Forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory message. The state of forest resources of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Flora of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The total area of land on which forests grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as of 01.01.2015 is 164.0 million hectares. The forests of the region are located on the lands of the forest fund, lands of defense and security, lands of specially protected areas, lands of settlements and lands of other categories. The area of forest fund lands as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares.
Forest and non-forest lands are distinguished as part of the forest fund lands. Forest lands are represented by areas covered with forest vegetation, and areas not covered with forest vegetation, but intended for its restoration (cutting areas, burnt areas, areas occupied by nurseries, etc.). Non-forest lands include lands intended for forestry (clearings, roads, etc.).
According to Rosreestr) as of January 1, 2015, the area of forest land was 120.9 million hectares, including 110.9 million hectares covered with forest vegetation, 10.0 million hectares not covered with forest vegetation (Table 7.2).
Table 7.2
The total area of forest fund lands of the Krai according to Rosreestr is 155.6 million hectares (Table 3.1 in Section 3 of this Report), according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Krai - 158.7 million hectares (see Table 7.3). This discrepancy is explained by the fact that not all forest lands that are currently in the category of agricultural land (as of 01.01.2015 - 3.55 million hectares) and in other categories of land are put on state cadastral registration with the category of land "lands of the forest fund ". In municipal districts, work is systematically carried out on forest management and land surveying on all forest areas, with the subsequent setting of forest plots for cadastral registration in the Rosreestr Administration for the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2014, due to similar work in the Abansky district, the area of forest fund lands increased by 7.0 thousand hectares.
Forest plantation zoning of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ) . The forest vegetation of the region is rich and varied. It is characterized by clear meridional and altitudinal zoning. In the vegetation cover of the northern regions, pine and larch forests predominate, in the southern regions - dark coniferous forests with the participation of spruce, fir, and cedar in the forest stand.
For the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (within the framework of the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), forest plantation zoning of the forest fund was carried out: 4 forest vegetation zones and 7 forest regions were identified with relatively similar conditions for the use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests (The Forest Plant Zoning Map is given in the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the forest fund).
Zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga occupies 25413.7 thousand hectares or 15.5% of the total area of all forests in the region. The zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga includes one forest region - the Central Siberian region of tundra forests - forest tundra and sparse taiga, represented by larch sparse forests, alternating with shrub tundra and hilly peat bogs. The predominant tree species is the Dahurian larch V-Va of the quality class. The forest cover of the region is about 4%.
A characteristic feature of the vegetation cover of the tundra forest area is its mosaic and complexity, due to the wide development of micro- and mesorelief forms, as well as the rapid change in soil and hydrological conditions. All forests of the Central Siberian region of tundra forests are classified as protective forests.
taiga zone occupies the most extensive territory, over 120 million hectares or 73.2% of the region's forests. The average forest cover of the taiga zone is 70.6%. According to the nature of the vegetation cover, it is divided into 3 forest regions: the West Siberian plain taiga, the Central Siberian plateau taiga and the Angara forest.
West Siberian Plain Taiga Region covers the basins of the tributaries of the Yenisei - rr. Kas, Sym, Kolchum and the upper reaches of the rivers of the Ob basin - Sochur, Bolshaya Elovaya. This is a drained section of the eastern margin of the West Siberian Plain. The total forest cover of the region is 73%; swampiness of the area is 27%.
The most valuable are the pine forests of the green moss group of forest types (cowberry, bilberry, rosemary), growing on sandy ridges with podzolic soils. Forest stands of III–IV quality class, mostly of the same age. Renewal, both under the forest canopy and after logging or fires, occurs successfully without changing species.
The area is also characterized by lichen pine forests with strongly podzolic soils of grade IV, less often grade V. Larch forests are quite rare, birch forests are derivatives.
Central Siberian plateau taiga region occupies the largest area. The southern border runs along the watershed of the Angara and Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers and in the southwestern part along the watershed of the Dubches and Sym rivers. Northern - from Igarka through the Putorana plateau to the administrative border of the Republic of Sakha.
In the northern part of this forest area, sparse forests grow with small wood reserves, about 100 m³ per 1 ha. The forests here are mainly represented by Dahurian and Siberian larch, downy birch, and spruce. Productivity of larch stands of V-III quality class. Pine and spruce forests are always V-Va bonitet. Mature and overmature forest stands prevail here, accounting for almost 70% of timber reserves. There is no industrial exploitation of forests, a small amount is harvested for local needs. The forests are used for deer grazing and as hunting grounds.
In the middle part of the forest area, the forest stand becomes more dense, the average wood stock increases to 150 m³ per 1 ha, the average growth also increases, and the grass-shrub undergrowth becomes richer. The vegetation cover is dominated by low-productive sparse dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar with Siberian larch in the 1st layer and birch forests derived from them from warty and downy birch. Significant areas are occupied by larch forests of Siberian larch and a hybrid form between Siberian and Dahurian larch - Chekanovsky larch. Small areas are occupied by aspen and birch forests. The predominant groups of forest types are: shrub-moss, lichen, sphagnum, green moss. In small areas there are reed forests. Fir elfin is widespread in the undergrowth. Dark coniferous species are more often of grade V. Green moss larch forests can be grade III.
