School powerpoint presentations. Animals and plants of Baikal. Baikal is an amazing and one-of-a-kind natural laboratory where life in deep fresh waters can be studied.
Baikal Almost in the center of the huge continent of Eurasia is a narrow blue crescent - Lake Baikal. In the Baikal mountainous region, surrounded on all sides by high ridges, it stretches for 636 kilometers in length and up to 80 km in width. In terms of area, Baikal is equal to Belgium with its almost 10 million population, many cities and industrial centers, highways and railways. Almost in the center of the huge continent of Eurasia is a narrow blue crescent - Lake Baikal. In the Baikal mountainous region, surrounded on all sides by high ridges, it stretches for 636 kilometers in length and up to 80 km in width. In terms of area, Baikal is equal to Belgium with its almost 10 million population, many cities and industrial centers, highways and railways. 336 permanent rivers and streams flow into Baikal, while half of the water entering the lake comes from the Selenga. The only river that flows out of Baikal is the Angara. 336 permanent rivers and streams flow into Baikal, while half of the water entering the lake comes from the Selenga. The only river that flows out of Baikal is the Angara. The area of the water surface of the lake is square kilometers. The maximum depth reaches 1637 m, the average is m. The area of the water surface of the lake is square kilometers. The maximum depth reaches 1637 m, the average is m. In order to realize the immensity of the Baikal water body, imagine that the Angara, which annually takes out 60.9 km 3 of water from the lake, would need 387 years of continuous work to drain its bowl. Provided, of course, that during this time not a liter of water gets into it and not a drop evaporates from its surface. In order to realize the immensity of the Baikal water body, imagine that the Angara, which annually takes out 60.9 km 3 of water from the lake, would need 387 years of continuous work to drain its bowl. Provided, of course, that during this time not a liter of water gets into it and not a drop evaporates from its surface. Undoubtedly, Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. Not everyone knows that the world's second contender for this title, the African Lake Tanganyika, is behind the leader by as much as 200 meters. There are 30 islands on Baikal, the largest is Olkhon Island. Undoubtedly, Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. Not everyone knows that the world's second contender for this title, the African Lake Tanganyika, is behind the leader by as much as 200 meters. There are 30 islands on Baikal, the largest is Olkhon Island. The question of the age of Baikal should be considered open. The literature usually gives the figure in millions. years. However, the use of various methods for determining the age gives values from millions to several tens of thousands of years. But, if we assume that the traditional point of view is correct, then Baikal can also be considered the most ancient lake on Earth. The question of the age of Baikal should be considered open. Usually, the literature gives a figure in million years. However, the use of various methods for determining the age gives values from millions to several tens of thousands of years. But, if we assume that the traditional point of view is correct, then Baikal can also be considered the most ancient lake on Earth.
Inhabitants of Baikal Inhabitants of Baikal The exclusivity of many physical and geographical features of the lake was the reason for the extraordinary diversity of its flora and fauna. And in this respect, it has no equal among the fresh waters of the world. The exclusivity of many physical and geographical features of the lake was the reason for the extraordinary diversity of its flora and fauna. And in this respect, it has no equal among the fresh waters of the world. 52 species of fish of several families live in the lake: 52 species of fish of several families live in the lake: sturgeon (Baikal sturgeon), sturgeon (Baikal sturgeon), salmon (davatchan, taimen, lenok, Baikal omul - endemic fish, whitefish), salmon (davatchan , taimen, lenok, Baikal omul - endemic fish, whitefish), grayling (Siberian grayling), grayling (Siberian grayling), pike, pike, carp, carp, loach, loach, catfish, catfish, cod, cod, perch, perch, sculpins, sculpins, golomyankas. golomyanki.
