Trends in modern world development. The main problems of the modern world Trends in the development of the modern world
Fundamentals of the development of the political system of Russia as a sovereign democracy.
The main trends in the development of the modern world and Russia
Topic 1
Introduction
Current geopolitical and economic trends
Moscow, 2010
The main trends in the development of the modern world and Russia. 5
World political system. 24
Formation and development of the political system of Russia in the late XX - early XXI century. 41
World economic system. 56
World socio-demographic trends. 84
Third sector: Russia and global trends. 101
World culture. 119
World information and communication space. 137
Russia of the 21st century: development strategy. 150
The modern world is changing before our eyes. This can be treated differently. You can pretend like an ostrich that nothing is happening. You can fight against changes, strive to isolate yourself from them. It is possible, "riding the wave" of changes, to try to get ahead.
This course is for those who choose the latter strategy.
Every young person in our country constantly makes a choice, determining his life path.
The purpose of the course is to create an integral system of ideas about the role and place of Russia in the system of international relations
The course generates the following views:
On the main trends in world development,
Competitive struggle between the leading world powers in the geopolitical, geo-economic, socio-demographic and cultural-civilizational space,
Strengths and weaknesses of Russia in the world system,
External threats and challenges,
Competitive advantages of Russia,
Possible scenarios and prospects for its development.
The developers of this course will be sincerely happy if the student ends up asking himself a simple question: how do I see my future in Russia, given all that I have learned?
As a result of studying this topic, you will get acquainted with:
With the main political, economic, socio-demographic cultural and civilizational trends that characterize world development;
- the main contradictions and conflicts of world development;
- the main spaces of global competition;
Russia's position in the global economic, political, socio-demographic and cultural competition, the level of its competitiveness;
- the basic principles of the functioning of the political system of Russia;
- the role of the president, parliament, government and judiciary in the political system of Russia;
The modern world is a world of global competition that takes place in various forms. It is necessary to distinguish four main areas of competition: geopolitical, geoeconomic, socio-demographic and geocultural. Every country that claims to be a great power must be competitive in every area. The leading trend in the development of international relations is the strengthening of the economic component of competition in the context of globalization, which is expressed primarily in the rivalry of national economies.
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Russia and the challenges of the modern world
Moscow, 2011
CONTENT
Introduction
Subject. 1. The main trends in the development of the modern world and Russia
Topic 2. World political system
Topic 3. World economic system
Topic 4. World socio-demographic trends
Topic 5. World culture
Introduction
The modern world is changing before our eyes. This can be treated differently. You can pretend like an ostrich that nothing is happening. You can fight against changes, strive to isolate yourself from them. It is possible, "riding the wave" of changes, to try to get ahead.
This course is for those who choose the latter strategy.
Every young person in our country constantly makes choices, determining his life course.
The purpose of the course is to create an integral system of ideas about the role and place of Russia in the system of international relations
The course forms ideas about
The main trends in world development,
Competitive struggle between the leading world powers in the geopolitical, geo-economic, socio-demographic and cultural-civilizational space,
Strengths and weaknesses of Russia in the world system,
External threats and challenges,
Competitive advantages of Russia,
Possible scenarios and prospects for its development.
The developers of this course will be sincerely happy if the student ends up asking himself a simple question: how do I see my future in Russia, given all that I have learned from this course?
Topic 1.
The main trends in the development of the modern world and Russia
As a result of studying this topic, you will get acquainted with:
The main political, economic, socio-demographic cultural and civilizational trends that characterize world development;
- the main contradictions and conflicts of world development;
- the main spaces of global competition;
Russia's position in the global economic, political, socio-demographic and cultural competition, the level of its competitiveness;
- the basic principles of the functioning of the political system of Russia;
- the role of the President, Parliament, Government and judicial bodies in the political system of Russia;
- the foundations for the development of Russia's political system as a sovereign democracy.
The main trends in the development of the modern world
The modern world is a world of global competition that takes place in various forms. It is necessary to distinguish four main areas of competition: geopolitical, geoeconomic, socio-demographic and geocultural. Every country that claims to be a great power must be competitive in every area. The leading trend in the development of international relations is the strengthening of the economic component of competition in the context of globalization, which is expressed primarily in the rivalry of national economies.