In the southern part of the Central Siberian plateau taiga region, the dominant position in the vegetation is occupied by cedar and spruce forests. Often cedar and spruce form mixed stands. Forests with a predominance of fir are very rare, but mixed with cedar and spruce are widespread. Larch and pine forests (forb and green moss groups of forest types) are marked by small areas in river valleys and watersheds. Birch forests are widespread on the site of the burnt dark coniferous taiga, where a layer of dark coniferous species is formed under the canopy everywhere. The most widely represented stone pine forests are green moss and long moss. Stands IV less often V quality, ripe and overmature with a fullness of 0.5-0.6. More common are cedar forests of wild rosemary-long-moss, sedge-ledum-long-moss.
Forests are developed only for the purpose of harvesting furs, fish, berries, mushrooms, etc.
Priangarsky forest district occupies a vast area. The forest cover is dominated by light coniferous forests of Scotch pine and Siberian larch with an admixture of birch. Three types of soils predominate: soddy-podzolic, soddy-calcareous and gray forest gleyed, long-seasonally frozen.
The pine forests of the Angara region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are distinguished by a relatively high productivity (III-IV, less often II grade) and high wood quality. In the last two decades, a significant part of the territory has been covered by clear cuttings, as well as large forest fires. Natural regeneration by light coniferous species is proceeding quite satisfactorily.
Within the boundaries of the forest region, 8 economic groups of forest types have been identified: lichen, green moss, forb, tall grass, fern-horsetail, moss, sphagnum and grass-bog. The predominant (about 67%) are the forb and green moss groups of forest types.
forest-steppe zone is located in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and has a forest area of 7465.7 thousand hectares, which is 4.6% of the total area of forest land in the region. The forest-steppe zone includes the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region.
The forests of the region are economically most developed, and at present, almost the entire territory of this forest region has not preserved native ("virgin") vegetation from pine, larch and spruce-fir forests. The average forest cover of the region (forest-steppe forest-vegetation zone) is 56.6%. The entire modern vegetation cover is represented, to one degree or another, by derivative (secondary) groups of birch and aspen forests that arose under the direct influence of human activity or experienced its indirect transformative influence. Pine, as well as dark coniferous black forests, have survived very little.
Favorable geographical position: attraction to the Trans-Siberian railway, convenient raftable rivers (Yenisei, Chulym, Kan) contributed to the development of forests in this forest area. Climatic and soil conditions contributed to the development of agriculture and the reduction of forest land.
South Siberian mountain zone covers most of the Western Sayan and to a small extent the northwestern part of the Eastern Sayan. The total area of forests is 9207.5 thousand hectares or 5.6% of the total forest area of the region. The average forest cover is 74.4%. Two forest regions have been identified in the zone, Altai-Sayan mountain-taiga and Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe.
Altai-Sayan mountain-taiga region stretched out in the form of a mountain bridge 100-200 km wide at a distance of more than 700 km, and occupies the southern part of the region, including mainly the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the Krasnoyarsk part of the Eastern Sayan with the upper reaches of the Mana, Kizir and Kan rivers. It consists of a series of ridges composed of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The relief is predominantly mid-mountain and high-mountain, strongly and deeply dissected. Significant fluctuations in absolute heights determined the altitudinal-zonal distribution of climate, soils and vegetation. Forests cover about 70% of the territory of the Western Sayan, yielding dominance in the highlands to bald mountains, stony placers and subalpine meadows, and in intermountain basins to steppes and forest-steppes.
The belt of light coniferous and deciduous forests is associated with conditions of sufficient moisture and relatively high heat supply. It occupies a narrow strip along the northern periphery of the Western Sayan. The dominant groups of forest types are pine and birch forests, forb low-mountain II and III quality class, largely changed by logging, grazing and periodic fires.
At the contact with the dark coniferous belt, there is a strip of low-mountain black aspen forests of large grass-fern groups II-III of quality class on thick, well-moistened gray forest soils. The dark coniferous belt dominates the region and covers the entire mid-mountain, partly low-mountain and high-mountain regions. The main forest-forming species are cedar and fir; spruce forests occupy about 1%.
Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe region covers a small part of the Western Sayan, located on the periphery of the Minusinsk Basin and having a range of belts: steppe, forest-steppe, light coniferous forests, dark coniferous forests and in some places mountain tundra.
The area is mid-mountain, with a slope of 15-30 o and heights from 500 to 1000-1300 m. Larch and pine forests of the forb group are widespread here, with cedar in the upper boundary of the belt. Their productivity is quite high, II-III quality in pine forests and I-III in larch forests. There is a noticeable admixture of birch in the composition.
In the transition zone to the Minusinsk Basin, xerophytic forests with reduced productivity are formed, often with an undergrowth of caragana, honeysuckle, spirea, and wild rose.
Of particular note are the ribbon pine forests located within the Minusinsk depression in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. They are an intrazonal formation and occupy sandy massifs on the right bank of the Yenisei; their origin is due to the activity of the ancient river systems of the Yenisei and Tuba.
Characteristics of the forest fund. The area of forest fund lands as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares. The total forested area within the forest fund lands amounted to 105.1 million hectares.
