Specialized Internet search engines. specialized search engines. Types of search engines according to the way they work

Did you know, what is a thought experiment, gedanken experiment?
It is a non-existent practice, an otherworldly experience, the imagination of what is not really there. Thought experiments are like daydreams. They give birth to monsters. Unlike a physical experiment, which is an experimental test of hypotheses, a “thought experiment” magically replaces an experimental test with the desired, untested conclusions, manipulating logical constructions that actually violate logic itself by using unproved premises as proven ones, that is, by substitution. Thus, the main task of the applicants of "thought experiments" is to deceive the listener or reader by replacing a real physical experiment with his "doll" - fictitious reasoning on parole without physical verification itself.
Filling physics with imaginary, "thought experiments" has led to an absurd, surreal, confusing picture of the world. A real researcher must distinguish such "wrappers" from real values.

Relativists and positivists argue that the "thought experiment" is a very useful tool for testing theories (also arising in our minds) for consistency. In this they deceive people, since any verification can only be carried out by a source independent of the object of verification. The applicant of the hypothesis himself cannot be a verification of his own statement, since the reason for this statement itself is the absence of contradictions visible to the applicant in the statement.

We see this in the example of SRT and GR, which have turned into a kind of religion that governs science and public opinion. No amount of facts that contradict them can overcome Einstein's formula: "If the fact does not correspond to the theory, change the fact" (In another version, "Does the fact not correspond to the theory? - So much the worse for the fact").

The maximum that a "thought experiment" can claim is only the internal consistency of the hypothesis within the framework of the applicant's own, often by no means true, logic. Compliance with practice does not check this. A real test can only take place in a real physical experiment.

An experiment is an experiment, because it is not a refinement of thought, but a test of thought. Thought that is consistent within itself cannot test itself. This has been proven by Kurt Gödel.

A special search for judicial practice will help:

• analyze the jurisprudence for your situation,
• choose the wording for the claims,
• evaluate the prospects of the litigation,
• formulate a legal position
• make it easier to prepare for litigation.

How the service works

Finds jurisprudence based on a document fragment or problem description. Copy the text or fragment of the statement of claim, response to the claim, court decision, etc., or state the circumstances of the case in your own words. Smart technologies will find court decisions based on the model.

The more detailed the situation is presented, the more accurately the service will select solutions. You can choose which decisions to look for: arbitration courts or courts of general jurisdiction.

The service is built on the principles of machine learning. Intelligence improves with each search query, refining the parameters for selecting solutions. You can evaluate whether the solutions found are suitable or not.

Opportunities to work with court decisions

Found judicial decisions can be studied in the service itself or, if they are included in the user's kit, opened in the ConsultantPlus system. All popular tools for working with judicial practice will be available in the system - you can study the history of the case, get a selection of similar judicial acts, follow the links to the mentioned legal acts and other judicial decisions. It is possible to send a document by mail, save it in Word, add to Favorites.

Service Benefits

• At the expert level, he selects decisions from an array of judicial acts (decisions, rulings, resolutions, etc.).
• Searches by decisions of arbitration courts and courts of general jurisdiction.
• Extremely easy to use.
• Works fast.

You can go to the online service in the ConsultantPlus system from the start page of the "Lawyer" and "Universal" profiles.

An internet connection is required to use the service.

Let's single out one of the key points of the statement of claim, for example, a claim, and add it to the search box. You can also copy the entire text of the statement.

The search is fast and finds solutions for your request.

Open a document in the ConsultantPlus system, and you will have access to tools for working with jurisprudence. Evaluate the accuracy of the search: this will help improve its performance in the future.

Who is the service for?

A special search for judicial practice will be useful to all professionals involved in litigation (lawyers, lawyers, judges, financial specialists, chief accountants, auditors, tax consultants, etc.).

How to access

For access to the online service "Special Search for Judicial Practice", please contact

Section 3. Information and communication technologies in medicine.

