Fight in the forest. Offensive in the mountains Interesting combat examples of a company offensive in the forest

15.03.2020

PROMOTION OF A GROUP FROM 10 TO 30 PEOPLE

Breaking into groups of 7-9 people, the distance of movement between groups in open areas of the forest is 30-40 meters, in light forest 20 meters, in the forest 10-15 meters, the main requirement is direct visibility between groups;
A reconnaissance group moves in front of the vanguard group (at a distance of twice the line of sight) in order to identify enemy ambushes. Its composition is 2-3 people, the movement in a line in line of sight from each other, the presence of radio communication between themselves and the main group is recommended;
When an ambush is detected, it is necessary (if the reconnaissance group is not detected) to immediately stop the movement, disguise, inform the main group. And in no case should you attack on your own, unless there is a two-fold or more numerical advantage.
Example options for action:
- If the scouts were not found, and the enemy is an ambush or a barrier post, it is necessary to call a group from the main detachment (7-9 people), this group is divided into two parts and goes around the ambushes on both sides, hitting the rear and sides, while the reconnaissance group distracts itself the enemy but do not expose themselves and fire from cover from a safe distance;
- If the scouts are detected, an ambush or a barrage post, the second option is to immediately cover for firing and continue to act according to the previous method
- If the scouts are not detected or detected, and the enemy is a detachment of more than 6-8 people, the scouts disguise themselves and call two detachments from the main column (the point is that when attacking, you need a twofold superiority over the enemy).

One of the best and simplest tactics for fighting in the forest is the "double tail". The group advances in a column of two in a checkerboard pattern, the right side of the column is responsible (observes) for the right side of the path of movement, the left for the left. When attacking, the columns, starting from the “tail”, bend in a semicircle and move towards the place of conflict, as a result, the location of the enemy is taken into the ring. For this type of attack, one factor is needed - more radio stations.

GROUP PROMOTION FROM 4 TO 10 PEOPLE

It is better to move in two identical lines in a checkerboard pattern, the front line should occupy protected positions (behind stumps, in natural ravines, bushes, behind trees, etc.), and the back column quickly moves 10-20 meters further than the front, after which it takes up protected positions, and the covering group itself moves forward and so on. When an enemy is detected or comes under fire, it is necessary to estimate the number of the enemy and either attack or retreat, but in the same order as they moved on the march. The ranks should not be widely stretched, because you can miss a camouflaged enemy, so each fighter has his own sector of fire (the direction of firing which for one fighter does not exceed 90 degrees).

GROUP PROMOTION OF UP TO 4 PEOPLE

It is advisable to move exactly in twos, and the advancement of each two can occur in an arbitrary order (both in a column and in a line), the main thing is not to lose sight of a fighter from your two and at least one person from another. When moving, stops are necessarily made (after two or three minutes) to look around and listen to sounds that are not related to the sounds of the forest. Such groups are the least vulnerable to detection and therefore can be used for deep reconnaissance in enemy territory or neutral territory. It can be used for a surprise raid (with a quick retreat) on a larger Vran force, however it is not recommended to engage in combat with similar enemy groups due to the early detection of the group.

DEFENSE TACTICS

Necessary actions carried out in preparing positions for defense:

Choosing a dominant position for firing and observation
Camouflage positions for firing and surveillance
Availability of escape routes;
Convenient exit for counterattack;
Distribution of sectors of fire and observation
Relationship with the command center and between other positions

Necessary actions in defense

Upon detection of the enemy, immediately report to the remaining positions and to the command center, report the approximate number of the enemy, the place of their detection and the intended direction of movement;
The distant lines of defense, if poorly camouflaged - retreat to the main lines, if well camouflaged - let the enemy through and, after a fire collision with the main lines of defense, hit the rear;
The main lines of defense, let the enemy in only at a distance of confident defeat and after that open simultaneous fire on predetermined sectors;
When reloading weapons - notify - - partners, to cover their sector of fire, simultaneous reloading with more than one partner along the defensive line is not allowed;
The counterattack is carried out on a common signal, simultaneously, but leaving a fire cover
When breaking through the defense, it is recommended to send additional forces there, if this is not possible, to retreat in an organized manner deep into the defended territory;
With a significant superiority of the enemy, and the surrounding defense lines, collect the remaining fighters and at the same time break through with all your forces in one (predetermined) direction.

REMEMBER

When defending, the losses of the attacking side are at least 50% greater than those of the defenders;
The better the camouflage of defensive positions, the later the enemy will find them, respectively, he will come closer and the fire of the defenders will be more effective;
The more smoothly the process of reloading weapons, the less “blind” sectors remain and the less likely it is to break through the defense line;
The presence of radio communications for most players gives an advantage in the possession of information during the battle.

In the forest, the farthest boundary of fire contact is no more than 40-50 meters, provided that the enemy is moving, since if the enemy has prepared an ambush, then it is quite possible not to notice him at all. So let's look at a few situations.

In the forest, the farthest boundary of fire contact is no more than 40-50 meters, provided that the enemy is moving, since if the enemy has prepared an ambush, then it is quite possible not to notice him at all. So let's look at a few situations.

GROUP PROMOTION FROM 10 TO 30 PEOPLE

1. Dividing into groups of 7-9 people, the distance of movement between groups in open areas of the forest is 30-40 meters, in light forest 20 meters, in the forest 10-15 meters, is determined by the requirement for line of sight between groups;

2. A reconnaissance group should move in front of the guiding group (within a double line-of-sight distance) to detect enemy ambushes at distant lines. The composition of the reconnaissance group is 2-3 people, moving in line in line of sight from each other, the desirable presence of radio communications between themselves and the main group;

3. When a reconnaissance group detects an ambush or an enemy group, it is necessary (provided that the enemy does not detect scouts) immediately stop their movement, disguise themselves, transmit a message by radio to the reconnaissance group and the main group. In no case do not attack on your own without having a two-fold numerical superiority.

Possible courses of action:

If the scouts are not detected, and the enemy is an ambush or barrage post, call one group from the main column (7-9 people), so that this group breaks into two detachments and goes around the ambush site in two arcs, then hitting the rear and from the sides , while the reconnaissance group will have to distract the enemy but will not set themselves up, firing from cover and from a safer distance;

If scouts are detected, and the enemy is an ambush or barrage post, immediately find shelters for firing, then proceed according to the previous scenario;

If the scouts are not detected or detected, and the enemy is a detachment of more than 6-8 people, the scouts disguise themselves and call two detachments from the main column (the point is that when attacking, you need a twofold superiority over the enemy).

One of the best and simplest tactics for fighting in the forest is the "double tail". The main group moves in a column of two in a checkerboard pattern from each other, the right side of the column is responsible (observes) the right side of the path of movement, the left side is behind the left. At the command to attack, the columns, starting from the "tail", bend in a semicircle and move towards the place of conflict, as a result, the location of the enemy is taken into the ring. For this type of attack, one important factor is necessary - as many radio stations as possible.

GROUP PROMOTION FROM 4 TO 10 PEOPLE

It is best to move in two equal lines in a checkerboard pattern, and the front line should occupy protected positions (behind trees, stumps, in natural ravines, bushes, etc.), and the back line should quickly move 10-20 meters further than the front, then it takes up protected positions, and the group that covered itself should move forward and so on. When the enemy is detected or comes under his fire, it is realistic to estimate the number of the enemy and either attack him or retreat, but in the same order as the group moved on the march. The lines should not be widely stretched, otherwise you can miss the masked enemy, each fighter in the line must have his own sector of fire (the direction of firing which for one fighter should not exceed 90 degrees).

GROUP PROMOTION OF UP TO 4 PEOPLE

With an even number, it is desirable to break into twos and move exactly in twos, and the advancement of each two can occur in an arbitrary order (both in a column and in a line), you just need to not lose sight of your partner from your two and at least one person from the neighboring one. When moving, it is necessary to make stops (every two or three minutes) in order to look around and listen to sounds that are not related to the natural sounds of the forest. Such a group is the least vulnerable to detection and therefore can be used for deep reconnaissance on neutral or enemy territory. It can also be used for surprise raids (with a quick subsequent withdrawal) against larger enemy forces, but it is not recommended to engage ambushes or similar enemy groups due to early detection of the group's movement.