Inhabitants of Baikal Inhabitants of Baikal The food pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned by a typical marine mammal - a seal, or a Baikal seal. The Baikal seal is the only representative of mammals in the lake. For almost the entire year, it lives in the water, and in autumn it forms massive haulouts on the rocky shores of the lake. The food pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned by a typically marine mammal - a seal, or a Baikal seal. The Baikal seal is the only representative of mammals in the lake. For almost the entire year, it lives in the water, and in autumn it forms massive haulouts on the rocky shores of the lake. The life of many animals characteristic of Baikal is inextricably linked not only with the lake itself, but also with its coast. Seagulls, mergansers, goldeneyes, scoters, shelducks, white-tailed eagles, ospreys and many other bird species nest on the shores of the lake and on its islands. The life of many animals characteristic of Baikal is inextricably linked not only with the lake itself, but also with its coast. Seagulls, mergansers, goldeneyes, scoters, shelducks, white-tailed eagles, ospreys and many other bird species nest on the shores of the lake and on its islands. Remarkable is such an integral part of the life of the great lake as the mass appearance of brown bears on the shores, which is entirely due to the peculiarities of the nature of Lake Baikal. In the mountain taiga of the Baikal region, there is a musk deer - the smallest deer on the globe. The diversity of the organic world of Baikal staggers the imagination, but its originality is no less phenomenal. Many animals and plants living in the lake are not found in any other body of water on the globe. There are 848 species of endemic animals (about 60%) and 133 species of endemic plants (15%) in Baikal.
Nerpa The only mammal that lives in Baikal is the Baikal seal. Adult seals reach a length of 1.8 m and a weight of 130 kg. The seal lives up to 55 - 56 years. The body shape of the seal is fusiform, without a pronounced neck. The limbs of the seal are flippers. The front flippers are very developed, with powerful claws. The only mammal that lives in Baikal is the Baikal seal. Adult seals reach a length of 1.8 m and a weight of 130 kg. The seal lives up to 55 - 56 years. The body shape of the seal is fusiform, without a pronounced neck. The limbs of the seal are flippers. The front flippers are very developed, with powerful claws.
Fish Golomyanka Fish Golomyanka The most curious endemic of Baikal is the deep-sea golomyanka fish. Pink, shimmering mother-of-pearl, without scales, with fins like the wings of a tropical butterfly, it is almost entirely fat. In the light, through her thin skin, the skeleton is clearly visible. Golomyanka fat is highly valued in Tibetan medicine. Golomyanka is one of those rare fish that do not spawn, but give birth to live fry. The most curious endemic of Baikal is the deep-sea golomyanka fish. Pink, shimmering mother-of-pearl, without scales, with fins like the wings of a tropical butterfly, it is almost entirely fat. In the light, through her thin skin, the skeleton is clearly visible. Golomyanka fat is highly valued in Tibetan medicine. Golomyanka is one of those rare fish that do not spawn, but give birth to live fry.
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prickly long needles. Its height reaches 35–40 m, up to 1.8 m in diameter, the needles are 6–14 cm, trihedral, collected in bunches of 5 pieces. Cedar wood of excellent texture, pleasant pink color. The piano from it is beautiful and sonorous. In dishes made of cedar, dairy products do not spoil for a long time. Oil pans are world famous. Moths never start in closets. Hives are better populated by bees. Cedar wood is rot-resistant, easy to cut, and therefore used in wooden architecture, as well as for making pencils. In houses cut down from Siberian cedar, people lived for generations. Siberian cedar is also great for making baths, saunas and cedar phyto barrels. Hunters in the taiga prefer to spend the night under the cedar - so as not to get colds. Cedar resin stops toothache, treats gum disease, heals cuts and burns. Cedar needles are an excellent component for aromatic restorative baths. The most valuable product of cedar is the walnut. Cedar oil, cedar milk and cedar cream are prepared from nuts. Under natural conditions, in the taiga, cedar begins to bear fruit at the age of 40–50. The life of the nutcracker bird is connected with the cedars. It is she who carries out active sowing and contributes to the conservation of cedar. Pecking out the nuts from the cones, she hides them in the forest floor. In two months, the bird stores up to 60 kg of nuts and makes about 20,000 clutches.
Baikal is an amazing and unique natural laboratory where life in deep fresh waters can be studied. The process of formation of new varieties and types of organisms is continuously going on in it. Baikal is an amazing and unique natural laboratory where life in deep fresh waters can be studied. The process of formation of new varieties and types of organisms is continuously going on in it. The diversity and originality of the organic world of Baikal is striking. Over a long period of existence, both Baikal itself and the world of organisms inhabiting it have experienced a complex evolution, therefore, both very ancient forms of the many lakes and young ones that arose in Baikal itself live in the lake. These are the simplest organisms: rhizopods, ciliates, sporozoans, there are more than 300 species of them. Approximately the same number of interesting amphipods, many flat and round worms, lower crustaceans, insects, mollusks, fish, and seals. The diversity and originality of the organic world of Baikal is striking. Over a long period of existence, both Baikal itself and the world of organisms inhabiting it have experienced a complex evolution, therefore, both very ancient forms of the many lakes and young ones that arose in Baikal itself live in the lake. These are the simplest organisms: rhizopods, ciliates, sporozoans, there are more than 300 species of them. Approximately the same number of interesting amphipods, many flat and round worms, lower crustaceans, insects, mollusks, fish, and seals.
