the roots of trees.

forest mouse

It feeds on cereals, fruits of various plants, and insects. Usually stocks up for the winter. The mouse of this species is mainly nocturnal.

Talysh mouse (Sylvaemus hyrcanicus) is a poorly studied species, described only in 1992. Previously, it was considered as a special form of the wood mouse. The animal has a dark chestnut color on the back, a light belly, and a bicolor tail. There is a pale yellow oval spot on the chest.

A fairly large mouse, body length 10–11 cm, tail length 9–12 cm. A characteristic feature of this species is very small incisal holes up to 5.1 mm long and not more than 2 mm wide.

The Talysh mouse lives in moist deciduous forests of northern Iran. The lifestyle of the animal has not yet been sufficiently studied. Scientists suggest that it is similar to the way of life of the yellow-throated and Pontic mice.

Mountain mouse (Mus montis) is the largest species of mice common in Russia. The species lives in natural shelters among stones and deadwood in the mountainous regions of Asia Minor and Western Asia and the Balkans. The body length reaches 13 cm, and the tail - 14 cm. The animal is painted in a grayish-brown color, looks like a small rat. Feeds on insects and seeds.

mountain mouse

Yellow-throated mouse (Sylvaemus flavicollis) occurs naturally in Western Europe and in a significant part of Russia. The body length of this animal reaches 13.5 cm, the tail is 13 cm. On the chest between the front legs there is an ocher spot, which can be of different sizes and shapes. The yellow-throated mouse does not get along with representatives of the genus of forest mice.

House mouse (Mus musculus)- perhaps the smallest, not counting the baby mouse, a representative of this family. The length of her body reaches 10 cm, the tail is covered with sparse short hairs and horny scales arranged in an annular shape and makes up from 50 to 100% of the body length. Desert house mice have a light, sandy-yellow coat color with pure white underparts. Northern forms have gray fur on the sides and light gray on the underside. Domesticated forms are white. The distribution area covers almost the entire globe. The homeland, most likely, was the oases in the deserts of Asia Minor and North Africa. House mice living in the steppe zone and in the north of the semi-desert form mixed colonies and arrange complex collective burrows in which there is a special toilet chamber and a large common nesting chamber. Mice of this type make stocks for the winter period from panicles, large seeds and ears, which are folded near the hole on the surface of the earth.

Most similar in their lifestyle to the house mouse Cairo mouse (Acomys cahirinus). It is common in Egypt and lives in buildings, next to a person.

monkey mouse(Hapalomys longi-caudatus) is similar in size to the forest, her tail is very long. The coat color is brownish. Leads a nocturnal lifestyle. It lives in the tropical rainforests of Indonesia, Thailand and adjacent territories. It feeds on various fruits and seeds of trees. Settles on trees and shrubs, arranges nests in hollows.

Longtail mouse(Vandeleuria olegacea) has a body length of 6–8 cm, a tail 10–13 cm long, well pubescent. On the first and fifth fingers, instead of ordinary claws, there are flat nails. Lives exclusively in trees. During the day it hides in a nest, which arranges in hollows or in thickets of branches. The long-tailed mouse is nocturnal, feeds on fruits and seeds, in search of which it quickly moves along the branches. It uses its tail for balance and can wrap around branches.

It breeds throughout the year. In one brood, the female usually brings 3-6 cubs.

Long-tailed mice are common in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, southern India and Sri Lanka. These small rodents adapt well to life in captivity.

Genus Australian mice (Gyomys) has 8 types. They inhabit the entire Australian continent, with the exception of its northern part. The body length is 7–13 cm, and the tail is 6–14 cm. These mice come in a wide variety of colors: olive, sandy and ashy. The belly is lighter than the back, often white.

Australian mice live in tall grass and eucalyptus forests, in mountains and on sandy plains. Those species that settle on the sand dig deep holes. The diet consists mainly of insects, with a small amount of seeds and greens. It breeds in November-December. The female gives birth to 3-5 cubs.

Genus banana mice (Melomys) includes 12 types. They are common in New Guinea and nearby islands, northern Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands. The body length of these rodents is 9–18 cm, the tail is long, from 11 to 18 cm. The fur is soft, long, brownish or reddish in color. Below the color is lighter - white or cream. The tail is bare, scaly, with one hair on each scale.

The banana mouse lives in meadows, swamps, sugarcane plantations, in thickets of grasses and shrubs, near rivers and lakes. Climbs well using tail.

It builds a spherical nest 12–20 cm in diameter from grass, which is located in bushes, tree crowns or in thick grass. Sometimes it digs a hole with one entrance. It breeds during the rainy season (usually from November to March).

An interesting feature of this species is that newborn cubs cling to their mother, who carries them with her on her stomach between her nipples for up to two weeks. After this period, the young can move and eat on their own, but at the slightest alarm hides on the mother's stomach. The basis of the diet of banana mice is fruits, berries, nuts.

Kangaroo mice(notomys) in appearance resemble jerboas. These are rather large rodents for mice. The length of the body reaches 9-18 cm, the tail - 12-26 cm, at the end there is a small brush. The coloration is sandy, ashen or brown on the back, the belly is white. Kangaroo mice have very large ears and eyes. The hind legs are much longer than the front. Rodents move on four legs, but when stopping, they rely only on their hind limbs. 10 species of this genus are known, living in most of Australia: in deserts, steppes, bushes and in light dry forests.

Decorative mouse

Show nocturnal activity. During the day they hide in nests that they make in burrows. The female brings 2-5 cubs.

marsupial rodents of the genus Antechinomys very similar to kangaroo mice and lead a similar lifestyle. Settle in the same places, sometimes occupy one system of holes. They feed on herbs, seeds and berries.

The subfamily of mice also includes some types of rats, for example, rust-nosed, shaggy, stream, acacia, swamp, saccular, triangular-tailed, hamster, gray, black and Turkestan.

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