DEFENSE TACTICS

Necessary actions carried out in preparing positions for defense:

1. Choosing a dominant position for observation and firing;

2. Masking positions for observation and firing;

3. Availability of escape routes;

4. Convenient exit from positions for a counterattack;

5. Distribution of sectors of observation and firing;

6. Relationship between other positions and with the command center;

Necessary actions carried out during the defense of positions:

1. When an enemy is detected, immediately report this to other positions and to the command center, report the approximate number of the enemy, the place of their detection and the intended direction of movement;

2. The distant lines of defense, if they are poorly camouflaged - retreat to the main lines, if they are well camouflaged - let the enemy through and, after fire contact with the main lines of defense, hit the enemy in the rear;

3. To the main lines of defense, let the enemy in at a distance of confident defeat and only after that open, if possible, simultaneous fire on their predetermined sectors;

4. When reloading a weapon, be sure to notify your partners about this, to cover the firing sector, and not allow simultaneous reloading of weapons with more than one neighbor along the defensive line;

5. Counterattack on a common signal, simultaneously, but leaving fire cover in positions;

6. When breaking through the defense in any areas, it is advisable to send additional forces there, if such a step is impossible, to retreat in an organized manner deep into the defended territory;

7. With a significant numerical superiority of the enemy, and the encirclement of defense lines, collect the remaining fighters and simultaneously break through with all their forces in one (predetermined) direction.

REMEMBER

When defending, the losses of the attackers are at least 50 percent greater than the losses of the defenders;

The better the defense positions are camouflaged, the later the enemy will detect them and, accordingly, the closer he will come and the more effective the fire of the defenders will be;

The more smoothly the process of reloading weapons, the less "blind" sectors remain and, accordingly, the less likely the enemy will break through the line of defense;

According to the site AirSoftClub.Ru

Tactics of warfare in the forest.

GROUP PROMOTION FROM 10 TO 30 PEOPLE

Possible courses of action:

If the scouts are not detected, and the enemy is an ambush or barrage post, call one group from the main column (7-9 people), so that this group breaks into two detachments and goes around the ambush site in two arcs, then hitting the rear and from the sides , while the reconnaissance group will have to distract the enemy towards themselves, but will not set themselves up, firing from cover and from a safer distance;

If scouts are detected, and the enemy is an ambush or barrage post, immediately find shelters for firing, then proceed according to the previous scenario;

GROUP PROMOTION FROM 4 TO 10 PEOPLE

It is best to move in two equal lines in a checkerboard pattern. Moreover, the front line should take protected positions (behind trees, stumps, in natural ravines, bushes, etc.), and the back line should quickly move 10-20 meters further than the front, then it takes protected positions, and that group, which covered should itself move forward, etc.

When an enemy is detected or comes under his fire, it is realistic to estimate the number of the enemy - and either attack him or retreat, but in the same order as the group moved on the march. The ranks should not be widely stretched, otherwise you can miss a disguised enemy. Each fighter in the line must have his own sector of fire (the direction of firing for one fighter should not exceed 90 degrees).

GROUP PROMOTION OF UP TO 4 PEOPLE

With an even number, it is desirable to break into twos and move exactly in twos, and the advancement of each two can occur in an arbitrary order (both in a column and in a line), you just need to not lose sight of your partner from your two and at least one person from the neighboring one. When moving, it is necessary to make stops (every 2-3 minutes) so that you can look around and listen to sounds that are not related to the natural sounds of the forest. Such a group is the least vulnerable to detection and therefore can be used for deep reconnaissance on neutral or enemy territory. It can also be used for a surprise raid (with a quick subsequent withdrawal) against larger enemy forces. But it is not recommended to engage with ambushes or similar enemy groups due to early detection of the group's movement.

DEFENSE TACTICS

Necessary actions carried out in preparing positions for defense:

1. Choosing a dominant position for observation and firing;
2. Masking positions for observation and firing;
3. Availability of escape routes;
4. Convenient exit from positions for a counterattack;
5. Distribution of sectors of observation and firing;
6. Relationship between other positions and with the command center;

Necessary actions carried out during the defense of positions:

2. The distant lines of defense, if they are poorly camouflaged - retreat to the main lines, if they are well camouflaged - let the enemy pass and, after fire contact with the main lines of defense, hit the enemy in the rear;

3. The main lines of defense, let the enemy in at a distance of confident defeat and only after that open, if possible, simultaneous fire on their predetermined sectors;

4. When reloading weapons, be sure to notify your partners about this, to cover the firing sector, and not allow simultaneous reloading of weapons with more than one neighbor along the defensive line;

5. Counterattack on a common signal, simultaneously, but leaving fire cover in positions;

6. When breaking through the defense in any areas, it is advisable to send additional forces there, if such a step is impossible, to retreat in an organized manner deep into the defended territory;

REMEMBER:
In defense, the losses of the attackers are at least 50 percent greater than the losses of the defenders;

The better the defense positions are camouflaged, the later the enemy will detect them and, accordingly, the closer he will come and the more effective the fire of the defenders will be;

The more smoothly the process of reloading weapons, the less "blind" sectors remain and, accordingly, the less likely the enemy will break through the line of defense.

This article was automatically added from the community

What is a clash in the forest, be it taiga, selva, or an ordinary forest of the middle zone? Features of orientation, organization of all kinds of ambushes, requirements for weapons.

War in the forest, whether it be taiga, selva, or an ordinary forest of the middle lane, has a number of specific features. The danger, in addition to the enemy, comes from fauna, pathogenic microbes and an unfavorable microclimate. Dense vegetation reduces observation and fire contact distances to a minimum. Orientation in the area is very difficult. At the same time, ample opportunities are opening up for tracking down the enemy, organizing all kinds of ambushes and traps. All this imposes special requirements on equipment, weapons and tactical training of fighters.

survival in the forest

To survive and maintain combat readiness in the forest, you need to have an idea of the adverse factors that may await you there. This is especially true of the taiga, forest-tundra and tropical forests. Consider some aspects of survival in these types of forest areas.

Let's start with the fact that the weather changes very often in the taiga and forest-tundra zone, so there should be a complete set of protection from precipitation: a tent, a cover for a backpack, clothing with membranes, boots with a membrane and high tops.

Blood-sucking insects become a huge problem from May to August. In May, in the taiga, these are ticks that, in addition to the deadly disease - encephalitis, can carry another most dangerous disease - boreliosis. Vaccination is required!

In the north, in the forest-tundra, there are no ticks, but there are a lot of midges, horseflies and mosquitoes. They literally swarm around. Any exposed areas of the skin, whether it be the hands or the face, will inevitably be bitten.

The best option both in the forest-tundra and in the taiga is special clothing against insects. It consists of pants and a jacket with a hood, made of voluminous mesh. The mosquito cannot reach the skin with its nose and bite, the tick will not crawl through either. In a suit, you can completely cover your face and hands. The advantage is that in hot weather, when you can steam up in ordinary clothes, the mesh will ventilate the body, while at the same time keeping insects out.

Stock up on pills for the fumigator. One such smoky tablet will kill all the mosquitoes that have flown into the tent, and allow you to sleep peacefully. Midges, midges and whitelegs have a nasty feature. They can climb into the sleeve, and bite in the abdomen. After a bite, a dark, itchy swelling appears the size of a 10-kopeck coin. Repellents are a must!

Sleeping in the open air is out of the question. Otherwise, in the morning you will not be able to open your eyes from bites, and there is also no guarantee that vipers are not found in this place. The viper loves warmth and will crawl with pleasure to bask behind your scruff, such cases have happened.

It is necessary to make it a rule to periodically inspect each other for ticks. There are a lot of them in the taiga zone. There can be up to 10 pieces on one branch. Passing by, you, hitting a branch with your shoulder, put them on yourself. In the forest-tundra, it is more convenient to use high-top rubber boots instead of boots and wear them rolled up to the knee. The forest-tundra is completely swampy. Yagel, growing everywhere, absorbs moisture well, and walking on it is like walking on a sponge that has absorbed water. Numerous streams and rivers constantly block the road. In rubber boots, forcing them is not difficult. It is necessary to have a repair kit for shoes, because boots are easy to gouge with a sharp knot.

When you enter the rainforest, any clothing will instantly begin to absorb water from the air and in a few minutes it will become completely wet. The alternative is the same mosquito suit made from a three-dimensional mesh. It is made of synthetics and does not absorb water from the air, and after getting wet it dries instantly, is fully ventilated and protects from insect bites.

As for the dangerous representatives of the animal and plant world living in the selva, their listing alone can take several volumes. First of all, these are snakes and spiders, of which there are a huge number. The main rule when moving through the rainforest is to constantly monitor the places you step on and touch. You can’t just sit on the ground, you must first examine everything around. Some snakes are so "successfully" colored that it is impossible to notice them, even knowing that they should be here. Quite a lot of species of poisonous snakes can crawl through trees. Passing by, you run the risk of disturbing the resting snake, touching the branch on which it lies, which will infuriate it.