The aquatic vegetation of Lake Baikal is diverse. In addition to algae, about 20 species of flowering aquatic plants have been found here. Pond, reed, water buckwheat, cattail, hornwort, sedge, etc. grow in the bays of Baikal, its sors, closed bays, and in the areas of river deltas. Baikal's aquatic vegetation is diverse. In addition to algae, about 20 species of flowering aquatic plants have been found here. In the bays of Lake Baikal, its sors, closed bays, in the areas of river deltas, pondweed, reed, water buckwheat, cattail, hornwort, sedge, etc. grow.
But not off the coast of open Baikal! But not off the coast of open Baikal! The coastal strip of open Baikal is deprived of flowering aquatic plants, but there are algae. Take a closer look at the rocks in the surf. They are covered in July, August, September, as it were, with thick green fur, this is ulotrix; a little deeper the stones are covered with yellowish fibers of an algae called didymosphenia; even deeper (310 meters) you will see bushes of Baikal draparnaldia, sometimes forming dark green thickets, and other algae. The coastal strip of open Baikal is deprived of flowering aquatic plants, but there are algae. Take a closer look at the rocks in the surf. They are covered in July, August, September, as it were, with thick green fur, this is ulotrix; a little deeper the stones are covered with yellowish fibers of an algae called didymosphenia; even deeper (310 meters) you will see bushes of Baikal draparnaldia, sometimes forming dark green thickets, and other algae. Ulotrix
Exceptionally rich and diverse are phytoplankton, the smallest algae that live mainly in the upper more or less illuminated layer of the lake's water. These are diatoms, golden algae. Exceptionally rich and diverse are phytoplankton, the smallest algae that live mainly in the upper more or less illuminated layer of the lake's water. These are diatoms, golden algae.
Many species of these algae develop abundantly in early spring, still under the ice. These include cold-loving diatoms: Melozira, Cyclotella, Sinedra; this is a hymnodium, a peredinium from the perediniums, which are especially abundant under areas of transparent ice, since they are not only cold-loving, but also light-loving. Many species of these algae develop abundantly in early spring, still under the ice. These include cold-loving diatoms: Melozira, Cyclotella, Sinedra; this is a hymnodium, a peredinium from the perediniums, which are especially abundant under areas of transparent ice, since they are not only cold-loving, but also light-loving. Melozira
In summer, cold-loving algae give way to more thermophilic green, blue-green, golden, and some types of diatoms. In summer, cold-loving algae give way to more thermophilic green, blue-green, golden, and some types of diatoms. At different times of the year, the amount of algae in Baikal is different. At different times of the year, the amount of algae in Baikal is different.
In summer, when the surface of the water is calm, you can see whole thickets of bright green Baikal freshwater sponges through the water. These are colonies of animals, their skeleton consists of thin needles - spicules. The green color of the sponge depends on the microscopic zoochlorella algae that settles in its tissues and exists in symbiosis with the sponge. In summer, when the surface of the water is calm, you can see whole thickets of bright green Baikal freshwater sponges through the water. These are colonies of animals, their skeleton consists of thin needles - spicules. The green color of the sponge depends on the microscopic zoochlorella algae that settles in its tissues and exists in symbiosis with the sponge.
All Baikal sponges live on the stony bottoms of open Baikal and, as studies on deep-sea submersibles of the Pisis system have shown, occupy depths of up to 1000 meters, where the sponges have the form of grayish-white scale. Vast accumulations of sponges eat the smallest creatures of plant and animal origin, which are carried away by water currents through numerous holes in the body of sponges. Thus, sponges are the most important consumers of plankton, bacteria, and silicon, which is necessary for the construction of skeletons. All Baikal sponges live on the stony bottoms of open Baikal and, as studies on deep-sea submersibles of the Pisis system have shown, occupy depths of up to 1000 meters, where the sponges have the form of grayish-white scale. Vast accumulations of sponges eat the smallest creatures of plant and animal origin, which are carried away by water currents through numerous holes in the body of sponges. Thus, sponges are the most important consumers of plankton, bacteria, and silicon, which is necessary for the construction of skeletons.
