Cases and auxiliary. Cases of nouns. Instrumental case. Question: By whom? How
The case of a noun is a grammatical category that denotes the relationship of this noun to other words in a phrase or sentence. There are six cases in the Russian language, but their definition causes difficulties not only in elementary school. You can determine the cases of nouns by characteristic questions and meaning, that is, by what this or that case is usually used for.
Let's take a quick look at all cases.
- Nominative. Questions: “who?”, “what?”. It can only be used without a preposition and is usually used to express the subject of a sentence. Wakes up (what?) nature.
- Genitive. Questions: “Who?”, “What?”. I don't have (what?) a book.
- Dative. Questions: “to whom?”, “what?”. I gave an apple to (who?) my sister.
- Accusative. Questions: “Who?”, “What?”. He was watching a (what?) movie.
- Instrumental case. Questions: “by whom?”, “by what?”. Mother admired (by whom?) Daughter.
- Prepositional. Questions: “about whom?”, “about what?”. We use this case only with prepositions. We talked (about whom?) about my father.
- find the word to which the noun refers;
- ask a question from the found word to the noun.
- Genitive. This case is used both with names and with verbs. Examples of verbal usage:
- to designate an object to which the action applies only partially: to bring bread (“not all the bread, but a little, some part of it”);
- to designate a direct object of action, when the verb has a particle “not”: I haven’t read books (a book is an object of action);
- to designate an object - with verbs expressing desire, achievement, removal: ask for a decision, demand an answer, lose peace.
- to express the relationship of belonging: Tchaikovsky's music, brother's room;
- to designate a subject that has some kind of sign (clarity of thought - “a thought that is clear”) or acting (noise of waves - “waves make noise”);
- to designate the object of action; the action is expressed by a noun formed from the verb: sending a parcel. The verb from which the noun is formed must be transitive (i.e., the action goes to the object): send (what?) a parcel - sending a parcel;
- to denote a certain amount: a flock of sheep, a glass of water.
- to designate an object to which the action applies only partially: to bring bread (“not all the bread, but a little, some part of it”);
- Dative. Usually this case is used with verbs (to write to a grandmother, to help a friend), but there is also an adjective. Here the dative case expresses:
- action object: helping friends;
- purpose: feed for cows (“designed for cows”).
- action object: helping friends;
- Accusative. This case is mainly used with verbs. It denotes a certain object of action: to love (what?) Autumn. However, it can also be used with some nouns:
- to indicate time: wait (what?) a week;
- to designate space: walk (what?) a kilometer.
- to indicate time: wait (what?) a week;
- Instrumental case. Most often found with verbs and means:
- an object with which you can perform an action: write with a pencil;
- the one who acts: the text was written by a schoolboy;
- the object to which the action is directed: manage the department;
- sign: seem handsome;
- space: pass by;
- mode of action: speak in a bass voice;
- comparison: walking like a rooster.
- an object with which you can perform an action: write with a pencil;
- Prepositional. This case exists only with prepositions: o (ob / obo), in (in), on, by, at. If you try to discard the preposition, an independent case form will not work: brother. The word is clearly missing something - this is the preposition "about". In other cases, the word "brother" is quite independent: brother came, brother's words, said to brother, I see brother, done by brother.
The prepositional case in combination with verbs expresses:- object of thoughts, feelings, actions, speech, state: think about the past, take care of grandfather, talk about holidays;
- scene: wander around the field;
- duration: arrive in November;
- an object that allows you to perform an action: play the violin;
- mode of action: convey in words;
- course of action: scream in rage.
- object of thoughts, feelings, actions, speech, state: think about the past, take care of grandfather, talk about holidays;
There are only six cases in Russian:
- Nominative;
- Genitive;
- Dative;
- Accusative;
- Instrumental;
- Prepositional.
Why is it necessary to know how to determine the case? The definition of the case helps to put down the correct ending of the word, therefore, to avoid grammatical errors. How to determine the case of a noun, pronoun, adjective or numeral quickly and accurately?