Spiders are also very dangerous. They are nocturnal and strive to get into the boot. Make it a rule to shake out your boots before putting them on. Unlike spiders, scorpions are less dangerous, among them there is not a single species whose bite would lead to the death of a person. But there are a huge number of spider species that can kill a person.

In addition to insects swarming around, spreading a whole bunch of tropical diseases, each of which is deadly, land leeches are of great concern. They sit on branches and cling to a passing person. It is necessary to make all possible vaccinations.

Everything around is intertwined with vines, and in order to get through, you have to literally cut your way through. For this purpose, you need a long knife - a machete. Be careful, the juice of some plants is extremely toxic, like acid. Even smelling a slice of some of them, you can get poisoned. The author had to observe many such toxic burns and experience their unpleasant effect on himself. A bubble appears at the site of contact with the juice on the skin, as after a thermal burn. It does not go away for a long time, and when everything heals, permanent traces remain. Sometimes such burns can lead to very serious consequences up to death. It is enough to wipe yourself with the wrong sheet - and that's it ...

All water is unfit for consumption. It is rather a broth of billions of pathogens. For safe drinking, it is necessary to dig a hole near the reservoir. The water that enters it is collected, passed through a filter, which everyone should have. Then the water is disinfected with a special tablet and boiled. In this way, you can protect yourself as much as possible. Also, each fighter should have a filter with him - a tube. It filters out everything superfluous well and, if necessary, allows you to drink directly from a puddle, but you should not get carried away with this.

To protect yourself from an unwanted intestinal infection, you must have a supply of alcohol and drink a little before and after every meal. This will destroy all the microbes that have entered the stomach with food. If this rule is neglected, then after 1-2 days you will inevitably experience indigestion at best.

All, even the most insignificant, wounds must be treated with the utmost care. Shoes must be with a membrane, otherwise the feet will be constantly wet. The tent should also have a membrane to protect it from rain and bring heated air out. But these tents are fabulously expensive. It is more convenient to close the anti-mosquito part of the tent with an awning, leaving the side parts open for ventilation. Even if the sky is clear, it may rain in an hour.

Each fighter should have a compass and a map, and preferably a GPS navigator. It is very easy to get lost in the dense impenetrable forest. Enough in the confusion of the battle to scatter in different directions. The GPS navigator records your entire journey, and if necessary, you can easily return back. Also, the device is convenient for memorizing key objects, trails, minefields, single-placed mines, hiding places, which will then be extremely difficult to find.

The absence of the items of clothing and equipment described above makes survival in the forest for any length of time (not to mention hostilities) extremely difficult.

Tactics of warfare in the forest. Platoon armament

We will consider the tactics of combat in the forest using the example of the most familiar zone of temperate forest terrain.

For effective combat in the forest, it is necessary to regroup the platoon. Depending on the combat mission and the region in which the fighting takes place, the specifics, composition and armament of the unit may change. But, since the main danger for the group is always ambushes, the structure of the platoon should provide maximum resistance to them and minimize casualties.

The platoon is divided into 4 squads of 4 fighters each (“fours”) and 4 combat “twos”.

In three combat "fours" are: machine gunner (PKM), assistant machine gunner (AK with GP), sniper (VSS), shooter (AK with GP). In one of the "fours" the sniper needs to have an IED. These are the three main combat units. The squad leader is a sniper. All the fighters of the "quartet" act in his interests. In one of the "fours" are the platoon commander (VSS) and the radio operator (AK).

The fourth combat "four" includes: a machine gunner (PKM), an assistant machine gunner (AKMN with PBS), a grenade launcher (RPG-7), an assistant grenade launcher (AKMN with PBS). This is the fire department. It follows the lead watch. Its task is to create a high density of fire, stop and delay the enemy while the main forces turn around and take up positions to repel the attack. The squad leader is a machine gunner, and all the fighters of the "four" act with their fire, ensuring his work.

The combat "twos" are the head and rear patrols and 2 side guards. Their armament is the same and consists of AK with GP, AKS-74UN2 with PBS is also appropriate. For machine guns, it is better to use magazines from the RPK for 45 rounds. Each fighter, except for machine gunners, an assistant grenade launcher and a radio operator, carries 2-3 RPG-26s, and preferably MRO-A or RGSH-2.

After the start of the clash, the "four" fire countermeasures, following the head patrol, also open fire on the enemy, suppressing his activity with machine-gun fire and fire from RPG-7. The assistant machine gunner and the assistant grenade launcher of the fire resistance group are armed with AKMN with PBS. This allows them, once again without being illuminated, to destroy the enemy, representing an immediate danger to the machine gunner and grenade launcher. If the enemy is detected from the front by the head patrol, and the patrol remains unnoticed, the arrows from the PBS destroy the enemy with fire from a silent weapon.

From the features of such a structure, it can be seen that the fighters in the platoon are somehow grouped in pairs. This contributes to combat coordination, the development of conditional signals, and a better understanding of each other.

At the same time, it should be noted that it is often appropriate to divide a platoon in half, 12 fighters each. Each group performs a specific combat mission. In this situation, a dozen will act differently. Each reinforced squad includes 2 PKM (Pecheneg) machine gunners, 2 VSS snipers, 8 riflemen (AK + GP). The second squad includes an RPG-7 grenade launcher and two shooters with AKMN + PBS. With such an organization in the squad on the march, 3 fighters (machine gunner and 2 shooters), core (4 shooters, 2 snipers) and rear guards (machine gunner, 2 shooters) go on the head patrol.

In case of a sudden collision with the enemy, the lead patrol opens heavy fire and holds the enemy while the rest turn around. In the event of a sudden collision with superior enemy forces, the rear patrol takes up an advantageous position and covers the withdrawal of the entire group.

In the forest area, open areas are not very common - as a rule, these are the banks of rivers and lakes, burnt areas, hilltops, glades. That is, basically the area is “closed”. The range of fire contact in such conditions is minimal, and there is no need for long-range weapons (such as Kord, ASVK, AGS and even SVD), but the soldiers should have a pistol or submachine gun as an additional weapon.

A great tactical advantage in the forest is the use of mines. The most convenient, in my opinion, is MON-50. It is relatively light and practical. Each of the fighters of the group, except for machine gunners, an assistant grenade launcher and a radio operator, can carry at least one mine. Sometimes it is convenient to use the MON-100, which, with a mass of 5 kg, provides a defeat corridor 120 meters long and 10 meters wide. It is convenient to install it on clearings and roads, directing it along them or along the edge of the forest.

POM-2R mines are also needed, truly irreplaceable. After being brought into combat position, the mine becomes armed in 120 seconds and throws four 10-meter target sensors in different directions. The radius of the circular defeat - 16 meters. It is very convenient for mining when a group retreats, or when it is necessary to quickly create a minefield in the enemy's path.

Summarizing the above, we note: the result is a platoon armed with 4 PKM or Pecheneg machine guns, 3 VSS silent sniper rifles, 1 SVU-AS, 1 RPG-7; 17 fighters each have 2-3 RPG-26 grenade launchers (34-51 pcs.), 2 AKMN with PBS, 14 fighters are armed with GP and carry at least 18 mines MON-50 and 18 mines POM-2R.

The order of work of patrols

On the march, it is more convenient to move in a battle formation of the “arrow” type. Machine gunners are coming in front and from the flanks. A side guard is a must. The head patrol does not move more than 100 meters from the first "four", visual communication must be maintained. Such a battle formation allows you to provide the greatest security in case of a surprise attack. In the event of an explosion on a directed mine, only one “four” is hit. Depending on the situation, the battle order may change to a "wedge", "ledge" or "chain".

Patrols and side guards should have special thermal imaging and acoustic reconnaissance devices, through the use of which it is possible to reduce the surprise attack factor to a minimum. At the moment, we are armed with samples that are either outdated or very bulky.

So we again came to the conclusion that you need to buy everything yourself. Nevertheless, there is no such money with which one could evaluate one's own life. The necessary devices can be bought in hunting shops - this is an individual hearing amplifier "Superuho" and Life Finder - a device for searching for wounded animals.

"Superuho" is a headphone that amplifies the sound many times over. With the help of this device, it is easy to hear a quiet rustle, whisper, the clatter of a buckle on a weapon - in a word, all this can give out the presence of an enemy. At the same time, with a strong explosion or powerful shot, the device lowers the threshold of sound vibrations to a safe level of 92 dB. (This is especially true for the grenade launcher, which literally stalls after the first two shots.)