Internet. Information retrieval and automated data processing systems.

Lecture No. 9. Internet search engines. Query Language"

Plan

1. Internet search services. Search servers WWW.

2. Work with search servers. Search engine query language.
search technology.

Internet search services. Search servers WWW.

Every year the volume of the Internet increases many times, so the probability of finding the necessary information increases dramatically. The Internet unites millions of computers, many different networks, the number of users is increasing by 15-80% annually. And, nevertheless, more and more often when accessing the Internet, the main problem is not the lack of the required information, but the ability to find it. As a rule, an ordinary person, due to various circumstances, cannot or does not want to spend more than 15-20 minutes searching for the answer he needs. Therefore, it is especially important to learn correctly and competently - where and how to look in order to get the desired answers.

To find the information you need, you need to find its address. For this, there are specialized search servers (index robots (search engines), thematic Internet directories, meta-search systems, people search services, etc.).

Web technology WorldWideWeb (WWW) is considered a special technology for preparing and posting documents on the Internet. The WWW includes web pages, electronic libraries, catalogs, and even virtual museums. With such an abundance of information, the question arises sharply: “How to navigate in such a huge and large-scale information space?”. Search engines come to the rescue in solving this problem.

Search system- a software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to search for information on the Internet. In common parlance, a search engine refers to a website that hosts the system's interface. The software part of a search engine is a search engine.

Most search engines look for information on World Wide Web sites, but there are also systems that can look for files on ftp servers, items in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups.
Improving search is one of the priorities of the modern Internet

Popular search engines

All-lingual:

http://www.google.com

Google is one of the world's most popular search engines. Google provides a search for hypertext documents located in any language zones - English, Russian, Ukrainian, German, etc. The Google search engine has its own subdomains for most countries, for example, for Russia - http://www.google.ru/.

http://www.yahoo.com/

Yahoo was founded in 1994, and today it is the oldest and most complete catalog of Internet resources.

Surprisingly, this incredibly popular system, which serves millions of requests daily, began as a simple collection of bookmarks, which was replenished by only 2 people - David Filo and Jerry Yang.
Yahoo is the most popular search engine. The secret of Yahoo's success lies in people. Yahoo has about 150 editors to write and edit the content of their directories. Yahoo has a database of over 1 million indexed sites. Also, in case of a lack of its own database, Yahoo uses the Google database (before July 2000, Yahoo used the Inktomi database).

http://www.bing.com/

bing(bing) is a search engine owned by Microsoft.
Bing is currently the third most used search engine in the world. The search engine has a number of unique features, such as the ability to view search results on a single web page (instead of turning pages of search results), and the ability to dynamically adjust the amount of information displayed for each search result (e.g. title only, short summary or a large summary).

Russian search engines:

http://www.yandex.ru (simplified - http://www.ya.ru)

Yandex performs a search on the Russian part of the Internet, taking into account the morphology of the Russian language. Having a very powerful mechanism for selecting sites for queries, this search engine helps to find the most suitable web pages in the Russian part of the Internet. Yandex scans hundreds of thousands of web pages every day looking for changes or new links. The collection of links is constantly growing.

http://www.mail.ru/

Mail.ru- a major communication portal of the Russian Internet. Its monthly audience exceeds 50 million unique visitors.
In addition to the actual postal service, the mail.ru portal contains many other Internet services.

ü a group of services related to user communication: Mail.ru Agent - an instant messaging program, Moi [email protected] - a social network, [email protected], the most popular question-answer system in Runet [email protected], etc. .

group of services "goods and services"

ü search services: [email protected], search services for photos, videos, an electronic map of Russian cities, etc.

ü a group of entertainment services ([email protected] and others)

ü a group of information services ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] and others), including [email protected].

http://www.rambler.ru (simplified - http://www.r0.ru)

Today Rambler occupies the third place among the Runet search engines, was the first search program created specifically for the Russian Web by the programmer of the company StackLtd Dmitry Kryukov (1996).