There are special case questions, with their help they determine the belonging of parts of speech to a particular case.
Case questions
Nominative: who?, what? (fish, barrel);
Genitive: whom?, what? (fish, barrels);
Dative: to whom?, to what? (fish, barrel);
Accusative: whom?, what? (fish, barrel);
Creative: by whom?, by what? (fish, barrel);
Prepositional: about whom?, about what? (about the fish, about the barrel).
To correctly determine the case, you should remember the above questions, two for each case. But there is a little trick: instead of twelve, you can remember only six simple words that will help not only determine the case, but also remember the case questions.
Case definition for different words
How to correctly determine the case using auxiliary words?
There is a fish (who, what) - nominative;
No fish (whom, what) - genitive;
I will give the fish (to whom, what) - dative;
I see a fish (whom, what) - accusative;
Satisfied with fish (who, what) - creative;
I think about fish (about whom, about what) - prepositional.
For example, consider the sentence: "The fish did not fit into the barrel." There are two nouns in this sentence: fish, barrel. We substitute auxiliary words: eat (who, what) fish - nominative case; I see (who, what) a barrel - the accusative case.
Substituting the right question for the word, you can also determine the case of pronouns. Examples: She was not given a ticket. To her (to whom, what) - dative case. I think about him all the time. About him (about whom, about what) - prepositional case.
If difficulties arise, then you can replace the pronoun with a suitable noun: I think about my son all the time. About the son (about whom) - prepositional case.
When it is already clear how to determine the case of pronouns and nouns, you can consider numerals and adjectives.
How to determine the case of an adjective and a numeral? Adjectives and numerals have the same case as the nouns they refer to.
For example:
A big fish swims. Big fish (who, what) - nominative case.
I'm going to my first meeting. The first meeting (whom, what) - accusative case.
If the noun in the sentence is omitted, then the case can be determined by substituting the appropriate word:
The most beautiful one is coming. Beautiful (girl) - who, what - nominative case.
After the tenth everything will be closed. Tenth (number) - whom, what - genitive case.
If you master the above material well, then the question of how to determine the case of a numeral, adjective, pronoun or noun will no longer arise for you.
135. Read.
Birdsong in the groves,
And the class is silent.
We're going downhill
Leaning "spring".
We bow aloud: "Spring, springs ...
Spring, spring, spring, about spring ... "
"Spring came,
Wait for ve-dreams...
hello ve-dream,
Meet ve-snu...
Spring, spring, spring, spring,
In the spring, about the spring ... "
(Y. Akim)
- What does the expression mean leans "spring"? What part is in a word Spring does it change with inclination?
- Write down the last sentence. Determine the case of the noun Spring on questions.
Remember! Changing nouns by case is called declension. There are 6 cases in Russian. Each case has its own name, its own questions, its own prepositions and performs its role in the sentence and phrase.
136. Read the names of cases, auxiliary words, case questions.
- Why does each case have two case questions and not one? Explain your answer.
Note! initial form The noun is the nominative singular form.
All cases except the nominative are called indirect cases.
Nouns are declined not only in the singular, but also in the plural.
137. Orally decline nouns together with auxiliary words fox, window, hedgehog. Write down the declension of these nouns without auxiliary words.
I. p. (who?) fox, (what?) window, (who?) hedgehogs
R. p. (whom?) foxes, (what?) windows, (whom?) hedgehogs
D. p.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- Highlight the endings of nouns.
Note! The case forms of nouns are formed with the help of endings. Each case form has its own ending:
fox a, fox s, fox e, fox at, fox oh, (o) fox e.
Signs of case forms of nouns
|
Cases |
Prepositions |
Questions |
Role in |
|
who? what? |
Subject |
||
|
without, at, from, before, from, for, about, near, with, around, after, between |
whom? what?
|
Minor member |
|
|
to whom? what?
|
Minor member |
||
|
through, about, in, in, on, behind, under, through, on |
whom? what?
|
Minor member |
|
|
over, behind, under, before, with, with, between, |
by whom? how?
|
Minor member |
|
|
oh, about, in, on, at |
about whom? about what?
|
Minor member |
138. Read the table “Signs of case forms of nouns”.
- Read the signs by which you can determine each case form of a noun (prepositions, questions, which member of the sentence it is).