The Federal Forestry Agency, in accordance with the orders of July 18, 2008 No. 207 “On determining the number of forest areas and establishing their boundaries”, in order to form territorial management units on the lands of the forest fund of the region in the field of use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests, 61 forest areas were created . The boundaries of 32 forestries included both state and former rural forestries.
The age structure of forest stands is characterized by the predominance of mature and overmature plantations, which make up about 59% of the land area covered with forest vegetation. In the composition of coniferous forests, their share exceeds 65.5% of the recorded areas.
According to the State Forest Register, the total timber stock in the region is estimated at 11.5 billion m 3 . The volume of coniferous wood is 9.6 billion m 3 , of which 6.8 billion m 3 are mature and overmature stands. The stock of wood of softwood species as a whole does not exceed 1.9 billion m 3 , including 1.2 billion m 3 in mature and overmature forests.
The main forest-forming species of the forest fund are larch (43.7 million ha), birch (15.5 million ha), pine (13.4 million ha), cedar (9.7 million ha). Coniferous plantations occupy more than 76% of forested areas.
Forests located on the lands of the forest fund, according to their intended purpose, are divided into protective, operational and reserve. The distribution of forests by purpose in the context of administrative territories is presented in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3
Distribution of forests by purpose in the context of administrative
territories as of 01.01.2015
| District name | Area as of 01.01.2015, ha | Total forest area, ha | Forest area by purpose, ha | ||
| protective | operational | reserve | |||
| Aban | - | ||||
| Achinsk | - | ||||
| Balakhtinsky | - | ||||
| Berezovsky | - | ||||
| Birilyussky | - | ||||
| Bogotolsky | - | ||||
| Boguchansky | - | ||||
| Bolshemurtinsky | - | ||||
| Bolsheuluysky | - | ||||
| Dzerzhinsky | - | ||||
| Emelyanovsky | - | ||||
| Yenisei | |||||
| Ermakovskiy | - | ||||
| Idrinsky | - | ||||
| Ilanian | - | ||||
| Irbeysky | - | ||||
| Kazachinsky | - | ||||
| Kansky | - | ||||
| Karatuzsky | - | ||||
| Kezhemsky | - | ||||
| Kozulsky | - | ||||
| Krasnoturansky | - | ||||
| Kuraginskiy | - | ||||
| Mansky | - | ||||
| Minusinsky | - | - | |||
| Motyginsky | - | ||||
| Nazarovsky | - | ||||
| Nizhneingashsky | - | ||||
| Novoselovsky | - | ||||
| Guerrilla | - | ||||
| Pirovsky | - | ||||
| Rybinsky | - | ||||
| Sayan | - | ||||
| North Yenisei | |||||
| Sukhobuzimsky | - | ||||
| Taimyr | - | - | |||
| Taseevsky | - | ||||
| Turukhansky | |||||
| Tyukhtetsky | - | ||||
| Uzhur | - | ||||
| Uyarsky | - | ||||
| Sharypovsky | - | ||||
| Shushensky | - | ||||
| Evenki | |||||
| GO Divnogorsk | - | ||||
| Edge Total |
To protective forests include forests that perform useful functions of water protection, soil protection, sanitary and hygienic, general cultural, fruit production and others, and at the same time are sources of mature and overmature wood. The use of forests in protective forests is primarily aimed at strengthening their target functions. The total area of protective forests as of 01/01/2015 is 51880.2 thousand hectares or 32.7% of the total area of the forest fund. The most significant part of protective forests is located in the forest-tundra zone in the Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky, Evenki, Turukhansky regions. Protective forests of the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are categorized into main groups (Table 7.4).
Table 7.4
| Categories of protective forests | Area, thousand ha |
| Forests located in water protection zones | 1196,6 |
| Forests that perform the functions of protecting natural and other objects - total, including: | 644,4 |
| protective belts of forests located along public railways, federal public roads, public roads owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation | 172,9 |
| green areas | 458,4 |
| forest park zones | 12,3 |
| forests located in the first, second and third zones of the districts of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection of health-improving areas and resorts | 0,8 |
| Valuable forests – total, including: | 50039,3 |
| erosion control scaffolding | 1048,0 |
| forests located in desert, semi-desert, forest-steppe, forest-tundra zones, steppes, mountains | 36702,3 |
| forests of scientific or historical importance | 32,5 |
| walnut commercial zones | 2514,5 |
| restricted lanes located along water bodies | 2692,2 |
| spawning belts of forests | 7049,8 |
To operational forests include forests that are subject to development for the sustainable and efficient use of forest resources, obtaining high-quality commercial timber and other forest resources while maintaining the useful functions of forests. Commercial forests in the region occupy an area of 62,352.2 thousand hectares, or 39.3% of the forest fund lands. More than 5.1 billion m 3 of mature and overmature timber are concentrated in commercial forests.
To reserve Forests on the territory of the region include forests mainly in the northern regions of the region, sparse, unproductive and remote from transport routes, where logging for economic reasons is impractical for the next 20 years; their area is 44503.6 thousand hectares, which is 28.0%.