Global problems of our time is a set of the most acute, vital universal problems, the successful solution of which requires the combined efforts of all states. These are problems on the solution of which further social progress, the fate of the entire world civilization depends.
These include, first of all, the following:
prevention of the threat of nuclear war;
overcoming the ecological crisis and its consequences;
· resolution of the energy, raw material and food crises;
Reducing the gap in the level of economic development between the developed countries of the West and the developing countries of the “third world”,
stabilization of the demographic situation on the planet.
combating transnational organized crime and international terrorism,
· Health protection and prevention of the spread of AIDS, drug addiction.
The common features of global problems are that they:
· acquired a truly planetary, global character, affecting the interests of the peoples of all states;
· threaten humanity with a serious regression in the further development of the productive forces, in the conditions of life itself;
· need urgent solutions and actions to overcome and prevent dangerous consequences and threats to the life support and security of citizens;
· require collective efforts and actions on the part of all states, the entire world community.
Ecological problems
The irresistible growth of production, the consequences of scientific and technological progress and unreasonable use of natural resources today put the world under the threat of a global environmental catastrophe. A detailed consideration of the prospects for the development of mankind, taking into account actual natural processes, leads to the need to sharply limit the pace and volume of production, because their further uncontrolled growth can push us beyond the line beyond which there will no longer be enough of all the necessary resources necessary for human life, including including clean air and water. Consumer society, formed today, thoughtlessly and non-stop wasting resources, puts humanity on the brink of a global catastrophe.
Over the past decades, the general condition of water resources has noticeably deteriorated.- rivers, lakes, reservoirs, inland seas. Meanwhile global water consumption has doubled between 1940 and 1980, and, according to experts, doubled again by 2000. Under the influence of economic activity water resources are depleted, small rivers disappear, water withdrawal in large reservoirs is reduced. Eighty countries, which account for 40% of the world's population, are currently experiencing water shortage.
sharpness demographic problem cannot be assessed in abstraction from economic and social factors. Shifts in growth rates and population structure are taking place in the context of continuing deep disproportions in the distribution of the world economic. Accordingly, in countries with large economic potential, the overall level of spending on health care, education, and environmental conservation is immeasurably higher and, as a result, life expectancy is much higher than in group of developing countries.
As for the countries of Eastern Europe and the former USSR, where 6.7% of the world's population lives, they lag behind economically developed countries by 5 times
Socio-economic problems, the problem of the growing gap between highly developed countries and third world countries (the so-called `North - South` problem)
One of the most serious problems of our time is the problems of socio-economic development. Today there is one trend - the poor get poorer and the rich get richer. The so-called `civilized world` (USA, Canada, Japan, Western European countries - about 26 states in total - approximately 23% of the world population) currently consumes 70 to 90% of the goods produced.
The problem of relations between the `First` and `Third` worlds was called the `North - South` problem. Regarding her, there is two opposite concepts:
· The reason for the backwardness of the countries of the poor `South` is the so-called `Vicious circle of poverty`, in which they fall, and the offset of which they cannot begin effective development. Many economists of the `North`, adherents of this point of view, believe that the `South` is to blame for their troubles.
that the main responsibility for the poverty of the countries of the modern `Third World` is borne precisely by the `civilized world`, because it was with the participation and under the dictation of the richest countries in the world that the process of forming the modern economic system took place, and, naturally, these countries found themselves in a deliberately more advantageous position, which today allowed them to form the so-called. `golden billion`, plunging the rest of humanity into the abyss of poverty, mercilessly exploiting both the mineral and labor resources of countries that are out of work in the modern world.