Life Finder is also an extremely effective item for a fighter, as it allows you to catch an enemy entrenched in the thickets by body heat. Its effective range in a forest overgrown with shrubs is 100 meters (branches and leaves strongly delay and shield the heat emitted by the object), in open areas - up to 900 meters. (However, in the rainforest, Life Finder is ineffective because the ambient temperature is close to human body temperature, which reduces contrast, in addition to the ability of the device is negatively affected by dense vegetation.)

A set of these two devices should be in each of the security and patrol soldiers. By the way, "Superuho" will allow them not only to identify the enemy, but also to talk quietly at a distance, without using radio stations. Life Finder after completion can be mounted on the machine on the Weaver bar.

Forest ambush tactics

While in an ambush, you must follow some rules. Snipers and machine gunners should be evenly distributed along the front and be sure to control the flanks. The latter, as well as the probable directions of the enemy's approach, are mined. It is also appropriate to mine the front, preferably with a chain of several MON-50s. Sectors of continuous mine destruction must overlap.

When the enemy enters the sector of destruction, the entire mine chain is undermined. Infantry moving at full height at this moment will be destroyed. This should be followed by a blow with all the forces and means, aimed at finishing off the enemy. The positions of the snipers are separate, and their single shots are lost against the backdrop of general shooting. This allows them to calmly and systematically shoot the enemy.

If there are no radio-controlled fuses, then you can build a homemade one and blow it up at the right time with a sniper shot. A piece of glass is inserted between two pieces of tin, and all this (not very tightly) is tied around the edges. The contacts of a series-connected circuit of several mines are suitable for the tin. This "sniper fuse" must be placed on a tree trunk from a side convenient for the sniper. When the enemy enters the affected area, a sniper shot at the “fuze” follows, the glass between the pieces of tin crumbles, and the circuit closes. This is how a whole platoon can be laid down with one shot, and many such traps can be placed.

It is even more effective to place a POM-2R mine in the affected area of the MON-50 chain. One or two enemy soldiers will be blown up by a mine, the main part of the personnel of the enemy unit will come to the aid of the wounded. The subsequent detonation of the MON-50 chain will cover them all at once. (In this regard, it is necessary to make it a rule that no more than two people provide assistance to the wounded in the place where the injury occurred.)

In the process of mining, when setting up an ambush, a calculation of 3-4 MON-50 mines per enemy platoon is taken. The problem lies in the need to hit the core so that the patrol and side guards do not notice the ambush ahead of time. The lead watch should be skipped forward (as a rule, these are two soldiers). They are neutralized separately after mines are detonated. With flank protection it is much more difficult. To do this, you need to use a silent weapon.

The enemy reconnaissance group will most likely not follow the path, but move along it. The enemy may be much larger than expected, in which case the remaining forces will attack you in the flank. It is convenient to arrange POM-2R there. The surviving enemy soldiers will go into a lightning-fast counterattack, and if they do not open dagger fire on them, they can take the initiative into their own hands.

During the battle, you must not forget that RPG and VOG shots explode when they hit branches. This is to be feared, but it is also to be used. If the enemy is lying under a bush and you can't reach him, launch the VOG into the crown of the bush above him, and he will be covered with fragments.

When occupying the line, the place for the gap is chosen to the right of the tree, which plays the role of a natural shield. Nothing should block the firing sector and interfere with the view. It is especially important to make sure that there are no anthills nearby. When digging a "scorpion hole", as the shel is sometimes called, it is necessary to carry the earth into the depths of the forest, and ideally, if possible, pour it into a stream, swamp or lake. The gap should not have a parapet, as mounds of dug sand will immediately give away your position. The front of the "scorpion hole" must be directed to the right edge of the firing sector. This is due to the fact that it is more convenient to turn the weapon to the left than to the right, where you need to turn around with your whole body, which is inconvenient in a tight space. For a left-hander, everything will be exactly the opposite.

Lastly, think about the roots of the tree. If possible, you can squeeze between them, because a thick root can stop a fragment.

The fighters are grouped in twos: so they can cover each other in case of a shot delay or when reloading weapons, as well as quickly provide first aid in case of injury.

As for stretch marks. If you set the usual (low), then the first to blow up on it are the fighters of the enemy’s head patrol. At the same time, the more important target is the commander of the enemy group. To destroy it, a directional mine is installed at a height of 2 meters above the ground, and stretching is also carried out at this level. The lookouts will pass under it unhindered, they focus on low tripwires and revealing enemy positions. It is possible to reveal a high stretch only by chance. Next comes the core. In it, next to the commander, there is a radio operator, who breaks the stretching of the antenna radio station.

The use of MANPADS in the forest. tree position device

Wooded terrain complicates the work of MANPADS crews, as the trunks and branches of trees block the view and the firing sector. To arrange a convenient position for calculating MANPADS, find the tallest tree and position yourself on its top. Therefore, it is advisable to have special claws, ropes and suspension systems with you. You need to arrange a "nest" in the place where there are two closely planted, strong horizontal branches. The space between them is braided with a rope in such a way that: a platform is obtained on which you can comfortably lie down or half-sitting. In order to protect against fire from below, deploy a bulletproof vest under you, and to mask your position, insert branches into the lower part of the weave.

All items of equipment and equipment must be fixed on branches and branches to prevent them from falling down, but in such a way that they can be quickly used. Be sure to have a fixed cord: in the event of an immediate departure from the position, you drop its end down and quickly descend along it. It is even better to fasten the second end of a long rope below the “nest”, at a height of about 2.5 meters from the ground. Then, to quickly leave the position, you will only need to attach the elements of your suspension system to the rope and slide down it like Tarzan. So in a matter of seconds you leave the firing zone, and it is much more difficult to hit a person “flying” horizontally among the branches and trunks of trees than going down vertically.

Around the tree, it is desirable to install 3-4 MON-50s in radio-controlled mode. If the enemy comes close to you, detonate mines, because the directed beam of lethal elements does not pose a danger to you. But it is strictly forbidden to attach mines to the trunk of the tree on which you are located, as well as to the trunks of nearby trees (after the explosion, they can fall on your tree).

In such a "nest" you can spend a lot of time, remaining unnoticed from above and below. If it so happened that your position was discovered and a firefight began, do not try to use grenades. In this situation, they pose a much more tangible danger to you than to the enemy. It is much more appropriate to use small arms. The enemy will instinctively lie down after contact begins. A recumbent human figure has a larger profile than in a vertical position, in addition, shooting upwards from a prone position is extremely inconvenient - for this you need to roll over onto your back. Your advantage is that you can avoid fire by hiding behind a tree trunk. A fixed cord and suspension system will help you with this. Being behind the barrel, in extreme cases, you can use a grenade, but then it is better to make it explode in the air.

How to increase the sector of destruction of mines

During the explosion of a directed mine installed on the ground, part of the lethal elements goes into the ground, and more than half flies over the enemy's head. To correct this situation, MON-50 mines, for example, must be placed on a tree, at a height of 2 meters and directed slightly down towards the expected appearance of the enemy (accurately aim the mine at a point at a distance of 30 meters). At the same time, 100 percent of the lethal elements will fly above the ground at a height of less than 2 meters, which is the most effective. For MON-90, installed at a height of 2 meters, this point is located at a distance of 45 meters. But MON-100 and MON-200 are best installed at a height of 3 and 5 meters, respectively, parallel to the ground.

In addition to the vertical angle, the angle of the horizontal installation of the mine relative to the path or road along which the enemy will pass is extremely important. This is especially true of the MON-100 and MON-200 mines, which have a narrow sector of slaughter elements. Installed 25 meters from the path, these mines must be deployed 60 degrees to the road in the direction of the enemy. If you put the same MON-100 against the movement, it can be seen, otherwise it will “hide” behind a tree trunk.

For MON-50 and MON-90 this system is ineffective. A much more effective way to increase the lethal range is to overlap the affected sectors. Mines MON-50 must be placed along the road perpendicularly, every 30 meters, 35 meters from the road. MON-90 are installed 50 meters apart, 45 meters from the trail.

Mines OZM-72 of circular destruction are installed in a "square", 50 meters from each other (15 meters from the road in each direction). With such an installation, 8 mines reliably hit the enemy in an area of 90 × 200 meters.

OZM-72 is good because it is installed underground and cannot be visually detected. It "jumps" when detonated and explodes at a height of one meter, providing a circular area of destruction with a radius of 30 meters.

The installation of a powerful directional mine MON-200 along the road is very effective. At the turn it is convenient to set 2 mines and direct them along each side of the road. Wherever the enemy comes from, when the explosion is destroyed, all life is destroyed at a distance of 230 meters in both directions. Such a scheme is called a "razor".