In 2014, compared to 2013, the area of protective and operational forests increased by 22.7 thousand hectares and 394.1 thousand hectares, respectively, while the area of reserve forests decreased by 415.6 thousand hectares. The total area of forests increased by 1.2 thousand ha compared to 2013.
Compared to 2013, in 2014 the total forest area increased in Nizhneingashskoe (by 0.6 thousand ha), Kuraginskoe (by 0.5 thousand ha), Irbeisky (by 0.2 thousand ha), Idrinsky and Kansk (on 0.1 thousand ha) districts (Table 7.3). Areas of protective forests increased in Ilansky (by 19.3 thousand hectares), Idrinsky (by 2.6 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.8 thousand hectares), Irbeisky (by 0.1 thousand hectares), districts . The areas of commercial forests increased in Turukhansk (by 415.6 thousand hectares), Nizhneingashsky (by 0.6 thousand hectares), Irbeisky and Kansky (by 0.1 thousand hectares) districts.
The decrease in the total area of forests occurred in the Ilansky district (by 0.4 thousand hectares). The area of commercial forests decreased in Idrinsky (by 2.5 thousand hectares), Ilansky (by 19.7 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.3 thousand hectares) districts. The area of reserve forests in the Turukhansk region has decreased (by 415.6 thousand hectares).
The Great Yenisei and taiga, the Arctic Circle and the Museum of Permafrost, Tunguska and Taimyr - all this is the Krasnoyarsk Territory, one of the most unique corners of our planet. It is here that the geographical center of Russia (Lake Vivi) is located and the extreme northern tip of Eurasia is located. It has its own Moscow (this is the name of one of the mountains in the Sayan mountains, and 99% of the platinum reserves of our country are concentrated here.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies an area 10 times the size of the UK, with a fifth of the region located outside the Arctic Circle. The flora and fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are unique. On the territory of the region there are 30 nature reserves, more than 300 thousand lakes, Bolshaya Oreshnaya is considered the longest cave in Russia, the Yenisei is the deepest river, and the Kinzelyuk waterfall is the largest in our country.
Flora of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The Krasnoyarsk Territory stretched along the Yenisei in the center of the Eurasian continent. In the north of the region, arctic deserts with sparse vegetation prevail. A little to the south, the tundra zone begins, dominated by lichens, mosses and dwarf shrubs. Cereals, cabbage, cloves grow here, poppies are often found from flowers, 15 species of mushrooms, over 70 species of mosses and as many as 89 species of lichens were found.
There are even more mosses and lichens on Tamyr - over 200 species. But among the trees, Daurian larches are most often found.
The tundra is replaced by forest tundra, in the space of which there are rare thickets of deciduous trees.
But more than 70% of the region's territory is occupied by taiga. Majestic, rich in resources, the taiga zone stretches for almost 1300 km along the Yenisei. Larch, spruce, fir, tall taiga pines and unique Siberian cedars grow here. Actually, over 80% of the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are coniferous plants.
The southern part of the region is famous for its chernozem forest-steppes. This territory is the most developed by man, and most of the area of the forest-steppe zone is plowed under the fields.
The forest-steppes border the edges of the steppe, most of which are concentrated in the Minusinsk depression. And in the very south rise the peaks of the Sayans - a mountain system where nature has been preserved in its original form. This is a real oasis of virgin nature, carefully wrapped in a taiga cover and thoroughly penetrated by the crystal waters of rivers and lakes.
The most famous nature reserve in this area is "Pillars". Many plants of this region are listed in the Red Book: slippers, orchid, feathery feather grass, May palmate root.
Fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The fauna of this part of Siberia is incredibly rich. Species diversity is gradually replaced depending on the climatic zone. If you group by type, you get the following picture:
Mammals. There are over 90 species of mammals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Argali, rams, snow leopards are found in the mountains, in the north - polar bears and reindeer, in the steppe - shrews, wolves, hares, lynxes, ground squirrels and wolverines. But, of course, most of the mammals in the taiga are sable, arctic fox, ermine, squirrel, fox, which are of commercial importance. On Stolby you can meet truly taiga animals - deer and elk, musk deer and martens live here, white hare and brown bears are found.
There are over 400 species of birds in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. These are storks and petrels, loons and geese, woodpeckers and cranes, swifts and flamingos. Galliformes, various species of geese, plovers, pigeons and pelicans are of commercial importance.
But there are few reptiles in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Only 4 species of snakes are known (vipers, snakes, snakes and muzzles) and 2 species of lizards (viviparous and nimble).
Amphibians are also sparingly represented. The most common are newts, frogs, toads and Siberian salamanders.
On the other hand, the ichthyofauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory includes more than 50 species of fish, of which 22 are of commercial importance. The region is especially famous for salmon, smelt, carps, catfish, cod and pikes. Sturgeons, lampreys and catfish are caught here, and omul, breams, carps and ides are caught on Baikal.
Unfortunately, the deterioration of the ecological situation has led to the fact that more than 140 species of representatives of the fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are currently listed in the Red Book. The rarest animals of the region, which once were its pride, now live only in reserves. These are red wolves, ibex, snow leopards, herring whales, fin whales, Siberian roe deer. Marals and Siberian sturgeon are also under the threat of extinction.