- Pay attention to the highlighted prepositions - they are used with only one case.
- What are the similarities and differences in the signs of case forms of nouns?
Remember! AT nominative case noun is in a sentence subject.
To determine the case of other nouns, you need:
a) find the word on which the noun depends, and put a question from this word;
b) on a case question and a preposition to determine the case.
139. Read. Match the riddles and clues.
1. The horse is running Earth trembles. 2. There was a lanky, in earth bogged down. 3. From land I grow up, I dress the whole world. 4. Under earth the bird made a nest, laid eggs. 5. Red, juicy, fragrant, grows low, to earth close. 6. Scarlet boot earth lit.
Answers: rain, thunder, flax, strawberries, potatoes, beets.
- Prepare to explain how to determine the case of a noun Earth in every offer.
- Write down any three riddles. Specify the case of the noun Earth in every offer.
140. Read.
St..teli on south swallows, wells ..rtsy, finches. One .. noko s .. dit on a b .. cut branch at d..horns b .. a large and quiet bird. This is bullshit. M..lch..liquid, not very elegant, this bird remained true to the river..bottom forest. Together .. with the forest, she endures winter m..roses and l..denying m..tel.
(V. Medvedev)
- Write by inserting the missing letters. Determine the case of the underlined nouns.
Note! Case form nominative case is most often used for naming, naming an object, and the case form accusative case - to name the object to which the action is directed.
141. Read. What is the theme of these poetic lines?
- Prove that this is a complex sentence. Write off.
- Indicate the case of the underlined nouns. Underline the main terms in each simple sentence.
- How to distinguish between inanimate nouns in the nominative and accusative cases, if they answer the question what?
drops forest scarlet dress,
Srebrit freezing withered field,
Glancing > day as if involuntarily
And hide behind edge district mountains.
(A. Pushkin)
142. Make sentences using any of these nouns first in the nominative case, then in the accusative. Write down suggestions. Specify the case of nouns.
Speak right!
carpenter - carpenter (R. p.; V. p.)
locksmith - locksmith
bullfinch - bullfinch
wolf - wolf
scarf - scarf (R. p.)
cake - cake
coat of arms - coat of arms
umbrella - umbrella
143. Read. Make up proverbs from words.
1. Patience, no, without, learning. 2. About, and, mice, bread, are found. 3. From, business, in, boredom, hands, take it. 4. Food, after, tastier, work. 5. Laziness, to, brings, good, not. 6. At, end, no, rings.
- Write down the proverbs. Underline the nouns in the genitive case. By what signs did you recognize them?
- Analyze the fifth sentence by members.
144. Read.
1. Friend seek, and if you find - take care. 2. There are many friends, but real friend no. 3. Bears wolf are not visiting. 4. From wolf ran, yes bear attacked. 5. For bear winter is one night. 6. Without cat expanse for mice. 7. There is fat, but not about cat.
- What are the similarities and differences between the case forms of the same nouns? By what signs can you determine the case of underlined nouns?
145. Read. Make up phrases using nouns in the dative case. Where necessary, use prepositions to link words in a phrase. Write it down.
- What do the words mean telephone, telephonist?
- How can you identify nouns in the dative case?
- Pick up other nouns, the first part of which is part tele-: TV tower, ... .
Note! The case form of the dative case can indicate the subject to which any action is addressed.
body background body broadcast
146. Read. Name the stories.
1. Zhenya went to forest look for such clearing where the strawberry itself is at eyes climbs and asks for a jug.
2. The girl ran to clearing, leaned towards earth, squatted down, looked under leaves and started tearing berries.
(V. Kataev)
- Explain the meaning of phrases squat down, squat down.
- Determine the case of the underlined nouns. Which one answers the question where? How did you distinguish between these cases?