Near the road, you can place 3 MON-100 mines in the trees and direct one of them along the road, and the rest at an angle of 25 degrees on each side. As a result, during the explosion, a corridor of 30 × 120 meters is “burned out”. When using the MON-90 mine in a similar situation, the sector of expansion of lethal elements is wider, but the corridor is smaller - 60 × 70 m.

Features of combat operations in the rainforest

Until now, I emphasize once again, we have talked about the tactics of combat in the forest of the temperate climate zone. In conclusion - literally in a nutshell - about some characteristic moments of the tactics of actions in the selva.

It is impossible to use RGO and RGN grenades in the rainforest, this is tantamount to suicide. The use of RPG and GP due to dense vegetation is also extremely limited. For the same reason, there is no need for long-range sniper weapons. Therefore, the best option is VSS.

AGS in a tropical forest is also ineffective, due to the fact that grenades flying along a hinged trajectory explode in the crown of trees, and it starts 50 meters from the ground. Light fragments get stuck in branches and vines, and those that have pierced them are at the end and do not pose a serious danger. A mortar mine, on the other hand, easily passes through branches and explodes on the ground.

Small rivers and canals can be navigated by boats, like on a highway, but these water barriers create a lot of problems for a walking group. Armored vehicles are used extremely rarely and in those areas where it is possible. The main combat unit is a helicopter, which allows you to easily and quickly get to the desired point, land troops or strike.

Bridges and pontoon crossings across rivers play a special role. They are heavily guarded, on the one hand, and they are trying to destroy them by all means, on the other.

It is impossible to detect an enemy from the air under the dense canopy of the rainforest, so defoliants can be used. These are the chemicals that cause the leaves to fall off.

Mines play a special role in the tropical forest. In dense vegetation, this is the most effective weapon. OZM-72, MON-50, POM-2R mines and small PMN-2 pressure mines are especially effective. The problem is that numerous wild animals tear off the stretch marks, so they need to be raised to the level of the belt. It should be noted that the stretch becomes a frame for the web in a few hours, and this effectively masks it. Be careful when cutting through the webs.

It is also possible to mine narrow rivers and channels by installing stretch marks across. Even if it is noticed in advance, the boat or motorboat will still run into it by inertia.

Finally, the last - in the crown of trees, at a height of 50-70 meters, it is very convenient to place MANPADS crews, ambushes.

A. PREFACE
1. The conditions of the terrain in the East and the tactics of the Russians are often forced to fight in large, dense and swampy forests.
2. Knowledge of the peculiarities of forest combat, training and training in this direction are absolutely necessary in order for the command and units to overcome any fear of forests in themselves. Training in the field of forest combat instills a sense of independence and the will to take decisive action. At the same time, it instills skills in combat in fog and darkness.
3. Generalization contains the experience that our units acquired in the battles in the East. The material was compiled on the basis of various reports and reports on military operations in the forests.

C. RUSSIANS ACTION

Soviet soldiers in a forest battle near Moscow. Two are armed with Mosin rifles, the third has a bag with disks for a DP machine gun. Nearby is a wrecked German tank Pz.Kpfw. III

4. When fighting in a wooded and swampy area, the Russians show maximum resistance. In forest combat, the Russians profitably use their ability to navigate well, skillfully disguise themselves, use cunning combat techniques, as well as their sometimes numerical superiority.
5. The characteristic features of their tactics are: skillful use of the terrain, powerful field fortifications in the forest and bushes, good observation from the trees, letting the enemy into the closest distances, the use of arrows against trees ("cuckoos") and a conscious desire for hand-to-hand combat,
battle.
6. Russians willingly use the forest as approach routes and defensive positions. Our offensive is especially difficult and is associated with heavy losses when the Russians use a large number of tanks to strengthen the defense, despite the density of the forest. The Russians tend to strongly fortify themselves on the edges of the forest, and especially to concentrate heavy weapons and anti-tank guns along the roads (at the edge) leading into the forest.
7. The Russians do not give up, even if the forest is surrounded and shot through from all sides. Here they must be attacked and destroyed.
8. Communications passing through forest areas, even far behind the front line, are especially at risk. When the main forces retreat, the Russians, as a rule, leave individual commanders and groups of fighters in the forests to organize partisan detachments, which, like groups dropped from aircraft, have the task of disturbing the enemy, interfering with the transfer of units and interrupting rear communications.
9. Clearing forests held by stray enemy groups or partisans requires a huge amount of effort and time. Combing along the highways and roads is associated with heavy losses and has little effect, since the Russians successfully operate on the roads, quickly dodge to the sides and are not amenable to destruction.

B soldiers of the Red Army in position with a DP-27 machine gun in a forest near Moscow. October 1941.

C. FEATURES OF TACTICS
10. The forest contributes to approaching the enemy for an attack, pulling up reserves, covert transfer of forces in the direction of the main attack, as well as destroying tanks at close range. In the forest, even with the superiority of the enemy in heavy weapons, artillery and tanks, you can impose your will on him, destroy him with a sudden blow or successfully repel him.
11. The slowness of progress and poor visibility of the terrain require that units and subunits be given heavy weapons and artillery.
12. Courage, perseverance, perseverance and determination are required even more in conditions of difficult-to-view terrain and ambiguity of the situation. Leadership flexibility on the part of commanders and cunning tactics can decide the success of the battle.
13. A concentrated blow to destroy the enemy in a forest battle is delivered by the infantry, since the dense forest almost excludes systematic fire preparation in the offensive, as well as barrage fire in the defense. Because of this, the number of active machine guns and rifles is of decisive importance. In forest combat, where the encounter with the enemy occurs mostly unexpectedly, success is won in close combat.
14. The moment of surprise is even more important here than in the open. A necessary condition for this is, first of all, "systematic preparation and quiet action. The Finns have created battalions of" whisper "for this purpose.
15. During the battle, you must strive to keep your forces in a fist. In connection with the need to send out strong reconnaissance patrols and allocate forces for flank and rear guards, there is a danger of dispersal and fragmentation of forces. In a situation where there is a danger of being surrounded or cut off, one can act much faster and more confidently if all forces are in the fist. Such moments during the forest battle, especially during the actions of small units, will often take place. However, this phenomenon should not cause panic and making too hasty decisions. Strong will and skillful use of all available forces make it possible, as a rule, even in a difficult situation, to successfully conduct an offensive, deter, encircle or destroy the enemy.
16. Movement and combat in the forest require deep battle formations that provide: rapid concentration of forces, flexible combat control, rapid transmission of orders and readiness to open fire on the most dangerous flanks.
17. The advancement of the unit from line to line, stopping and putting the unit in order upon reaching the line ensure against sudden enemy actions and unified, clear control of the battle.
18. When fighting in large forests, especially when enveloping and encircling the enemy, actions often break up into a series of partial battles. Separate advancing groups, despite the difficulties in transmitting orders and reports, as well as the difficulties in establishing communication between them, must constantly act in close contact, in concert, according to a single plan.
19. In order to ensure the interaction of all units, the commander is obliged to develop an accurate plan for conducting the battle, set each unit a clear and specific task, clarifying it during the battle.
20. A subunit that, due to the situation and conditions of the terrain, is forced to deviate from the established plan, must receive it in advance. permission from your superior. This enables the latter to timely ensure interaction in changed conditions with other units operating in the forest, and primarily with heavy weapons, artillery and aircraft, and prevent the danger of losses from their own fire.
21. The results of aerial reconnaissance in the forests are often insufficient, and the use of motorized and tank reconnaissance forces is limited, which makes the use of a large number of strong foot reconnaissance patrols of great importance.
22,. Aerial photographs clearly showing forest edges, clearings, roads and clearings are of great importance for the organization and conduct of a battle, especially when maps are scarce or inaccurate.
23. Equipping the unit in sufficient quantities with means of communication ensures flexible control of the battle. The rapid transmission of orders and messages ensures superiority over the Russians.