Climate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
The climate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is sharply continental, since most of the territory is located far from the seas and oceans. There are three climatic zones in the region: temperate, arctic and subarctic. Therefore, the change of seasons occurs in different ways, depending on the climatic zone, proximity to the Arctic Circle and the proximity of the mountains.
In the north of the region, winter lasts a long time, and there are no more than 40 days a year when the air temperature warms up to +10 ° C. Such a short summer. And the cities of Igarka, Norilsk and Dudinka are generally referred to as points of the Far North.
Spring is short, but very stormy, filled with sunlight and the intoxicating aroma of flowering plants.
In the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, summer also does not last long, but in this region it is hot. In general, this part of the region is characterized by sharp temperature changes.
In the south of the region, summers are hot, and winters, although long, have little snow and are not so severe.
In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the total area of forest fund lands as of January 1, 1999 was 87.6 million hectares (about 8% of the total Russian), of which 81.1 were under the jurisdiction of the Forestry Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the remaining 6.5 million hectares - in under the jurisdiction of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The forest map (Fig. 1) was prepared by O. E. Yakubailik on the basis of the electronic forest map of the Russian Federation. As of January 1, 2000, the area of forest fund lands in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (excluding the Taimyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs) amounted to 58.4 million hectares. The area covered with forests is about 50 million hectares, of which 74% is occupied by coniferous forests, in which 81.3% of the timber stock is concentrated. The total stock of wood is 7.4 billion m 3 (coniferous species 80%). Mature and overmature forest stands 5.2 billion m 3 , including 3.4 billion m 3 possible for exploitation (coniferous 2.8 billion m 3 ). The distribution of forest-forming species is presented in the table.
AAC for final fellings in 1998 was 54.5 million m 3 , for conifers - 33.3 million m 3 (table). Clear cuttings account for 99.9%. The main fund of preparations falls on the regions of the Angara region. The allowable cutting area is approximately doubled, so it is possible to increase logging for coniferous farming up to the level of 16–17 million m3 per year [Sokolov, 2000]. The allowable cutting area in the region is used by only 10.3%, and the release of timber for coniferous farming is 94.5%. In 1998, the amount of use per 1 ha of forests available for exploitation in the region was 0.23 m 3 . Ten years ago it was 2.9 m 3 in Finland, 2.6 m in Sweden, 4.4 m in Germany, 1.4 m in Canada, and 1.3 m 3 in the USSR. The decrease in the volume of timber harvesting is due to the decline in industrial production, the increase in the cost of timber products and the lack of solvent consumers.
As of January 1, 1998, the areas of reforestation lands of the Forest Fund amounted to 1,795.4 thousand hectares, of which 989.1 thousand hectares were restored naturally, 402 thousand hectares due to the promotion of natural regeneration and 4,04.9 thousand hectares - through the creation of forest plantations. In 1997, the area of reforestation work exceeded the volume of felling and destruction of stands by 63.7 thousand hectares, in 1998 - by 159.0 thousand hectares. And for the period 1994-1998. the area covered with forests in the region, which is under the jurisdiction of the forestry committee of the Krasnoyarsk region, increased by 717.7 thousand hectares (table). Accordingly, the increase in timber stock in the region since 1997 amounted to about 0.1%. At the same time, there is an increase in the area of coniferous young stands. This trend gives hope for an improvement in the structure of the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the future.
An outbreak of mass reproduction of the Siberian silkworm, which is the main pest of the dark coniferous taiga, in 1994-1997. in the region of the Angara and the Yenisei hit the forests on an area of 1 million hectares. The forests perished on an area of 14,000 ha, and the volume of forest destroyed at the vine amounted to 50 million m 3, which is six times more than the volume of timber harvested in 1997 and almost equal to the annual allowable cut in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The occurrence of forest fires in the region is due to the violation of fire safety rules by the population (54%), lightning discharges (30%). The Angara region accounts for 70-85% of forest fires in the region.
The protection of forests from fires has been and remains a serious problem (table). Although 43.0 million hectares of forests in the region are actively protected from fires, of which 38.4 million hectares are aviation forces, 38 million hectares are controlled by space monitoring, the level of protection of forests from fires is currently reduced. Due to insufficient budgetary funding, the regulations for patrol flights of aircraft are not observed, fires are detected late and, as a result, take on large sizes. Also, the technical base for the localization of fires is weak, forest fire propaganda is insufficient. And the total cost of protecting 1 hectare of forest area in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is an order of magnitude less than in the developed forest countries of the world.
This is the name of the book of a candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of the department of logging technology and equipment of the forest engineering faculty of our university, a patriot of the forest, the author of numerous publications in periodicals (one of them is just on the topic) (and also a member of the board of the Independent Public Ecological Chamber of the Krasnoyarsk Territory; his own correspondent of Lesnaya Gazeta in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, correspondent of the newspaper Our Territory) Gennady Semenovich Mironov. The book was published by the Krasnoyarsk publishing house "Litera-Print" this year and quite fresh (signed for circulation at the end of August this year) was donated by the author to the library.