147. Read. Think of a title for the poem.
- Write out the underlined phrases, putting the question from the main word to the dependent. Determine the case of nouns in these phrases.
- Find personification in sentences - words that help to represent inanimate objects in the form of a living being.
chilly Linden outside the window,
Frost fell out in the morning.
waving small palm
Yellow leaf in the wind.
Before herself winter
He says goodbye with me.
(V. Orlov)
Note! One of the meanings of the instrumental case is the meaning of the instrument of action: I draw with a brush, I write with a pen.
148. Read. Write off.
Reward behind courage to live behind city, pie with blueberries, come with factory, put under pillow, rose under birch.
- How to determine the cases of nouns that have the same prepositions?
- Make up a sentence with any phrase in which the noun is used in the instrumental case.
149. Read.
- Write off. Explain how you can recognize nouns in the prepositional case.
- Find comparisons in sentences.
- Remember why the prepositional case is called that.
Willows rustle on the mountain,
A bee is ringing on the willow,
Striped like a zebra...
In the grove - maples and oak forests,
And under them there are mushrooms,
Each mushroom is like an umbrella.
(Yu. Moritz)
150. Read.
1. Children sing a song about Motherland. 2. Oh shore the river flows quietly. 3. On the stalk sedge village dragonfly. 4. Outside a blizzard is raging. 5. From the mountain into the valley a stream runs. 6. in the alley the park is quiet and cool. 7. In the sky the song of the lark rang out.
- Explain how to distinguish between cases of nouns that have the same prepositions.
- Write out phrases with each noun underlined. Specify the case of nouns.
Sample. They sing about the Motherland (P. p.).
a llea
Page for the curious
The use of cases in speech
Scientists have calculated which cases in the Russian literary language are the most frequent, that is, they are most often used in speech.
AT writing The most frequent use is the nominative, then the genitive, then the accusative.
AT oral speech The nominative case remains the most frequent, followed by the accusative, then the genitive.
151. Read.
- Why do the lines make you smile? When a verb is used in speech dressed, and when - allotment?
- By what signs can you determine the case of a noun coat?
I myself in coat dressed
And he touched his nose with his sleeve.
I decided coat i punish
And without coat went for a walk.
(O. Grigoriev)
Remember! In Russian there is a small group of nouns that have the same form in all cases: hear on the radio(D. p.), to listen to the radio(V. p.), no radio(R. p.).
These are indeclinable nouns: coat, highway, cinema, taxi, coffee, cafe. In this case, the case is determined by the question.
152. Read. Write by filling in the missing words underground and radio. Specify the case of invariable words.
Live near _____. Listen _____. Drive _____. Speak on _____. Enter _____.
Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From the correct definition of which, by the way, the spelling correctness of the written depends.
Case category
The case of nouns is such a grammatical category that indicates the relation of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.
In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.
Case name | Issues of cases of nouns | |
Nominative | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | |
Dative | To whom? What? | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | |
Instrumental | ||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? |
Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common speech. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.
Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative
In addition to grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.
Nominative. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. can be an integral part of the predicate.
Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.
Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject wood(Name p., predicate Birch- the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).
Genitive case meanings
Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:
- a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
- affiliation: mom's shoes b;
- object of any action: boiling water;
- definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.
The genitive case is used in the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.
As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:
- denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: issue a receipt;
- used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.
The genitive case is used when reporting the exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.
Meanings of the dative and accusative cases
Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).
The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: writing a poem.
Instrumental and prepositional cases
A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:
- tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
- the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
- is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.
The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:
- topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
- temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
- used to indicate a date, but not a full one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.
Noun declension
To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.
Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.
The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.
If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.
Nouns can have an adjective declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.
To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.
For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.
Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. We ask a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain- feminine, ends in b, so the declension is third.
Declension of singular nouns
To determine with what ending you want to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension, you must know. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.
Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.
first declension
solid type | soft type | ||
Nominative | Provocation |
||
Genitive | Provocations |
||
Dative | Provocations |
||
Accusative | Provocation |
||
Instrumental | Provocation |
||
Prepositional | About provocation |
Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.