D. INTELLIGENCE, RECONFORMATION, ORIENTATION AND
OBSERVATION

24. To protect against a surprise attack by the enemy, the unit conducts continuous ground reconnaissance. As a rule, several reconnaissance patrols are sent out simultaneously both along the front and on the flanks. The intervals and distances between reconnaissance patrols should ensure that the patrols are not misled by the noise produced by the neighboring patrol (in a dense forest about 150 m).
25. Patrols operating in the forest should move quickly and silently. Equipment must be carefully checked. All objects that hinder movement and produce noise should be left. Helmets are replaced by caps or caps, as they make it difficult to hear. The armament of reconnaissance patrols consists of submachine guns, rifles (if possible, automatic, and rifles with a telescopic sight) and egg-shaped grenades (machine guns are inconvenient, as they restrict movement). . Hand grenades with a handle easily get stuck in branches or bounce back while egg-shaped grenades fly through them.
26. The reconnaissance patrol must establish: the location of the enemy and his flanks, what distance to the right and left of the road he occupies, the location of the enemy's forward guard.
In addition, it is important to identify the nature of the behavior of enemy posts, to reconnoiter the paths, the existing traces. Having established contact with the enemy, it is important to timely identify gaps and weaknesses in his combat disposition in order to provide data command for making a decision to fight.
27. During reconnaissance, it is especially important to establish:
a) existing roads, clearings, clearings, ditches, rivers and bridges;
b) the nature of the forest and soil, as well as the density of the forest, the height of the trees, marshy places, high or conspicuous landmarks.
28. In a company, platoon, squad and reconnaissance patrol, it is necessary to assign observers, especially to identify shooters from trees (“cuckoos”). The commander must give the observers precise instructions on what to pay attention to and in what direction to observe. When stopping, it is advisable to keep an eye on the trees. Often a false impression is created about the presence of "cuckoos", although in fact they are nowhere to be found; this is due to the fact that in the forest it is very difficult to correctly establish the direction of the shot.
Separate discovered "cuckoos" should be destroyed by single shots. It is expedient to shoot at the tops of trees with machine-gun fire only when it is not possible to accurately locate the "cuckoos".
29. Reconnaissance patrols must conduct accurate monitoring of traces found in the forest. In their direction, valuable conclusions can be drawn about the behavior and intentions of the enemy. At the same time, attention should be paid to the freshness of these traces; traces are most clearly visible in the morning dew. In addition, the Russians often make symbols along the way of their movement, making it easier to detect them. Conventional symbols for the enemy are often branches that are broken or bent in a certain direction at the height of a person, as well as notches on trees or bundles of leaves hanging from branches.
30. If there are no local landmarks, then you should navigate by compass. Each reconnaissance patrol is issued with at least two compasses: one for the commander of the reconnaissance patrol, the other for his deputy. The commander follows in front, the deputy behind and, using the compass, checks the direction, not allowing to deviate from the established azimuth.

D. MARCH

31. March through the forest requires a lot of effort. Moving through dense forest away from roads, on softened ground, units can travel no more than 3-5 km per day.
32. The march in the forest requires an early and thorough reconnaissance so that measures can be taken to repair the roads in time.
33. The unit must be able to quickly build small, strong bridges and decks from poles. For laying the road and removing obstacles, sappers should be in the composition of the warheads. In addition, the unit should allocate "pusher" teams (if there are steep slopes) and road repair teams.
34. Before entering the forest, it is advisable to interview local residents, and when passing through the forest, use them as guides. This is especially important for reconnaissance of roads and paths in swampy forests. In addition to the roads marked on the map, there are often many other good easy-to-travel roads known only to the locals. Russians often resort to their help when passing through the forest.
35. Far-stretched units can only engage in combat after a considerable period of time; in this regard, it is necessary to single out a strong vanguard, which, before the approach of its main forces, could, by enveloping the enemy, break the resistance encountered along the path of movement. Heavy weapons, artillery, headquarters and means of communication must move as part of the warheads, since pulling them along the path of movement is impossible in most cases.
36. All parts of a marching column must be able to quickly organize a defense, since one always has to reckon with the possibility of a sudden attack by the enemy, and above all, on the flanks and rear.
To protect units on the march through the forest, it is advisable to use armored means, such as tanks, assault guns and armored personnel carriers. However, in order to protect against close enemy attacks, they, in turn, need to be directly guarded by infantry forces.
37. As a rule, side guards and rear guards should be distinguished. Side guards should be equipped in such a way that they can operate away from the road (light gigs, peasant carts, an increased number of horses, teams of "pushers" for heavy weapons). The composition of the side guard and its distance from the protected part depend on its composition, the nature of the forest, the availability of roads, clearings, etc. The side guard should not be too far away from the part so as not to be cut off from it.
38. It is advisable to equip marching columns and side guards with anti-tank weapons, since tank attacks are constantly to be expected, which the Russians conduct even in dense and swampy forests. In the forest, it is convenient to fight tanks at close range. Therefore, in all parts of the marching column, and first of all in the side guards, which in most cases do not have anti-tank reinforcements, teams of tank destroyers should be allocated.
39. Heavy air raids, enemy artillery fire and frequent attacks by partisans and individual stragglers can force units to leave the road and continue marching away from the main path of movement. Heavy weapons, artillery and wagons, if their movement through the forest is difficult, can move along highways and roads from line to line. For protection, they should be given infantry units or armored means.
40. To quickly remove obstacles set up by the enemy on highways and roads, they should be taken under frontal fire from both sides of the road and enveloping actions
seize from the rear. Well-controlled and concentrated fire from tanks, heavy infantry weapons or guns moving as part of warheads, and a swift strike from enveloping units often lead to a quick overcoming of enemy resistance.

E. ORDER OF THE MARCH IN THE FOREST AND APPROXIMATION WITH THE ENEMY

41. Upon detection by reconnaissance of the presence of the enemy on the path of movement and the establishment, it is advisable to change the possibility of an early collision with him in advance to -.< правление движения с тем, чтобы, двигаясь в тактически выгодном направлении, внезапно подойти к противнику.
42. When dismembering and introducing forces into battle, not only the location of the enemy is taken into account, but also the nature of the forest: the rarer the forest, the more opportunities for dismemberment along the front, and in depth; the denser and more impenetrable the forest, the more concentrated and deeper the battle formations should be. , l
43. Parts must move from line to line. Boundaries should be indicated in a timely manner. They are installed along transverse roads, clearings, streams, etc. Upon reaching the line, long stops are made in order to put the unit in order, orient itself, pull up heavy weapons and artillery, and, if necessary, to organize a new fire cover system.
44. To provide fire support for the advancement of units, it is necessary to place, if possible, heavy weapons and artillery in positions along roadsides, in clearings, clearings, etc.
45. For direct guarding in front of the front and on the flanks, it is expedient, as experience has shown, to separate between the reconnaissance patrols moving "fan" in front of the outpost, and the outpost itself, separate rifle squads, which should be equipped in sufficient quantities with melee weapons, especially submachine guns . The main forces of the unit, having lateral and rear guards, follow in deeply dissected formations. Communication with the guards is maintained with the help of reconnaissance patrols (Scheme 8). Separate mortars, anti-tank guns and infantry guns should be kept at the head of the column in order to be able to quickly repulse the suddenly appeared enemy with powerful fire.

Scheme 8. March approach of a reinforced infantry company

46. Along the roads, in clearings, clearings, etc., the Russians often leave archers and observers well-camouflaged in the trees, who control the fire of heavy weapons or artillery, regardless of the danger they are exposed to from the fire of their troops. Fire is most often opened by them only when the main forces approach; individual reconnaissance patrols, as a rule, are not fired upon. In this regard, upon reaching glades, roads and clearings, as well as upon exiting the forest, you should always make short stops. Observers, separate machine guns and heavy weapons move forward to the edge of the forest to ensure the further advance of the unit. Reconnaissance patrols bypass the clearing (clearing, clearing) to the right and left in order to reconnoiter the opposite edge of the forest. It is not recommended to cross open places (glades, clearings) during further movement, even if the opposite edge of the forest turns out to be Free from the enemy. Roads and clearings that cannot be bypassed should be overcome by dashes in units.
47. Rifles, submachine guns and machine guns must be in constant readiness to open fire. When shooting from a machine gun, you should not use a drum magazine, but a machine-gun belt, since changing the drum takes too much time.
48. Part must learn to move silently. She should not give herself away with noise, clatter of equipment and loud commands.
49. Further movement after the units with their head units approached the enemy at a distance of visual communication and firing range, "is carried out by crawling to the close combat distance. Russian forests provide a good hidden approach to the enemy. Crawling can be continued even with heavy shelling from the enemy .