Demographic crisis
In 1800, there were only about 1 billion people on the planet, in 1930 - 2 billion, in 1960 - already 3 billion, in 1999 humanity reached 6 billion. Today, the world's population is increasing by 148 people. per minute (247 are born, 99 die) or 259 thousand per day - these are the modern realities. At This is why world population growth is uneven. The share of developing countries in the total population of the planet has increased over the past half century from 2/3 to almost 4/5. Today, humanity is faced with the need to control population growth, because the number of people that our planet is capable of providing is still limited, especially since a possible lack of resources in the future (which will be discussed below), coupled with a huge number of people inhabiting the planet, can lead to to tragic and irreversible consequences.
Another major demographic shift is the rapid process of “rejuvenation” of the population in the group of developing countries and, conversely, the aging of residents of developed countries. The share of children under 15 in the first three post-war decades increased in most developing countries to 40-50% of their population. As a result, these are the countries where the largest part of the able-bodied workforce is currently concentrated. Ensuring the employment of the huge labor resources of the developing world, especially in the poorest and poorest countries, is today one of the most acute social problems of truly international significance.
In the same time the increase in life expectancy and the slowdown in the birth rate in developed countries have led here to a significant increase in the proportion of elderly people, which entailed a huge burden on the pension, health and care systems. Governments are faced with the need to develop a new social policy that can address the problems of population aging in the 21st century.
Resource exhaustion problem (mineral, energy and other)
Scientific and technological progress, which gave impetus to the development of modern industry, required a sharp increase in the extraction of various types of mineral raw materials. Today every year the production of oil, gas, and other minerals is increasing. Thus, according to scientists' forecasts, at the current rate of development, oil reserves will last an average of another 40 years, natural gas reserves should last for 70 years, and coal - for 200 years. Here it should be taken into account that today humanity receives 90% of its energy from the heat of combustion of fuel (oil, coal, gas), and the rate of energy consumption is constantly growing, and this growth is not linear. Alternative energy sources are also used - nuclear, as well as wind, geothermal, solar and other types of energy. As seen, The key to the successful development of human society in the future can be not only the transition to the use of secondary raw materials, new energy sources and energy-saving technologies(which is certainly necessary), but, first of all, revision of the principles on which the modern economy is built, which does not look back at any restrictions in terms of resources, except for those that may require too much money that will not be justified later.
Every year, Ford publishes a report that analyzes key trends in consumer sentiment and behavior. The report is based on data from surveys conducted by the company among thousands of people from different countries.
Rusbase took a look at a global study and chose 5 main trends that are now defining our world.
Five trends that are now defining our world
Victoria KravchenkoTrend 1: A new format for the good life
In the modern world, “more” no longer always means “better,” and wealth is no longer synonymous with happiness. Consumers have learned to enjoy not the mere fact of owning something, but how this or that item affects their lives. Those who continue to flaunt their wealth only cause irritation.
"Wealth is no longer synonymous with happiness":
- India - 82%
- Germany - 78%
- China - 77%
- Australia - 71%
- Canada - 71%
- USA - 70%
- Spain - 69%
- Brazil - 67%
- UK - 64%
I get annoyed by people who flaunt their wealth»:
- 77% - respondents aged 18-29
- 80% - respondents aged 30-44
- 84% of respondents aged 45+
Real life examples confirming the growing popularity of this trend:
1. Benefit from the results of labor is more important than profit
Example 1:
Rustam Sengupta spent a significant part of his life walking towards success in the traditional way. He received a degree from one of the leading business schools and got a high-paying position in the consulting industry. And so, returning one day to his native village in India, he realized that the locals are experiencing a shortage of the simplest things, suffering from problems with electricity and the lack of clean drinking water.
In an effort to help people, he founded Boond, a non-profit company designed to develop alternative energy sources in northern India.
Example 2:
When New York City lawyer Zan Kaufman began working weekends at her brother's burger shop, trying to break up the monotony of office work, she never imagined that this case could change her life so much. After moving to London a year later, she did not send resumes to law firms, but bought herself a street food truck, starting her own company, Bleecker Street Burger.
2. Free time is the best medicine
Millennials (ages 18-34) are increasingly seeking to escape the hustle and bustle of the city and social media addiction by choosing a vacation that is more unusual and interesting than lying on the beach at an All Inclusive hotel. Instead, they want to use the holiday for health benefits, favoring yoga clubs and culinary tours in Italy.