Of the wide variety of worms living in Baikal, numerous flatworms are unusual. They are distinguished by the brightness of colors, the variegation of the pattern, and their large size (up to 30 centimeters in length with a width of 4 5 centimeters when unfolded). All these worms are endemic, living exclusively in the open areas of Lake Baikal. Moving along the bottom of the lake, the Baikal tricladids search for the currency of the victim, paralyze it, then envelop it with mucus and slowly draw it into the body. Eating sick and weakened organisms, flatworms act as a nurse. Of the wide variety of worms living in Baikal, numerous flatworms are unusual. They are distinguished by the brightness of colors, the variegation of the pattern, and their large size (up to 30 centimeters in length with a width of 4 5 centimeters when unfolded). All these worms are endemic, living exclusively in the open areas of Lake Baikal. Moving along the bottom of the lake, the Baikal tricladids search for the currency of the victim, paralyze it, then envelop it with mucus and slowly draw it into the body. Eating sick and weakened organisms, flatworms act as a nurse.
Oligochete oligochaetes live under stones and mainly on the muddy, but often also on the sandy bottom from the water's edge to the extreme depths of Baikal. Oligochete oligochaetes live under stones and mainly on the muddy, but often also on the sandy bottom from the water's edge to the extreme depths of Baikal.
Of the worms, perhaps the most curious representative of the polychaete worms is the polychaete Monajunkia Baikal. She lives in tubes built from silt or sand particles, held together by a special substance. On silty soils in the coastal strip, in the holes of sponges, on plant branches and other places, this typical representative of marine or desalinated water bodies lives. How it got to Baikal is not yet completely clear. Of the worms, perhaps the most curious representative of the polychaete worms is the polychaete Monajunkia Baikal. She lives in tubes built from silt or sand particles, held together by a special substance. On silty soils in the coastal strip, in the holes of sponges, on plant branches and other places, this typical representative of marine or desalinated water bodies lives. How it got to Baikal is not yet completely clear.
154 species of mollusks are known in Baikal. They live on muddy ground to a depth of meters. This is a good food for sturgeon, whitefish, grayling, gobies, burbot. Their sizes are small cold water and the lack of calcium salts is the reason for this. But they belong to the indigenous Baikal genera and are found in the Baikal deposits, the age of which is determined by millions of years. 154 species of mollusks are known in Baikal. They live on muddy ground to a depth of meters. This is a good food for sturgeon, whitefish, grayling, gobies, burbot. Their sizes are small cold water and the lack of calcium salts is the reason for this. But they belong to the indigenous Baikal genera and are found in the Baikal deposits, the age of which is determined by millions of years.
At the very beginning of summer, the number of insects on rocks, stones, at the water's edge on the shore is especially large. These are caddisflies, they live in the adult stage for several days. After laying their eggs in the water, the insects die, their larvae pupate, and in spring they develop wings. At the very beginning of summer, the number of insects on rocks, stones, at the water's edge on the shore is especially large. These are caddisflies, they live in the adult stage for several days. After laying their eggs in the water, the insects die, their larvae pupate, and in spring they develop wings.
Of the other insects, chironomids are numerous, there are about 60 species of them, but only a third of the chironomids lives in open Baikal. Of the other insects, chironomids are numerous, there are about 60 species of them, but only a third of the chironomids lives in open Baikal. Almost all coastal fish feed on chironomid larvae and caddisflies. Almost all coastal fish feed on chironomid larvae and caddisflies.
Amphipods have received extraordinary development in Baikal, there are more than 300 species of them. Basically, these are bottom dwellers, they can burrow into the ground, hide under stones, crawl along the bottom; their color is from bright crimson to dark green, at great depths they are pale, colorless, but with long antennae-antennae, with which they feel the bottom and find food for themselves. Amphipods have received extraordinary development in Baikal, there are more than 300 species of them. Basically, these are bottom dwellers, they can burrow into the ground, hide under stones, crawl along the bottom; their color is from bright crimson to dark green, at great depths they are pale, colorless, but with long antennae-antennae, with which they feel the bottom and find food for themselves.