Mironov, G. S. Enter the world of the forest: essays based on the expositions of the Museum of the Forest of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / G. S. Mironov. - Krasnoyarsk: Litera-Print, 2013. - 204 p.
The publication is dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the Forest Museum (which, as noted in the book, is considered the best in Siberia). And the book is framed according to the occasion - coated paper, each page is the color of autumn leaves, many illustrations. The author, as if walking through the halls of the museum, talks about certain pages in the development of forestry, occasionally referring to the relevant exhibits. But this is not a tour of the halls of the museum in the traditional sense: the expositions remain "undeveloped" and continue to be a "mystery" for readers - the book in no way replaces a live tour and should interest those who have not yet been to the Museum of the Forest. I still have not been there, although I have been to the arboretum many times, which is opposite the museum. However, there was one more reason to postpone this event - our dear frendessa kedrovnic
gave us a very detailed tour of the museum on the pages of her magazine back in June 2010.
In general, despite the fact that the text of the book is perceived very easily (the publication is addressed to a wide range of readers), it is rich in "serious" factual material and can serve as a reference book on the history of the region's forest industry. Scrupulously collected and reflected information about the emergence and abolition of certain structures, the change of their leaders, dates, names.
Let's go through the chapters of the book.
Introduction dedicated to the history of the creation of the forest museum and the people - the "culprits" of its occurrence. Interestingly, the idea of organizing such a museum arose as early as 1920, and it appeared in 1997. Such well-known Krasnoyarsk artists as K. S. Voinov, N. M. Shalamov, designer V. I. Oleinik worked on the creation of expositions. Here is a walk through the halls of the museum with the presentation of the most amazing exhibits. Surprise number 1 - the museum has a piece of petrified wood, which is about 300 million years old! In the same chapter, there is a photograph of the veterans of the industry handing over to the museum a handwritten "Golden Book" about the history of the region's timber exports. (In the spring of 2012, we spoke with museilesa_krsk about the possibility of donating one of the copies of the book to our library.)
Those who are inexperienced in the history of forestry in general and Krasnoyarsk in particular will find a lot of interesting factual data.
Fact number 1 from the most interesting chapter " Forest and power". "Emperor Peter I is considered the first forester of Russia. In 1703, he introduced strict state regulation of forest use along the banks of rivers, forbade the felling of valuable ship species of trees, and ordered that reserved forests be made known. The description of forest resources was the first step towards their rational use" (p. 17).
So here it is - the first forester in Russia, it turns out, is considered the king. And he, not Lenin (:
initiated the description of Russian forests.)
Apparently, in relation to the forest as a source of materials for the construction of the fleet, the reason that back in the 19th century the form of foresters, introduced by decree of Paul I, copied the uniforms of naval officers, and the "forest service people" were assigned to the Admiralty and the naval department and received their salary there (p. 19).
Fact number 2, indicating the seriousness and spiritual essence of the activities of "forest service people" - the text of the oath, which was taken in the nearest church by the ranks of the forest guard, formed and recorded in the Forest Charter of 1905. In it: "I promise and swear by Almighty God, before his holy gospel, in what I want and owe to His Imperial Majesty... serve faithfully and without hypocrisy and obey in everything, not sparing his life to the last drop of blood" (p. 21).
The chapter consistently traces the features of all periods of management of the forest industry in Russia and the USSR. From here we learn, for example, that it was during the reign of L. I. Brezhnev that decisions were adopted on the development of shelter belts around fields (protective afforestation) (p. 23), and when M. S. Gorbachev was in power, in 1987-1988 . the region experienced a peak in logging volumes - 23-24 million cubic meters per year (in 1998 they amounted to only 5.5 million) (p. 27). From a more recent history: "In June 1993, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Regulation on the lease of forest fund plots" (p. 29) - a revolution in the industry.
Separate, albeit short, the chapter is devoted to the forests of collective farms and state farms. And not in vain, because these forests for quite a long time, from 1948 to 1965, had a special status - they were assigned "to collective farms for perpetual use, and the collective farms themselves were recognized as full users and all products obtained in rural forests, as well as the income from the release of wood to other consumers, came at their disposal" (p. 40).
In the chapter " Honored Foresters of Russia"- about the forestry workers of the region, awarded the honorary title "Honored Arborist of the Russian Federation" (established in 1966). Their portraits are hung in the Hall of Labor Glory of the museum.
Among them are employees of our university: director of the educational and experimental forestry () Dmitry Vasilyevich Yurchishin (title awarded in 1995), professor Rimma Nikitichna Matveeva (1998), dean of the forestry faculty (for the period of awarding the title - 2006) Pavel Ivanovich Aminev.
Perhaps one of the most carefully (with numerous details) written chapter " From an ax to a forest harvester". It seems exciting even to those who are far from technology in the humanities and even urges them to visit the corresponding large exposition of the museum :). Here is about the development of logging and timber transportation technologies, including old black-and-white documentary photographs.
"The first sawmill in Krasnoyarsk of the merchant Lukin was built in 1893 on the left bank of the Yenisei. In 1910, the Abakan sawmill appeared on the right bank. The raw materials for them came by rafting along the Yenisei. In 1917, a sawmill built by a joint-stock company began operating in the village of Maklakovskoye shipping company, trade and industry. It was intended for sawing wood for export by the Northern Sea Route "(p. 52).