The total volume of the world industry of such extraordinary travels is currently estimated at 563 billion dollars. In 2015 alone, more than 690 million wellness tours were organized worldwide.
Trend 2: The value of time is now measured differently
Time is no longer a valuable resource: in the modern world, punctuality is losing its appeal, and the tendency to procrastinate everything for later is considered absolutely normal.
72% of people surveyed around the world agreed with the statement "Z Activities that I used to consider a waste of time now do not seem useless to me».
Over time, the emphasis shifted and people began to recognize the need for the simplest things. For example, to the question " What do you think is the most productive pastime? the answers were as follows:
- sleep - 57%,
- sitting on the Internet - 54%,
- reading - 43%,
- watching TV - 36%,
- communication in social networks - 24%
- dreams - 19%
British students have a long tradition of taking a gap year after leaving school and before entering university (gap year) to better understand which path to choose in later life. A similar phenomenon is gaining more and more popularity among American students. According to the American Gap Association, over the past few years, the number of students who have decided to take an annual break has increased by 22%.
According to the Ford poll, 98% young people who decided to take a year off from school said the break helped them decide on their life path.
Instead of "now" or "later", people now prefer to use the word "someday", which does not reflect the specific deadlines for completing a particular task. In psychology, there is a term "procrastination" - a person's tendency to constantly postpone important matters for later.
The number of respondents around the world who agreed with the statement " Procrastination helps me develop my creativity»:
- India - 63%
- Spain - 48%
- UK - 38%
- Brazil - 35%
- Australia - 34%
- USA - 34%
- Germany - 31%
- Canada - 31%
- China - 26%
1. We can't help but be distracted by trifles.
Have you ever come across a situation where, after a few hours of searching for the necessary information on the Internet, you find yourself reading completely useless, but extremely fascinating articles? We have all experienced something similar.
In this regard, the success of the Pocket application is interesting, which postpones the study of fascinating publications found in the search process for later and helps to focus on what is really important right now, but without the risk of losing sight of something interesting.
At the moment, 22 million users have already used the service, and the amount of publications deferred for later is two billion.
2. Meditation instead of punishment
Delinquent Baltimore Elementary students should no longer stay after school. Instead, the school has developed a special Holistic Me program, which invites students to do yoga or meditation to learn how to manage their emotions. Since the launch of the program in 2014, the school has not had to expel any of its students.
3. If you want employees to work efficiently, ban overtime
The working day of the Heldergroen advertising agency in the suburbs of Amsterdam always ends at exactly 18:00 and not a second later. At the end of the day, steel cables forcibly lift all desktops with computers and laptops into the air, and employees can use the freed space on the floor of the office for dancing and yoga classes to work less and enjoy life more.
“It has become a sort of ritual between work and personal life,” explains Sander Venendaal, the firm's creative director.
Trend 3: Choice has never been more pressing
Modern stores offer consumers an incredibly wide choice, which complicates the process of making a final decision, and as a result, buyers simply refuse to buy. This diversity leads to the fact that people now prefer to try many different options without buying anything.
Number of people surveyed around the world who agreed with the statement “The Internet offers a lot more options than I really need”:
- China - 99%
- India - 90%
- Brazil - 74%
- Australia - 70%
- Canada - 68%
- Germany - 68%
- Spain - 67%
- UK - 66%
- USA - 57%
With the advent of the selection process becomes non-obvious. A huge number of special offers misleads buyers.
Number of respondents who agreed with the statement “After I buy something, I begin to doubt whether I made the right choice (a)?”:
- 60% of respondents aged 18-29
- 51% of respondents aged 30-44
- 34% of respondents aged 45+
With approval “Last month, I couldn’t choose one single thing from a lot of options. In the end, I decided not to buy anything at all.” agreed:
- 49% of respondents aged 18-29
- 39% aged 30-44
- 27% aged 45+
This can be explained by the fact that with age, purchases occur more consciously and more rationally, so this kind of question arises much less often.
Real life examples confirming the growing popularity of the trend:
1. Consumers want to try everything
The desire of consumers to try out a product before buying has an impact on the electronics market. An example is the short-term gadget rental service Lumoid.