Rambler is constantly improving its search algorithm. Work is underway to optimize the system for the accuracy and relevance of the search. Like most Russian search engines, Rambler takes into account the morphology of the Russian language. When issuing results, the position of the site in the Rambler's Top100 rating also has an impact.

Wikipedia is a free public multilingual encyclopedia. Launched in January 2001.

YouTube is a video hosting service that provides amateur video hosting services. It accounts for about 63% of all video hosting users. YouTube users can add, view and comment on videos. The project was founded in February 2005.

Work with search servers. Search engine query language.
search technology.

The search query may consist of one or more words, it may contain punctuation marks. You can compose simple queries without going into the intricacies of the query language. So, if you enter several words without punctuation marks and logical operators into the search string, documents containing all these words will be found (and at a limited distance from each other).

However, knowing and properly applying the search engine query language will help make your searches fast and efficient.

What is it

DuckDuckGo is a fairly well-known open source search engine. The servers are located in the USA. In addition to its own robot, the search engine uses the results of other sources: Yahoo, Bing, Wikipedia.

The better

DuckDuckGo positions itself as the ultimate privacy and privacy search. The system does not collect any data about the user, does not store logs (no search history), the use of cookies is as limited as possible.

DuckDuckGo does not collect or share personal information from users. This is our privacy policy.

Gabriel Weinberg, founder of DuckDuckGo

Why do you need this

All major search engines try to personalize search results based on data about the person in front of the monitor. This phenomenon is called "filter bubble": the user sees only those results that are consistent with his preferences or that the system considers as such.

Forms an objective picture that does not depend on your past behavior on the Web, and gets rid of Google and Yandex thematic advertising based on your requests. With the help of DuckDuckGo, it is easy to search for information in foreign languages, while Google and Yandex prefer Russian-language sites by default, even if the query is entered in another language.

What is it

not Evil is a system that searches the anonymous Tor network. To use it, you need to go to this network, for example, by launching a specialized .

not Evil is not the only search engine of its kind. There is LOOK (default search in the Tor browser, accessible from the regular Internet) or TORCH (one of the oldest search engines on the Tor network) and others. We settled on not Evil because of the unmistakable allusion to Google (just look at the start page).

The better

He is looking for where Google, Yandex and other search engines are denied access in principle.

Why do you need this

There are many resources on the Tor network that cannot be found on the law-abiding Internet. And their number will grow as the control of the authorities over the contents of the Web tightens. Tor is a kind of network within the Web with its social networks, torrent trackers, media, marketplaces, blogs, libraries, and so on.

3. YaCy

What is it

YaCy is a decentralized search engine that works on the principle of P2P networks. Each computer on which the main software module is installed scans the Internet on its own, that is, it is an analogue of a search robot. The results obtained are collected in a common database, which is used by all YaCy participants.

The better

It is difficult to say here whether this is better or worse, since YaCy is a completely different approach to organizing search. The lack of a single server and owner company makes the results completely independent of anyone's preferences. The autonomy of each node excludes censorship. YaCy is capable of searching the deep web and non-indexed public networks.

Why do you need this

If you are a supporter of open source software and a free Internet that is not influenced by government agencies and large corporations, then YaCy is your choice. It can also be used to organize searches within a corporate or other autonomous network. And although YaCy is not very useful in everyday life, it is a worthy alternative to Google in terms of the search process.

4. Pipl

What is it

Pipl is a system designed to search for information about a specific person.

The better

The authors of Pipl claim that their specialized algorithms search more efficiently than "regular" search engines. In particular, social media profiles, comments, lists of members and various databases where information about people is published, such as databases of court decisions, are prioritized. Pipl's leadership in this area is confirmed by Lifehacker.com, TechCrunch and other publications.

Why do you need this

If you need to find information about a person living in the US, then Pipl will be much more efficient than Google. Databases of Russian courts, apparently, are inaccessible to the search engine. Therefore, he does not cope so well with the citizens of Russia.