The most numerous inhabitant of the water column of Lake Baikal is the cladoceran crustacean Epishura Baikal. Epishura plays an exceptional role in the circulation of substances in Baikal. It is the main consumer of planktonic algae and is able to filter out bacteria. Constantly moving its tendril branches, epishura seems to catch the smallest creatures of plant and animal origin with them and deftly sends them into the mouth. As Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR G.I. Galaziy writes in the article “Ecosystem of Baikal”, the total biomass of epishura actively filters the water in Baikal during the year. The most numerous inhabitant of the water column of Lake Baikal is the cladoceran crustacean Epishura Baikal. Epishura plays an exceptional role in the circulation of substances in Baikal. It is the main consumer of planktonic algae and is able to filter out bacteria. Constantly moving its tendril branches, epishura seems to catch the smallest creatures of plant and animal origin with them and deftly sends them into the mouth. As Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR G.I. Galaziy writes in the article “Ecosystem of Baikal”, the total biomass of epishura actively filters the water in Baikal during the year.
Many amphipods are carnivores, carnivores, and eat invertebrates as well as dead fish and other organisms. If the fishermen set up the nets, but they were not checked in time, the fish dies in the nets, whole hordes of gammarids attack such a “nulled” fish ... and the fishermen then pick up either the “stuffed” fish or a well-prepared skeleton. Many amphipods are carnivores, carnivores, and eat invertebrates as well as dead fish and other organisms. If the fishermen set up the nets, but they were not checked in time, the fish dies in the nets, whole hordes of gammarids attack such a “nulled” fish ... and the fishermen then pick up either the “stuffed” fish or a well-prepared skeleton. Most gammarids are good food for grayling, whitefish, burbot, sturgeon, golomyanka and other fish. Most gammarids are good food for grayling, whitefish, burbot, sturgeon, golomyanka and other fish.
In the water column, a peculiar amphipod macrohectopus, yur, as the locals call it, is one of the main food components of the omul. This inhabitant of open Baikal is distributed throughout the entire water column, but its main mass is kept in the upper meter layer. In the water column, a peculiar amphipod macrohectopus, yur, as the locals call it, is one of the main food components of the omul. This inhabitant of open Baikal is distributed throughout the entire water column, but its main mass is kept in the upper meter layer.
52 species of fish live in Baikal. Of these, 35 species and varieties are sculpins. These are medium-sized fish, most of which are typical inhabitants of the bottom, the locals call them broadheads. They are distributed literally at all depths, there are also the deepest among freshwater fish in the world. 52 species of fish live in Baikal. Of these, 35 species and varieties are sculpins. These are medium-sized fish, most of which are typical inhabitants of the bottom, the locals call them broadheads. They are distributed literally at all depths, there are also the deepest among freshwater fish in the world.
Some sculpins live in the water column; yellow-winged and black-maned gobies live in the upper 100-meter layer of water, they feed on epishura and jura, juveniles of pelagic gobies, especially the yellow-winged goby, the so-called "eat", is one of the main components of the omul food. Some sculpins live in the water column; yellow-winged and black-maned gobies live in the upper 100-meter layer of water, they feed on epishura and jura, juveniles of pelagic gobies, especially the yellow-winged goby, the so-called "eat", is one of the main components of the omul food.
The most interesting, but largely unexplored golomyanka fish. Golomyankas (large and small) live only in Baikal, their entire family is represented here. They are small in size no more than 25 centimeters, without scales, translucent. They contain up to 35 percent of highly fortified fat. The most interesting, but largely unexplored golomyanka fish. Golomyankas (large and small) live only in Baikal, their entire family is represented here. They are small in size no more than 25 centimeters, without scales, translucent. They contain up to 35 percent of highly fortified fat.
This is the most numerous fish in Baikal. Scientists believe that the reserves of golomyanka in Baikal are 150,000 tons. However, at none of the stages of its life, the golomyanka does not form clusters or shoals, it is dispersed throughout the entire water column and has not yet been captured by commercial fishing. According to the stories of old-timers, after storms, local residents collected golomyanka along the banks, drowned fat and used it to treat rheumatism, atherosclerosis, and wounds that did not heal for a long time. The use of golomyanka fat in Tibetan medicine is known. This is the most numerous fish in Baikal. Scientists believe that the reserves of golomyanka in Baikal are 150,000 tons. However, at none of the stages of its life, the golomyanka does not form clusters or shoals, it is dispersed throughout the entire water column and has not yet been captured by commercial fishing. According to the stories of old-timers, after storms, local residents collected golomyanka along the banks, drowned fat and used it to treat rheumatism, atherosclerosis, and wounds that did not heal for a long time. The use of golomyanka fat in Tibetan medicine is known.