OFFENSIVE

General provisions
50. To ensure surprise, every means must be used to mislead the enemy as to the concept of the offensive, the place, time and distribution of forces. Fake attacks in the forest can be demonstrated by minor forces, such as intentionally made noise. They deprive the enemy of confidence, divert his attention to other places, force him to prematurely commit his forces into battle, thereby weakening his combat capability. During the offensive, whenever possible, forces should be used in such a way that a two-sided envelopment of the enemy is carried out or a blow is struck on his flank. Envelopment by the enemy can be prevented by the introduction of new forces from the depths.
51. During an offensive, it is usually more expedient to indicate not the offensive zone (due to the impossibility of determining its border), but the direction of attack (by compass or oriented to roads, clearings, etc.),
52. Lines (roads, ditches, etc.) intersecting the direction of attack are established as the target of an offensive in difficult-to-observe forest terrain. The stronger the expected resistance of the enemy, the closer the task in depth should be set.
53. Ensuring surprise. largely depends on the type of fire. As a rule, the commander reserves the right to give the order to open fire. The discipline of fire is of great importance. Random firing of individual shooters and machine guns is not very effective. Short and powerful bursts should be given (if necessary, set the number of shots). A powerful fire attack. In the forest, it has a particularly strong moral impact on the enemy. The principles of opening fire for machine guns and rifles apply equally to heavy weapons and artillery. For a fire attack, if this is allowed by the conditions of observation, the largest possible number of weapons should be used.
54. When attacking from close range under the fire of the defender, one should not take up positions and return fire (shootout), but overcome this space quickly and decisively. In this case, as practice has shown, there are fewer losses,
55. In most cases, it makes no sense to conduct fire pursuit of the enemy after a breakthrough, since, in the forest, a retreating enemy can easily evade him. Inflicting quick and
powerful blows, one should strive to prevent him from gaining a foothold on another line and gain time for counterattacks.
56. If the battle was especially tense and the units, after the breakthrough, broke into separate centers of struggle, then the further offensive should be delayed for a short time and the units should be quickly put in order in order to again combine their forces. Stops to put the unit in order and organize fire cover are also necessary when the unit enters the open area after fighting through the forest.
57. More ammunition is consumed in forest combat than in open areas. Therefore, the issue of the rational use of ammunition is of particular importance.
58. At night, an offensive in the dense forest, as a rule, is not carried out. The units must stop the battle before nightfall and prepare for the night for defense (adopt the battle formation "square").

Soldiers of the SS division "Totenkopf" deliver ammunition on a drag in the forest in the Demyansk cauldron

Attack on a weakly fortified enemy (Scheme 9)

59. An offensive is successful and with insignificant losses only when the approach to the enemy occurs silently, and attacks are made from short distances, suddenly and with catchy actions.
60. If the reconnaissance patrols have established the possibility of enveloping the enemy, then the forward subunits pin down the enemy from the front, and the rest of the forces attack in the flank and from the rear. Units intended for enveloping operations may use messengers from reconnaissance patrols sent to reconnoiter the flanks as guides. To ensure the possibility of good observations, reconnaissance patrols should be assigned forward artillery observers. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the range of action of attached backpack radio stations in a dense forest is sometimes limited.
61. The blow is made by parts intended for coverage, according to a predetermined
signal given by the commanders of these units. In this case, it is advisable to use sound signals, since visual signals in the forest are very difficult to recognize. The units intended for frontal action cease their fire and, simultaneously with the shouts of "hurrah" and the signal of the horn "quickly forward", go on the attack.

Attack on the enemy prepared in defense (Scheme 10):

62. The offensive is carried out according to the principles of an offensive against a defensive zone. Strike groups are being created, which are equipped in sufficient quantities with close-range weapons: incendiary bottles, smoke and egg-shaped hand grenades. Attached flamethrowers are especially effective in the forest.
63. Shock groups wedged in the weakest places in the enemy's position and make a narrow gap. When unoccupied gaps in the enemy defenses are discovered, it is expedient to silently infiltrate in small groups through the front line of the enemy defenses and destroy individual nests of resistance from ambushes, remove guards and sentries, confuse the enemy and thereby prepare the offensive of the main forces.
64. The forest is often a good cover when approaching parts for an attack. This circumstance allows the attacking units to take their starting positions at the closest distances. It is advisable to take the starting positions at dawn.
65. A sudden breakthrough without first opening fire is mostly more effective than a breakthrough after a fire preparation.
66. Clearings fired by the enemy should be bypassed. Machine guns, infantry and anti-tank guns, as well as individual guns, take up positions and, with their fire along the clearings, force the enemy to take cover.
67. Combat patrols should strive to penetrate as deep as possible into the forest. The units following behind expand the breakthrough and eliminate the remaining dispersed enemy forces.

Support for heavy weapons and artillery

German 105-mm howitzer leFH18 in a forest near Kyiv

68. The commanders of the rifle companies are obliged to help the heavy weapons units by providing teams of "pushers" and porters.
69. Machine guns are used, as a rule, as light machine guns, since firing distances are often insignificant; in addition, a light machine gun can be quickly prepared for the opening of fire and has greater maneuverability. The machines are pulled up abruptly along the lines. The heavy mortars attached to infantry platoons are mostly used in mortar only. Practice has shown that firing smoke mines to indicate the direction of fire has fully justified itself.
Due to their mobility, light infantry guns and light anti-tank guns can be widely used. As a rule, they are introduced into battle by gun and attached to rifle companies.
Due to the sensitivity of shells with a hollow charge, their use for fighting tanks in the forest is limited. However, firing anti-tank guns with armor-piercing shells at various targets is effective, since the shells, hitting the trees, do not burst, but fly further.
70. Shooting artillery in the forest is especially difficult due to the limited possibilities of observation. .Often there are shortfalls. The head companies should be assigned a large number of forward observers, which ensures the possibility of quickly opening fire immediately upon identifying pockets of enemy resistance. Reconnaissance of the area for a wire communication line and its laying require a lot of time. Therefore, patrols equipped with means of communication, preferably radio stations, should be allocated in the head units of rifle companies. Conducting surveillance of the area outside the forest itself
justified. The observer and the infantry commander set up light signals to indicate the forward line, targets, and to open fire on predetermined targets and terrain.
It is considered expedient to carry out shooting along the lines. Practice has shown that shooting with smoke grenades is especially good when it is simultaneously being fired upon by the enemy. Short, concentrated firestorms are especially effective. Artillery fire is transferred from line to line according to the advance of the infantry. In this case, it is necessary to establish certain lines along which fire is opened at the request of the infantry. Fire edging on. flanks requires careful preparation.

Forest clearing
71. As a rule, the final clearing of the forest is possible only by surrounding and combing it from various directions.
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72. Clearing the forest from separate groups of Red Army soldiers and partisans by combing it in a chain at intervals up to a front of a few meters turned out to be inappropriate. In this case, there is a danger of the enemy concentrating in some place and breaking through. As a rule, it is recommended to keep your forces in a fist and, depending on the terrain, primarily on the available roads and clearings, to bring in strong shock groups for an offensive in the forest according to a single, precisely established plan.
73. Enemy attempts to break out of the forest should be prevented by the fire impact of heavy weapons and artillery on the edges of the forest, also using tanks and assault guns for this.
74. In areas where the enemy is surrounded, rapid-fire harassing fire and combat aviation operations are especially effective. Fire and bombing on the entire shrinking ring can be corrected by forward observers, equipped with radio stations and attached to individual strike groups. Their parts are not endangered.

Example
At dawn, the forest in which the enemy was located was surrounded. Heavy weapons and artillery took up positions in order to repel enemy attempts to break out of the encirclement. The reconnaissance patrols of all companies had the task of reconnoitering the roads, clearings and paths leading to the forest, mark them at the edges of the forest and establish their suitability for the passage of light infantry guns and 37-mm anti-tank guns transported by crew. On the basis of reconnaissance data, on all roads and clearings suitable for this purpose, strike groups (up to a platoon) were put into action with separate attached light infantry guns, anti-tank guns and heavy mortars .. A wired connection was established, duplicated by radio. Forward observers were with the shock groups. The use and distribution of forces was led by one general chief. The reconnaissance patrols were ordered: upon contact with the enemy, immediately report (normally reports are submitted every 30 minutes) about their location and direction of movement (compass azimuths were reported). The regimental commander followed the progress of the reconnaissance patrols and, giving orders, "established their direction (using a compass and a map)," The shock groups continued their movement only on a new order. Artillery fired harassing fire into this gradually shrinking ring.
The enemy had no way to find a weak spot where he could break out of the encirclement. The subunits, which took up positions at the edges of the forest, detained the enemy, who was trying to break through between the shock groups. At any time, shock groups could be brought up along the roads of reinforcements. The Russians were squeezed into a narrow ring, destroyed and partly taken prisoner.