What is it

FindSounds is another specialized search engine. Searches open sources for various sounds: house, nature, cars, people, and so on. The service does not support requests in Russian, but there is an impressive list of Russian-language tags that you can search for.

The better

In the issuance of only sounds and nothing more. In the settings you can set the desired format and sound quality. All found sounds are available for download. There is a pattern search.

Why do you need this

If you need to quickly find the sound of a musket shot, the blow of a sucking woodpecker, or the cry of Homer Simpson, then this service is for you. And we chose this only from the available Russian-language queries. In English, the spectrum is even wider.

Seriously, a specialized service implies a specialized audience. But will it come in handy for you too?

What is it

Wolfram|Alpha is a computational search engine. Instead of links to articles containing keywords, it gives a ready-made answer to the user's request. For example, if you enter “compare the population of New York and San Francisco” in English into the search form, then Wolfram|Alpha will immediately display tables and graphs with a comparison.

The better

This service is better than others for finding facts and calculating data. Wolfram|Alpha collects and organizes knowledge available on the Web from various fields, including science, culture and entertainment. If this database contains a ready answer to a search query, the system shows it, if not, it calculates and displays the result. In this case, the user sees only and nothing more.

Why do you need this

If you are, for example, a student, analyst, journalist, or researcher, you can use Wolfram|Alpha to find and calculate data related to your activities. The service does not understand all requests, but is constantly evolving and becoming smarter.

What is it

Metasearch engine Dogpile displays a combined list of results from Google, Yahoo and other popular search engines.

The better

First, Dogpile displays fewer ads. Secondly, the service uses a special algorithm to find and display the best results from different search engines. According to the developers of Dogpile, their system generates the most complete issue on the entire Internet.

Why do you need this

If you can't find information on Google or another standard search engine, look it up in several search engines at once using Dogpile.

What is it

BoardReader is a text search system for forums, Q&A services and other communities.

The better

The service allows you to narrow the search field to social sites. Thanks to special filters, you can quickly find posts and comments that match your criteria: language, publication date, and site name.

Why do you need this

BoardReader can be useful for PR specialists and other media professionals who are interested in the opinion of the mass media on certain issues.

Finally

The life of alternative search engines is often fleeting. Lifehacker asked the former CEO of the Ukrainian branch of the Yandex company Sergey Petrenko about the long-term prospects for such projects.

Sergei Petrenko

Former CEO of Yandex.Ukraine.

As for the fate of alternative search engines, it is simple: to be very niche projects with a small audience, therefore, without clear commercial prospects, or, conversely, with the complete clarity of their absence.

If you look at the examples in the article, you can see that such search engines either specialize in a narrow but in-demand niche, which, perhaps only so far, has not grown enough to be noticeable on the radars of Google or Yandex, or are testing an original hypothesis in ranking, which is not yet applicable in conventional search.

For example, if a Tor search suddenly turns out to be in demand, that is, at least a percentage of the Google audience will need the results from there, then, of course, ordinary search engines will begin to solve the problem of how to find them and show them to the user. If the behavior of the audience shows that a significant proportion of users in a significant number of queries seem to be more relevant results, data without taking into account factors that depend on the user, then Yandex or Google will begin to give such results.

"To be better" in the context of this article does not mean "to be better at everything". Yes, in many aspects our heroes are far from Yandex (even far from Bing). But each of these services gives the user something that the giants of the search industry cannot offer. Surely you also know similar projects. Share with us - let's discuss.

Google is the largest and most popular search engine in the world. More than 50 million search queries are registered daily on Google sites, available in approximately 200 languages, while, according to Alexa, the main site Google.com is the most popular resource on the Internet. However, despite its worldwide recognition and undeniable success, Google is nowhere near as good as a search engine as it might seem.