The golomyanka is the only viviparous fish in our latitudes and in our country (except for the gambusia specially acclimatized in the Caucasus to fight the malarial mosquito). She gives up to 3000 live fry, after which most of the spawning herd dies. Golomyanka can give offspring twice and thrice, but there are no golomyankas in nature older than six years, they are short-cycle fish. The golomyanka is the only viviparous fish in our latitudes and in our country (except for the gambusia specially acclimatized in the Caucasus to fight the malarial mosquito). She gives up to 3000 live fry, after which most of the spawning herd dies. Golomyanka can give offspring twice and thrice, but there are no golomyankas in nature older than six years, they are short-cycle fish.
Golomyanka also endures any pressure in the thickness of the Baikal water. At night, it rises to the surface layers of water, during the day it goes to great depths. Golomyanka also endures any pressure in the thickness of the Baikal water. At night, it rises to the surface layers of water, during the day it goes to great depths. Limnologists with the help of Pisis deep-sea submersibles were able to observe how, at a depth of 1410 meters, the golomyanka freely moves in the vertical direction ... but at this depth, even a cannon cannot fire because of the enormous pressure! Limnologists with the help of Pisis deep-sea submersibles were able to observe how, at a depth of 1410 meters, the golomyanka freely moves in the vertical direction ... but at this depth, even a cannon cannot fire because of the enormous pressure! It has been observed that golomyanka is picky about water temperature. She lives at a temperature of + 5 °, a temperature of + 10 ° is fatal for her. It has been observed that golomyanka is picky about water temperature. She lives at a temperature of + 5 °, a temperature of + 10 ° is fatal for her.
The main commercial fish in Baikaleomul. In terms of meat tenderness and taste, omul has no equal. There are four races of omul in Baikal: Selenga, Chivirkuy, embassy and North Baikal. In autumn, during spawning, each race goes to spawn in its own river. An instinct as ancient as the world makes the fish overcome fast rapids and rifts. On the sandy-pebble bottom, where the current is moderate, the eggs remain, and its development to the larval stage lasts 8 months. Therefore, on natural spawning grounds, 9/10 of the eggs die for various reasons. There are fish breeding plants on Baikal where this valuable commercial fish is grown under artificial conditions. The main commercial fish in Baikaleomul. In terms of meat tenderness and taste, omul has no equal. There are four races of omul in Baikal: Selenga, Chivirkuy, embassy and North Baikal. In autumn, during spawning, each race goes to spawn in its own river. An instinct as ancient as the world makes the fish overcome fast rapids and rifts. On the sandy-pebble bottom, where the current is moderate, the eggs remain, and its development to the larval stage lasts 8 months. Therefore, on natural spawning grounds, 9/10 of the eggs die for various reasons. There are fish breeding plants on Baikal where this valuable commercial fish is grown under artificial conditions.
Omuls become adults in mass at the age of 9-11, Northern Baikal ones at the age of 5-7, the maximum weight of the omul is up to 5 kilograms, and the size is up to 50 centimeters. In the difficult war and post-war years, the stocks of omul decreased, and the state took decisive measures to restore them. There is reason to believe that the number of omul in Baikal has been restored. Omuls become adults in mass at the age of 9-11, Northern Baikal ones at the age of 5-7, the maximum weight of the omul is up to 5 kilograms, and the size is up to 50 centimeters. In the difficult war and post-war years, the stocks of omul decreased, and the state took decisive measures to restore them. There is reason to believe that the number of omul in Baikal has been restored.