3. DEFENSE

Tanks KV-1 in the forest before the battle

75. In the forest, the defender is most exposed to the danger of a surprise attack from the enemy. Continuous and thorough reconnaissance and offensive tactics are the basic requirements of forest defense. You can't wait for the enemy, under cover of the forest, to get within attack range. It must be searched for, and if found, attacked and destroyed. "
76. Mobile defense has the advantage of misleading the enemy about our forces and intentions and is an effective means of successfully repulsing superior enemy forces.
77. Therefore, it is especially important to quickly choose the main direction of fire, and to destroy the enemy purposefully use the reserves concentrated in the rear, even if they are small. Heavy weapons, artillery and reserves must be kept close. The introduction of reserves must be carefully prepared.
78. Deep separation of battle formation and continuous fire impact in front of the front line of defense in forest conditions is impossible in most cases, even in the presence of large forces.
However, the forest provides the defender with support in the sense that there is the possibility of constructing a large number of difficult-to-surmount obstacles that delay the enemy or force him to move in a direction favorable to the defender (ambushes, minefields, swampy areas).
79. It is convenient to fight tanks in the forest. Therefore, the use of fighter teams, mainly on the alleged approaches of enemy tanks (clearings, roads, clearings, etc.) and from ambushes, is of particular importance,
80. If, due to lack of time and forces, the defensive zone cannot be completely fortified, it should create as many strong pockets of resistance as possible, adapted for all-round defense. Fire from them should be conducted mainly along the intended paths.
enemy approach (ravines, hollows, etc.). The choice and equipment of these nests of resistance depend on the terrain and the forces available.
81. The edges of the forest in most cases are exposed to enemy fire and therefore should not be located on them. The weapon must operate from the depths and be located at least 30-50 m from the edge of the forest. A minefield must pass around the nest of resistance. It is necessary to prepare a sufficient number of hand grenades in the resistance nests. It is necessary to use all available means for clearing sectors of fire (firing clearings) in front of the front and for flanking fire from individual resistance nests.
82. For mutual support and a quick supply of reserves, paths and roads leading to the rear, as well as connecting nests of resistance, should be cleared and marked.
83. With regard to the opening of fire, discipline and concentration of it, be guided by the principles set forth in paragraph 53. Fire should be opened suddenly and only from short distances. . Russians often resort to various kinds of tricks (sometimes quite successful) in order to draw fire from the defender.
To destroy reconnaissance patrols, "cuckoos" and observers, in most cases, a few separate aimed shots are enough.
84. When defending in the forest, a large number of artillery observation posts are required (from 3 to 4 per battery). The division's communications battalion must provide them with all the necessary means of communication. In front of the front line of defense, and especially in the gaps between the pockets of resistance, it is necessary to create continuous zones of fire for destruction. Artillery firing positions should be adapted to repel close attacks. This requires the construction of strongholds, primarily on the flanks and in the rear, and the posting of strong guards. These defensive works are of particular importance in cases where only a small number of infantry are available, in connection with which the creation of a deeply echeloned main line of defense is impossible.
85. Disguise is especially important. The Russians often push snipers forward, who, imperceptibly breaking through to the front line, shoot down the shooters in poorly camouflaged positions with their fire. Template in the arrangement and construction of positions and in the method of camouflage should be avoided. The branches used for camouflage need to be changed every morning, as dried branches can unmask even the best position. Careful disguise should be used. The necessary camouflage material is provided by the forest itself. Shelters of observation posts should, as a rule, be masked. Dry brushwood and leaves should be removed from roads and paths so that the sentries do not reveal themselves to the enemy with a rustle and crackle. Paths are laid only by order of the commander. The desire of individual soldiers to tread new paths to shorten the path should be stopped. Reconnaissance patrols are not allowed to walk at the same time or along the same path, as the Russians often destroy them from ambushes.
86. If the enemy is located in close proximity, then his reconnaissance should be carried out by continuous visual observation. After a while, a clear and accurate picture of the enemy should develop.
87. Barrages should be set up in front of the main defensive zone, especially in ravines and hollows, which the Russians in most cases use to approach. All barriers must be provided with fire cover and checked by reconnaissance patrols. Mines, surprise mines and signal devices should be laid in them. Wire fences should be arranged, primarily “stumbling” and slingshots, linking them to each other.
Example
The Russian reconnaissance patrol, coming close to the obstacle, threw hand grenades. At the same time, the second reconnaissance patrol, located about 100-150 m away, with the help of long pitchforks (3 m) raised slingshots, thereby causing an explosion of planted surprise mines without any danger to the patrol.
The strike group, following behind the reconnaissance patrol, broke into our position through a passage in the barrier.
88. Signal devices used in barriers can be made from trophy wire and metal cans filled with stones. They provide a quick rise in alarm and timely occupation of positions. It should be clear to every commander that the speed of countermeasures taken
is of decisive importance.
89. Secrets should be placed in places convenient for the enemy to approach. Change times and places should be changed.
90. Of particular importance is the laying of telephone lines even to small groups advanced to the front or to the flanks, and to neighbors.

I. PREPARATION
91. Along with the physical hardening necessary to overcome the difficulties associated with the conditions of forest combat, training in this area is of great educational importance. It instills in the soldier a sense of fearlessness, confidence, accustoms him to quick and independent decision-making.
92. The training of the personnel of a unit for conducting combat in the forest is achieved only through systematic training sessions in the forest. At the same time, it is necessary to strive to accustom the personnel of the unit to all sorts of surprises and surprises that require him to make a quick decision and take decisive action.
93. Of decisive importance for accustoming the personnel of the unit to the peculiarities of combat in the forest is training in accurate shooting. Exercises conducted in the forest require especially careful preparation from the leader. The forest makes it difficult for the instructor to observe the workout. With non-commissioned officers assigned as intermediaries (in the conditions of the forest it is necessary to allocate a large number of intermediaries), it is necessary to carefully discuss the purpose of the exercises, work out an exact plan for their conduct and establish the nature of the enemy’s actions. Learning tasks with the entire part must be worked out in advance, using a map or a box of sand.
94. The following “training areas” are of particular importance.
a) Single training
Silent passage through the forest.
Walking through dense forest.
Sneaking up to positions and sentries in various forest conditions (rare, high, low, etc.).
Visual exercises to identify targets in the forest, such as finding "cuckoos".
Orientation in the forest (designation of roads for units and recognition of signs used by the enemy, use of a compass).
Construction of shelters and camouflage in the forest.
Close combat in the forest, the destruction of the "cuckoos".
Fight against tanks in the forest.
Actions as an observer from the tree.
Actions as a reconnaissance patrol in the forest.
Actions as a sentry in the forest.
, Shooting training in the forest (shooting from different positions,
rapid fire, firing on the move).
Throwing individual hand grenades and bundles.
b) Training in the calculation of heavy weapons
Movement of heavy weapons in the forest.
Quick occupation, positions.
Creation of a sector of fire.
Providing surveillance capabilities.
Providing communication with units in contact with the enemy.
Target designation in the forest.
Conducting concentrated fire in the forest.
c) Sapper-technical training
Laying a path in dense forests.
Fast construction of small and strong bridges.
The construction of roads and floorings from poles in wetlands.
Rapid removal of large blockages from trees.
Construction of positions and the device of wire obstacles and blockages from trees.
The device of observation points.
Clearing the shelling, as well as the arrangement of positions for heavy weapons and artillery.

Training in the divisions
Teaching marching and combat formations in the forest.
Marches, primarily off-road and at night.
Promotion from line to line (with training in the transmission of orders and reports) and pulling up carts.
The rapid deployment of battle formations and the opening of fire in a sudden collision with the enemy.
Fire raids of light and heavy weapons.
Short-range offensive, dashing under fire, breakthrough, rapid use of success (decision-making tasks).
Training alarms in the defense (with training in conducting counterattacks of the reserves).
Security at night.
An example of suppressing a pocket of resistance in a forest with a heavy mortar
During combat patrol there is an observer of a heavy mortar.
He is accompanied by a signalman who has a telephone set and a wire 200 m long. There are marks on the wire every 50 m, which makes it possible for the signalman to always know the distance to the mortar. The signalman must ensure that the telephone wire does not sag along the road and runs as straight as possible. When the combat patrol encounters the enemy, the observer determines the distance from himself to the target by eye, adds 200 m to it (or another distance to the mortar behind) and thus receives an approximate firing distance.
When installing a mortar in a position in a dense forest, when visibility is limited to 20-30 m, several trees should be felled to make it possible to fire. At the first shot from a distance of 240 m, the mine fell 20 m from the strong point. Shooting a fork in the forest is impossible, since your forces are too close to the enemy.

Fight in the forest. Offensive in the mountains Interesting combat examples of a company offensive in the forest

In the forest, the farthest boundary of fire contact is no more than 40-50 meters, provided that the enemy is moving, since if the enemy has prepared an ambush, then it is quite possible not to notice him at all. So let's look at a few situations.

survival in the forest

Tactics of warfare in the forest. Platoon armament

The order of work of patrols

Forest ambush tactics

The use of MANPADS in the forest. tree position device

How to increase the sector of destruction of mines

Features of combat operations in the rainforest

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