It's all about versatility: you can't search equally well on blogs and scientific articles, digital images and recipes. That is why there are many not so well-known specialized search engines that work exclusively with one category of data, but do it at the highest level. Moreover, much of what such search engines find is generally impossible to find using Google and other universal systems: they simply do not see such information, which, moreover, is often deliberately closed to such “web spiders”. Let's talk about a few of these "narrow professionals" that can, perhaps, open up for you that side of the Internet that you did not even suspect.

1. Search among removed from Google and blocked pages

It's no secret that the governments of many countries are trying to influence what network content is available on the territory of their states. This can be explained both by purely political considerations, and by the requirements of legislation on combating terrorism and child pornography, and, of course, the influence of lobbyists of large rights holders. The criteria for prohibitions can be both quite reasonable and completely arbitrary: it all depends on the general state of legal consciousness in the country, and on the sanity of law enforcement officers themselves.

The Google search engine in most cases meets the motivated requirements of national governments and removes from the search results sites and pages that should not be accessed through localized versions of the search engine. Meanwhile, removing an address from Google search results and even blocking a URL and IP address at the level of a local provider does not mean at all that such a resource has disappeared from the Internet or is no longer available.

The classic way around these restrictions is the Tor browser, which is based on an alternative to conventional onion routing system. One of the newest packages, which includes the Tor client (Vidalia) and the Firefox Portable browser with the foxyproxy extension, is called PirateBrowser.

It differs from other similar packages in that it is not intended for completely anonymous surfing: PirateBrowser uses the Tor network solely to bypass local blocking of certain pages and sites, substituting arbitrary IP addresses instead of real ones. With it, you can go to a blocked page if you already know its address, or search for it, for example, through the main Google.com website or some other local versions of it.

PirateBrowser already has settings for several countries built in, including Iran, North Korea, and (surprise!) the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, Finland, Denmark, Italy, and Ireland. Of course, nothing prevents you from making your own settings in the system. Unfortunately, unlike the "full" Tor, PirateBrowser is only available on Windows.

2. Search among non-existent versions of pages

Many of us have used the cache of Google or Yandex to view a recently modified or deleted page in the form in which it was originally published on the Web. Typically, such a cache is available in the search results for a rather short time, because the search robot is configured to track and take into account all changes in order to provide the most up-to-date version of the Internet resource.

Therefore, if you want to know what this or that site looked like a month, a year, and even more so a few years ago, you will have to use another tool, namely the Internet Archive web service, which is called Wayback Machine, that is, something kind of like Time Machine. Since 1997, the not-for-profit organization The Archives of the Internet has been collecting copies of web pages, multimedia content, and software hosted on the Web and making these copies available free of charge to anyone. With the help of the Wayback Machine, you can find not only a version of a site you know from many years ago, but even those pages that have not existed for a long time and which have simply been removed from the “normal” Internet. Today, there are about 366 billion pages in the archive, and it is very likely that among them will be the one that you need.

Here's how Computerra's portal looked to visitors on August 18, 2000, more than thirteen years ago, when the Internet was slow and 14-inch CRT monitors took up half the table.

3. Image search

The most common way to find an image is, of course, to use Google Images. But what if you still could not find a suitable image using the usual means? You can, for example, try the specialized Picsearch service, in which, according to its creators, more than three billion digital pictures are indexed.

Not only does Picsearch have a multilingual user interface, but it also has a full multilingual search, as well as several useful filters, including finding only black and white or color images, pictures with a particular color predominance, searching for "wallpaper" for the desktop, and also faces or animated images.

The Everystockphoto search engine boasts a much smaller amount of declared indexed database: it contains more than 20 million images stored on online photo sites, including Flickr, Fotolia and Wikimedia Commons. Nevertheless, the results of her work are very impressive. Most of the photographs found can be used for free, but with the condition that the name of the photographer or copyright holder is indicated.

4. Computing and search system

As you know, the Google search engine can perform simple calculations, convert from one unit to another, and do some other useful things that are not directly related to the search. However, if you need answers to really complex questions in the field of mathematics, physics, medicine, statistics, history, linguistics and other fields of science, then you can not do without the "computing and search engine" WolframAlpha, capable of offering the user almost encyclopedic answers to the most unusual questions.