Second declension
masculine | Neuter gender |
||||
solid type | solid type | soft type | |||
Nominative | |||||
Genitive | |||||
Dative | |||||
Accusative | |||||
Instrumental | |||||
Prepositional | |||||
Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.
third declension
Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.
Declension of plural nouns
Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.
1 declination | 2 declension | 3 declension |
|||
solid type | soft type | masculine | Neuter gender | ||
Nominative | pans | ||||
Genitive | saucepans | ||||
Dative | Pictures | pots | |||
Accusative | pans | ||||
Instrumental | paintings | pans | barracks | ||
Prepositional | About the paintings | About pots | About barracks | ||
Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.
The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.
Different endings are used to distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns: sheet, but leaves (of a tree) and sheets (of a book).
Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.
Inflected nouns
The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word way.
Singular | Plural |
|||
Nominative | stirrups | |||
Genitive | stirrup | |||
Dative | stirrup | stirrups | ||
Accusative | stirrups | |||
Instrumental | stirrup | stirrups | ||
Prepositional | about the stirrup | about stirrups | ||
Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.
Immutable nouns
Another special group of nouns is invariables. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - bought kimonos(plural).
How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:
1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.
2. New highways are laid.
In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(singular h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).
Invariable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.
Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From the correct definition of which, by the way, the spelling correctness of the written depends.
Case category
The case of nouns is such a grammatical category that indicates the relation of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.
In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.
Case name | Issues of cases of nouns | |
Nominative | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | |
Dative | To whom? What? | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | |
Instrumental | ||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? |
Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common speech. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.
Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative
In addition to grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.
Nominative. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. can be an integral part of the predicate.
Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.
Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject wood(Name p., predicate Birch- the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).
Genitive case meanings
Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:
- a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
- affiliation: mom's shoes b;
- object of any action: boiling water;
- definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.
The genitive case is used in the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.
As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:
- denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: issue a receipt;
- used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.
The genitive case is used when reporting the exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.
Meanings of the dative and accusative cases
Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).
The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: writing a poem.
Instrumental and prepositional cases
A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:
- tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
- the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
- is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.
The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:
- topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
- temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
- used to indicate a date, but not a full one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.
Noun declension
To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.
Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.
The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.
If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.
Nouns can have an adjective declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.
To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.
For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.
Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. We ask a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain- feminine, ends in b, so the declension is third.
Declension of singular nouns
To determine with what ending you want to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension, you must know. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.
Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.
first declension
solid type | soft type | ||
Nominative | Provocation |
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Genitive | Provocations |
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Dative | Provocations |
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Accusative | Provocation |
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Instrumental | Provocation |
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Prepositional | About provocation |
Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.
Second declension
masculine | Neuter gender |
||||
solid type | solid type | soft type | |||
Nominative | |||||
Genitive | |||||
Dative | |||||
Accusative | |||||
Instrumental | |||||
Prepositional | |||||
Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.
third declension
Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.
Declension of plural nouns
Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.
1 declination | 2 declension | 3 declension |
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solid type | soft type | masculine | Neuter gender | ||
Nominative | pans | ||||
Genitive | saucepans | ||||
Dative | Pictures | pots | |||
Accusative | pans | ||||
Instrumental | paintings | pans | barracks | ||
Prepositional | About the paintings | About pots | About barracks | ||
Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.
The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.
Different endings are used to distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns: sheet, but leaves (of a tree) and sheets (of a book).
Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.
Inflected nouns
The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word way.
Singular | Plural |
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Nominative | stirrups | |||
Genitive | stirrup | |||
Dative | stirrup | stirrups | ||
Accusative | stirrups | |||
Instrumental | stirrup | stirrups | ||
Prepositional | about the stirrup | about stirrups | ||
Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.
Immutable nouns
Another special group of nouns is invariables. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - bought kimonos(plural).
How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:
1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.
2. New highways are laid.
In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(singular h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).
Invariable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.