- For just $60 a week, you can take a test to see if you really need this $550 gadget.
- For $5 a day, you can also rent a quadcopter to determine which model you need.
2. The burden of credit kills the joy of using a gadget.
Expensive equipment taken on credit is increasingly no longer pleasing to millennials, even before the loan is repaid.
In this case, the Flip startup comes to the rescue, created so that people can transfer a boring purchase to other owners, along with obligations to further repay the loan. According to statistics, popular products find new owners within 30 days from the date of the announcement.
And the Roam service began to work on the real estate market, which allows you to conclude only one long-term housing lease agreement, and then at least every week choose a new place of residence for yourself on any of the three continents covered by the service. All residential properties that Roam works with are equipped with high-speed Wi-Fi networks and the most modern kitchen equipment.
Trend 4: The Other Side of Technological Progress
Is technology improving our daily lives, or just making it more difficult? Technology has really made people's lives more convenient and efficient. However, consumers are beginning to feel that technological progress has a negative side.
- 77% of respondents around the world agree with the statement " The craze for technology has led to an increase in obesity among people»
- 67% of respondents aged 18-29 confirmed that they know a person who broke up with his other half via SMS
- The use of technology leads not only to sleep disturbance, according to 78% of women and 69% of men, but also makes us dumber, according to 47% of respondents, and less polite (63%)
Real life examples confirming the growing popularity of the trend:
1. Dependence on technology exists
The recent successes of the company's projects have shown that people become addicted to watching new TV shows in the shortest possible time. 2015 shows like House of Cards and Orange Is the New New Black made viewers look forward to each new episode in their first three to five episodes, according to a global study. That being said, new series like Stranger Things and The Fire have managed to hook viewers after watching just the first two episodes.
Modern smartphones have become an important part of the lives of children who can no longer do without them even a day. American researchers have proven that the time spent on smartphones has a negative impact on school performance. Children who “sit” on mobile devices for 2-4 hours every day after school are 23% more likely to fail to complete their homework compared to their peers who are not so dependent on gadgets.
3. Cars save pedestrians
According to the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a pedestrian is hit every eight minutes in the country. Most often, such accidents occur due to the fact that pedestrians send messages on the go and do not follow the road.
To improve the safety of all road users, it is developing innovative technology that can predict people's behavior, thereby reducing the severity of the consequences of road accidents and even preventing them in some cases.
Twelve experimental Ford vehicles drove more than 800,000 kilometers on the roads of Europe, China and the United States, accumulating an array of data, with a total volume of more than a year - 473 days.
Trend 5: Change of leaders, now everything is decided not by them, but by us
Who today has the most significant impact on our lives, the environmental situation in the world, the social sphere and healthcare? For decades, cash flows have predominantly moved between individuals and organizations, be they government agencies or commercial enterprises.
Today we are more start to feel responsible for the correctness of decisions taken by society as a whole.
To the question " What is the main driving force that can change society for the better? The respondents responded as follows:
- 47% - Consumers
- 28% - State
- 17% - Companies
- 8% - refrained from answering
Real life examples confirming the growing popularity of the trend:
1. Business must be honest with consumers
The American online store Everlane, specializing in the sale of clothing, builds its business on the principles of maximum transparency in relations with suppliers and customers. The creators of Everlane have abandoned the exorbitant markups that the fashion industry is famous for, and openly show on their website what the final price of each item consists of - the site displays the cost of material, labor and transportation.
2. Prices must be affordable for consumers
The international humanitarian organization Doctors Without Borders is actively fighting the high cost of vaccines. It recently refused to accept a donation of one million doses of a pneumonia vaccine because the formulation was protected by a patent, which negatively affects the price of the final product and makes it inaccessible to residents of many regions of the world. With this action, the organization wants to emphasize the importance of addressing the problem of access to medicines in the long term.
3. There should be more and more services for the convenience of users
To draw attention to the service l and reduce the number of cars on the roads, Uber launched drones with advertising posters into the skies of Mexico City. The posters urged drivers stuck in traffic to consider bringing their own car to work.