In fact, this is not even a search engine, but a huge database, part of which is converted into computational algorithms, which allows you to get ready-made information about how many grams of protein are in a dozen M&M's candies, what is the expected average life expectancy in the USA, Sweden and Japan in current year or how an algebraic equation is solved.

Instead of describing the functionality of WolframAlpha for a long time, we suggest going to the examples page, which contains samples sorted by areas of knowledge of what kind of questions this system can answer and what the results of the issue will look like.

Unfortunately, WolframAlpha only works with English, and you'll need to be fairly proficient in it to use it. In addition, you should not blindly trust the results that the system calculates according to your requests, since the slightest error in the database leads to complete inaccuracy of the issue, and this happens from time to time (just search the Web).

5. Search for people

It would seem that finding a person on the Internet, knowing his first and last name, is as easy as shelling pears. Yes, if it's some kind of celebrity, movie star, athlete, or social media regular. Then the very first page of Google search results will give you almost exhaustive information about who he is and what he has been doing lately. If the person you are looking for does not crave wide popularity and is not fond of network exhibitionism, finding information about him on the Internet will not be so easy.

In this case, you can try the Pipl search engine, which searches for people in a number of public registries, online databases, services, and yet in social networks, including professional ones. Unlike most similar services, Pipl also works with Cyrillic, so it works well with Russian-language surnames as well.

The domestic service SpravkaRU.NET will help you find the address and home phone number of a resident of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia and Moldova. This site is an electronic telephone directory of some major cities of the listed countries, but, alas, is far from complete. There are more chances to find residents of Moscow or St. Petersburg, and only those who have a home number. Unlike alternative services, SpravkaRU.NET contains quite up-to-date databases, and if you have at least some information about the relatives or the approximate place of residence of the wanted person, then he is able to help you establish his phone number and address.

6. Search for scientific information

If you are in science and want to find the latest scientific publications on your topic on Google, then you urgently need to forget about discoveries and do something less intellectual. On Google, you can only find links to individual works published on some public sites like Wikipedia. In fact, almost all scientific articles are stored on web servers belonging to the category of the so-called deep web, which for various reasons is not accessible to universal search engines.

It's all about a forced ban on indexing any data that, although not classified as secret, constitutes some proprietary information or is not of interest to the general public. These are library catalogs, medical or transport databases, and catalogs of all kinds of industrial products. Spiders cannot bypass mandatory registration or access restrictions, so you will rarely see scientific materials in Google results that are simply incomprehensible to people who are not engaged in similar research.

The specialized search engine CompletePlanet, which has access to more than 70,000 scientific databases and highly specialized search engines, is capable of opening the door to the scientific "deep web".

Another excellent scientific search engine Scirus, unfortunately, is living its last weeks: in early 2014 it will cease to exist, and regular users are invited to find an alternative in the remaining time (which, alas, is not clear). In the meantime, Scirus has access to multiple archives of scientific articles and allows you to search for information on 575 million issues, including publications in highly specialized and popular science journals, patent texts and information from digital archives.

The existence of specialized search engines does not negate the merits of the same Google, Yandex and other universal search engines: we still cannot do without them. But a true professional does not use a hammer where a screwdriver is needed or a knife where a scalpel is appropriate. Special systems allow more subtle searches and are therefore able to give more accurate and reliable answers. Let's take, for example, the most popular type of special search engines - trading and search engines like Yandex.Market and Price.Ru. Yes, we can find the same products in the universal Yandex or Google, but here we immediately receive structured and systematized information about the availability and price of goods, sellers and their location, payment and delivery methods. Not only do we save time, we have more accurate and complete data that can be sorted in a certain order and compared with each other. This simple example is a clear demonstration of how valuable specialized search engines are and why they are so much better than Google in a number of cases.