Wooden railroad! Did you know such a thing existed? She laid out right in the forest and the forest was taken out on horseback along it.
The evolution of such a seemingly banal tool for felling trees as a saw has been traced. It turns out that "the saw came to the cutting area only in the middle of the 19th century... With the appearance in Russia of better quality Swedish saws and files, lumberjacks began to use these tools more willingly when felling trees" (p. 57). And what is a bow saw, you know? About her on page 60.
An interesting fact from the rules for accepting a cutting area after a brigade of lumberjacks worked on it in the 1930s: "To guarantee the cleaning of the cutting area, a deposit of 10 percent was withheld from the salary of each member of the team. After the acceptance of the cutting area by the foreman, the deposit was returned" (p. 59).
Tractors began to be used in logging in the late 30s. It was just a period of acute shortage of petroleum products, and therefore the government decided to switch to wood fuel - generator gas. Our (at that time) institute took an active part in the development of gas-generating equipment
.
CNG vehicles on the roadways
Gas generating tractor for timber removal
A revolution in logging technology was the appearance since 1948 of a new skidder KT-12. In 1955, it was replaced by the TDT-40, which runs on liquid fuel.
The next big step forward is the introduction of the jaw loader for the loading of tree trunks and trees. "The authors of the first loader were the Ermakov brothers from the Tashtyp timber industry enterprise. Later, an improved design was produced at the Krasnoyarsk forest machine building plant" (p. 64).
Finally, in the 70s. felling machines appeared.
The machines that later began to be used, and even more so, modern technology, resemble robots: the operations that they perform (cut branches, wrap around and drag giant logs, etc.) are so similar to the movements of human hands, only huge.
Sufficient attention is paid to the evolution of the technology of raft timber rafting - transportation of timber by water.
In the chapter on forest management You can see rare photographs of the early 20th century. Forest inventory (or "bringing the forests to prominence") began a little earlier - at the end of the 19th century, and "by 1917, forest management was carried out in 136 state-owned forest dachas, which were divided into 24 forest areas" (p. 74). Interesting figures relating to 1924 leads
Separate the chapter is devoted to the Krasnoyarsk base of aviation forest protection. Protection of forests from the air on the territory of the region began in 1936. Then the first Krasnoyarsk squadron No. 03 of the All-Union Forest Aviation Trust was created. In 1940, he, consisting of 17 aviation units, provided air protection of forests from the Lena to the Ob with an area of more than 50 million hectares! (S. 83). The history of the detachment is fascinating, given by the author in great detail. By 1986, the Krasnoyarsk air base had become one of the largest in the system of aviation forest protection (the team consisted of 1,300 people) (p. 91).
The receiver of the Krasnoyarsk base of aviation forest protection was Forest fire center, created in 2010 and combining all the work on air and ground patrolling of forests, as well as on air and ground fighting forest fires. This year the number of the Center is 1679 people! Of the technical innovations that the Center is equipped with, I remember an unmanned aerial vehicle used to detect forest fires (p. 97).
At the beginning of 2011, the Forest Museum also became part of the Forest Fire Center. He began to belong to the Department of propaganda in the field of forest protection. The next chapter is devoted to the latter. Today the Department is headed by the director of the Museum of the Forest Natalya Iosifovna Gorskikh.
In the chapter " forest doctors"- about the Center for the Protection of the Forest of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This is a branch of the Russian Center for the Protection of the Forest. How important such an organization is, the historical fact immediately convinces, which, in fact, became the impetus for the formation of a forest protection station in Krasnoyarsk in 1969. These are outbreaks of mass reproduction of silk silkworms, which led to the death and damage of forests on an area of more than 10 million hectares.The "result" of the last major outbreak in the 90s was 480 hectares of dark coniferous plantations on the territory of seven forestry enterprises of the Angara-Yenisei group (p. 111).
Today, the Forest Protection Center has the capabilities of modern laboratories - phytopathological, entomological, radiation control, in its structure there is a forest seed station, a department of geographic information systems and technologies, a department of genetics and breeding. Gennady Semenovich tells what success the latter has achieved in the study of plant DNA (including within the framework of international projects) and how these results can be used. Indeed, fantastic!
Next chapter" Forest science in the Krasnoyarsk Territory"- about two centers of "forest" science: about the Institute of Forest named after V.N. Sukachev of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the All-Russian Research Institute of Fire Protection of Forests and Forestry Mechanization (VNIIPOMleskhoz). The latter functioned for 30 years - from 1978 to 2008. - as an application center for the development of forest fire fighting technologies.
The Institute of Forestry moved to Krasnoyarsk from Moscow in 1959. Why, after the institute was included in the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was it transferred to our city? But because here at that time there already existed a number of scientific and industrial institutions of the forest profile. Among them, our institute (then SibLTI - Siberian Forestry) is the largest beyond the Urals.
"The institute's team was tasked with creating a block of normative documents that would determine the conduct of basic forestry work in Siberia, taking into account the specifics of forests" (p. 122). The activities of the institute extended, therefore, not only to the Krasnoyarsk Territory. For example, in the 1960s, the institute worked on recommendations for the preservation of the environment-forming properties of forests in the Baikal basin. The fact is that the purity of the waters of the lake depends on how the surrounding forests function.