One of the posters read: “Riding alone in the car? That's why you can never admire the mountains around." Thus, the company wanted to draw the attention of drivers to the problem of dense smog over the city. The inscription on another poster: "The city was built for you, not for 5.5 million cars."
What does it mean?
These are already part of our lives. They show what is going on in the mind of consumers: what they think about, how they make decisions about buying a particular product. A business must carefully study the behavior of its customers and be very responsive to changes.
1. Stages of modern scientific and technological revolution
The term "Scientific and technological revolution" arose in the middle of the twentieth century, when a man created an atomic bomb, and it became clear that science could destroy our planet.
The scientific and technological revolution is characterized by two criteria:
1. Science and technology have grown together into a single system (this determines the combination of scientific and technical), as a result of which science has become a direct productive force.
2. Unprecedented successes in the conquest of nature and man himself as part of nature.
The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution are impressive. It brought man into space, gave him a new source of energy - atomic energy, fundamentally new substances and technical means (laser), new means of mass communication and information, etc., etc.
Fundamental research is at the forefront of science. The attention of the authorities to them increased sharply after Albert Einstein informed US President Roosevelt in 1939 that physicists had discovered a new source of energy that would allow the creation of hitherto unseen weapons of mass destruction.
Modern science is "expensive". The construction of a synchrophasotron, necessary for conducting research in the field of elementary particle physics, requires billions of dollars. What about space exploration? In developed countries, 2-3% of the gross national product is spent on science today. But without this, neither a sufficient defense capacity of the country, nor its production power is possible.
Science is developing exponentially: the volume of scientific activity, including world scientific information in the 20th century, doubles every 10-15 years. Calculation of the number of scientists, sciences. In 1900 there were 100,000 scientists in the world, now there are 5,000,000 (one in a thousand people living on Earth). 90% of all scientists who have ever lived on the planet are our contemporaries. The process of differentiation of scientific knowledge has led to the fact that now there are more than 15,000 scientific disciplines.
Science not only studies the world and its evolution, but is itself a product of evolution, constituting, after nature and man, a special, "third" (according to Popper) world - the world of knowledge and skills. In the concept of three worlds - the world of physical objects, the world of individual psychic and the world of intersubjective (universal) knowledge - science has replaced Plato's "world of ideas". The third world, the world of science, has become as equivalent to the philosophical "world of ideas" as the "city of God" of Blessed Augustine in the Middle Ages.
In modern philosophy, there are two views on science in its connection with human life: science is a product created by a person (K. Jaspers) and science as a product of being, discovered through a person (M. Heidegger). The latter view leads even closer to the Platonic-Augustinian notions, but the former does not deny the fundamental importance of science.
Science, according to Popper, not only brings direct benefit to social production and the well-being of people, but also teaches to think, develops the mind, saves mental energy.
“From the moment when science became a reality, the truth of human statements is due to their scientific nature. Therefore, science is an element of human dignity, hence its charms, through which it penetrates the secrets of the universe ”(Jaspers K.“ The Meaning and Purpose of History ”)
The same charms led to an exaggerated idea of the possibilities of science, to attempts to place it above and before other branches of culture. A kind of scientific "lobby" was created, which was called scientism (from the Latin "scientia" - science). It is in our time, when the role of science is truly enormous, that scientism appeared with the idea of science, especially natural science, as the highest, if not absolute value. This scientific ideology stated that only science is able to solve all the problems facing humanity, including immortality.
Scientism is characterized by the absolutization of the style and methods of the "exact" sciences, declaring them the pinnacle of knowledge, often accompanied by a denial of social and humanitarian issues as having no cognitive significance. On the wave of scientism, the idea arose of “two cultures” that were not related to each other in any way - the natural sciences and the humanities (the book by the English writer Ch. Snow “Two Cultures”).
Within the framework of scientism, science was seen as the only sphere of spiritual culture in the future that would absorb its irrational areas. In contrast to this, anti-scientist statements that also loudly declared themselves in the second half of the 20th century doom it either to extinction or to eternal opposition to human nature.