The Institute held and now holds a leading position. In the 1980s, the institute became a leader in the research and use of aerospace information in forestry, and today it has acquired the status of "the most qualified scientific institution in the country" (p. 127).
A special exposition of the museum is dedicated to the educational institutions of the region that train specialists for the forest industry. The chapter " forest education". The fate of the three "forest" faculties of the Siberian Technological: Forestry (LHF), Forest Engineering (LIF) and the Faculty of Forest Exploitation and Transport is traced by the author. The first of them was the first. Actually, it was he who was transferred in 1930 to Krasnoyarsk from Omsk, when the Siberian Institute of Agriculture and Forestry was disbanded there. The faculty was opened back in 1922, and therefore (paradox!) It is older than SibGTU. Talking about the forestry faculty, Gennady Semenovich pays considerable attention to the Krutovsky garden. The second faculty, LIF, is the same age as our university , it was founded simultaneously with its opening in 1930. In 1935, the third "forestry" faculty was created.
From the scientific and innovative developments of the institute, the author singles out the work of the department of water transport in the 50s. This is the development of technology for alloying wood in conditions of heavy wind-wave regimes at the reservoirs of the Kama and Volga HPP cascades (p. 141).
In the city, one can trace enough scientific and cultural phenomena, originating in the first Krasnoyarsk university. So in the book "Enter the World of the Forest" I found a manifestation of this historical trend. In 1956 V.N.
The Divnogorsk forestry technical school, which opened in 1975, turns out to be the best in Russia today (p. 145). Although, this surprised me less than the fact that "the structure of the educational institution includes a vast area of forest in the suburban area of Divnogorsk and the territory of the Yemelyanovsky district with a total area of 6 thousand hectares" (p. 144) (!).
The last and most voluminous chapter " Green gold of Siberia"is dedicated to individual trees - larch, common pine, cedar, spruce, fir, birch, aspen, bird cherry, hawthorn, willow, poplar, mountain ash, alder, acacia. I wanted to skip it, getting acquainted with the book, but it didn’t work out: the characteristics of the trees are given lovingly , indicating very curious and unusual properties. "So, for the Yakut natives, larch often replaced bread. Not the wood itself, of course, but the bast, located on the inside of the bark. White juicy ribbons were separated from the trunk, boiled in water, then diluted with sour milk and eaten" (p. 153).
After processing, the book will go to the reading room of natural science literature. Come, read, consider.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is located in Eastern Siberia, in the basin of the Yenisei River. Includes archipelagos and islands of the Arctic Ocean (Severnaya Zemlya, Nordenskiöld, Sibiryakov, etc.). Stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the mountainous regions of Southern Siberia for almost 3000 km, it is distinguished by an exceptional diversity and richness of natural conditions and resources. The relief of the region is diverse: lowlands, plains, plateaus and mountains. In the south, the Sayan mountain ranges rise, in the center - on the right bank of the Yenisei, the vast Central Siberian Plateau is located, on the Taimyr Peninsula and along the left bank of the Yenisei, a strip of lowland stretches. In the north, the region is washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. In the east, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Irkutsk region, in the south - on the Republic of Tuva and the Republic of Khakassia, in the west - on the Republic of Altai, Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, as well as on the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. The geographic center of Russia is located on the territory of the region in the vicinity of Lake Vivi (Evenkia). The main river is the Yenisei. The territory of the region, together with the former autonomous districts, is 2339.7 thousand square kilometers; urban residents - 73.9%. The Krasnoyarsk Territory includes 42 districts (including 2 administrative-territorial units with a special status: the former Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs), 15 cities and 4 ZATOs (closed administrative territorial entities). Large cities - Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk-26. The administrative center is Krasnoyarsk. It is located 3955 km east of Moscow, on the banks of the Yenisei, at the intersection of the river with the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Most of the territory of the region - taiga forests. The total area of forest fund lands, in total, thousand hectares - 164072.4, forest cover in% - 72.1. At the northern border of the forest distribution, Siberian larch dominates, forming sparse lichen, long-moss and dwarf dwarf stands. Pine, spruce and other species are found only in the form of impurities, play an insignificant role in the formation of landscapes. The middle taiga subzone includes the forests of the Yenisei Ridge and the southern part of the Turukhansk region. The main forest-forming species are pine and larch. Dark coniferous plantations with a predominance of fir appear on slopes above 600 m above sea level. Spruce forests are confined to river valleys; Siberian pine occurs sporadically. The most common are green-moss pine and larch-pine forests. Alder, honeysuckle, mountain ash and juniper are noted in the undergrowth. Southern taiga forests occupy most of the Angara, Yenisei and some other regions of the region. Here are concentrated the main arrays of pine plantations of national importance. Southern taiga forests occupy most of the Angara, Yenisei and some other regions of the region. The main massifs of pine plantations of national significance are concentrated here. Spruce and spruce-fir stands with Siberian stone pine cover less than 30% of the subzone and are confined to the lower reaches of the Angara and the left bank of the Yenisei.