Anti-scientism proceeds from the position on the fundamental limitation of the possibilities of science in solving fundamental human problems, and in its manifestations it evaluates science as a force hostile to man, denying it a positive impact on culture. Yes, critics say, science improves the well-being of the population, but it also increases the danger of the death of mankind and the Earth from atomic weapons and pollution of the natural environment.
The scientific and technological revolution is a radical change taking place during the twentieth century in the scientific ideas of mankind, accompanied by major shifts in technology, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the development of productive forces.
The beginning of the scientific and technological revolution was prepared by the outstanding successes of natural science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These include the discovery of the complex structure of the atom as a system of particles rather than an indivisible whole; the discovery of radioactivity and the transformation of elements; creation of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics; understanding the essence of chemical bonds, the discovery of isotopes, and then the production of new radioactive elements that are absent in nature.
The rapid development of the natural sciences continued into the middle of our century. New achievements have appeared in the physics of elementary particles, in the study of the microworld; Cybernetics was created, genetics and chromosome theory were developed.
The revolution in science was accompanied by a revolution in technology. The largest technical achievements of the late XIX - early XX century. - the creation of electrical machines, cars, aircraft, the invention of radio, gramophone. In the middle of the 20th century, electronic computers appeared, the use of which became the basis for the development of complex automation of production and its management; the use and development of nuclear fission processes lays the foundation for atomic technology; rocket technology develops, space exploration begins; television is born and is widely used; synthetic materials with predetermined properties are created; transplantation of animal and human organs and other complex operations are successfully carried out in medicine.
The scientific and technological revolution is associated with a significant increase in industrial production and improvement of the management system. In industry, more and more new technical achievements are being applied, interaction between industry and science is increasing, the process of intensifying production is developing, and the time for developing and implementing new technical proposals is being reduced. There is a growing need for highly qualified personnel in all branches of science, technology and production. The scientific and technological revolution has a great impact on all aspects of society.
2. Transition to post-industrial civilization and internalization of the economy.
The term "post-industrial society" was born in the US back in the 1950s, when it became clear that American mid-century capitalism differed in many ways from the industrial capitalism that existed before the great crisis of 1929-1933. It is noteworthy that initially the post-industrial society was considered in terms of rationalistic concepts of linear progress, economic growth, welfare and labor technization, as a result of which working time is reduced and free time increases, respectively. At the same time, already in the late 1950s, Erisman questioned the expediency of unlimited growth in wealth, noting that among young Americans from the "upper middle class" the prestige of owning certain things was gradually declining.
Since the late 1960s, the term "post-industrial society" has been filled with new content. Scientists identify such features as the mass distribution of creative, intellectual labor, a qualitatively increased volume of scientific knowledge and information used in production, the predominance of the service sector, science, education, culture in the structure of the economy over industry and agriculture in terms of share in GNP and the number of employees. , changing the social structure.
In a traditional agrarian society, the main task was to provide the population with basic means of subsistence. Therefore, efforts were concentrated in agriculture, in food production. In the industrial society that has come to replace this problem has faded into the background. In developed countries, 5-6% of the population employed in agriculture provided food for the entire society.
Industry came to the fore. It employed the bulk of the people. Society developed along the path of accumulation of material wealth.
The next stage is associated with the transition from an industrial to a service society. Theoretical knowledge is of decisive importance for the implementation of technological innovations. The volumes of this knowledge are becoming so large that they provide a qualitative leap. Extremely developed means of communication ensure the free dissemination of knowledge, which makes it possible to talk about a qualitatively new type of society.
In the 19th century and up to the middle of the 20th century, communication existed in two different forms. The first is mail, newspapers, magazines and books, i.e. media that were printed on paper and distributed by physical transport or stored in libraries. The second is the telegraph, telephone, radio and television; here, coded messages or speech were transmitted by means of radio signals or by cable communication from person to person. Now technologies that once existed in different fields of application are blurring these distinctions, so that consumers of information have at their disposal a variety of alternative means, which also creates a number of complex problems from the point of view of legislators.