In addition to the omul, Baikal lake whitefish is known in Baikal, a juicy and fatty fish weighing up to 8 kilograms; the object of sport fishing are black and white Baikal graylings. In the spring, after the ice breaks, the black Baikal grayling spawns in the rivers flowing into Baikal, a surprisingly graceful fish with a high dorsal fin shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. In an effort to leave offspring, grayling overcomes rapids and even waterfalls up to a meter high. After 17 days, larvae are formed from the eggs, which roll into Baikal. The black Baikal grayling lives both in the calm waters of Lake Baikal and in fast-moving mountain rivers. In addition to the omul, Baikal lake whitefish is known in Baikal, a juicy and fatty fish weighing up to 8 kilograms; the object of sport fishing are black and white Baikal graylings. In the spring, after the ice breaks, the black Baikal grayling spawns in the rivers flowing into Baikal, a surprisingly graceful fish with a high dorsal fin shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. In an effort to leave offspring, grayling overcomes rapids and even waterfalls up to a meter high. After 17 days, larvae are formed from the eggs, which roll into Baikal. The black Baikal grayling lives both in the calm waters of Lake Baikal and in fast-moving mountain rivers. Sig grayling
Taimen and lenoks live in Baikal, but the Baikal sturgeon occupies a special place in the ichthyofauna of the lake, the main habitats of which are confined to the areas of the main tributaries of Lake Baikal: the Selenga delta area, the Selenga shallow water, Proval Bay, Chivyrkuisky and Barguzinsky bays. The sturgeon migrates widely throughout Baikal along the shallow coastal strip, entering bays and bays. The weight of the sturgeon reaches 120 kilograms, it matures very slowly: males form into spawning shoals at the age of 1528 years, females at 2137 years. Taimen and lenoks live in Baikal, but the Baikal sturgeon occupies a special place in the ichthyofauna of the lake, the main habitats of which are confined to the areas of the main tributaries of Lake Baikal: the Selenga delta area, the Selenga shallow water, Proval Bay, Chivyrkuisky and Barguzinsky bays. The sturgeon migrates widely throughout Baikal along the shallow coastal strip, entering bays and bays. The weight of the sturgeon reaches 120 kilograms, it matures very slowly: males form into spawning shoals at the age of 1528 years, females at 2137 years.
There are dace, ide, crucian carp, sorog, burbot and other fish widespread in Siberia in the lake. For the most part, these are inhabitants of the Baikal tributaries, shallow bays and sors, from here they penetrate into the coastal strip of Lake Baikal. Back in the years, the Amur carp was brought to the Posolsky sor, widely settled along the eastern shore to the Barguzin Bay, the eastern bream settles in, the Amur catfish entered the lake through the Khilok Selenga system. There are dace, ide, crucian carp, sorog, burbot and other fish widespread in Siberia in the lake. For the most part, these are inhabitants of the Baikal tributaries, shallow bays and sors, from here they penetrate into the coastal strip of Lake Baikal. Back in the years, the Amur carp was brought to the Posolsky sor, widely settled along the eastern shore to the Barguzin Bay, the eastern bream settles in, the Amur catfish entered the lake through the Khilok Selenga system.
Until now, the mystery of the appearance of a seal in Baikal, or, as it is often called here, seals, has not been completely solved. Nerpa is the only mammal that has mastered the water expanses of Lake Baikal. Where does this beast come from, if its relatives live in the North Polar and South Caspian Seas? The number of the beast, according to V. D. Pastukhov, is about 70 thousand heads. The herd is in good condition. And two centuries ago, Peter Simon Pallas sadly wrote that “irreparable damage was done to Lake Baikal with a spear and a sword, you will not meet seals in South Baikal anymore ...”. Until now, the mystery of the appearance of a seal in Baikal, or, as it is often called here, seals, has not been completely solved. Nerpa is the only mammal that has mastered the water expanses of Lake Baikal. Where does this beast come from, if its relatives live in the North Polar and South Caspian Seas? The number of the beast, according to V. D. Pastukhov, is about 70 thousand heads. The herd is in good condition. And two centuries ago, Peter Simon Pallas sadly wrote that “irreparable damage was done to Lake Baikal with a spear and a sword, you will not meet seals in South Baikal anymore ...”.
For many years, a seal was hunted with a gun, 40 percent of the wounded animals died during such extraction. Now seals are mainly caught with large-mesh nylon nets, a strictly defined amount. She lives in water, breathes atmospheric air, therefore, after 812 minutes, the seal rises to the surface, taking air into the lungs. In winter, when Baikal freezes over, she arranges for herself air-holes (holes in the ice) on thin ice. The seal makes such products in the place where there will be a gap in the winter; most often such cracks coincide with tectonic fissures at the bottom of Baikal. In mid-March, lambing takes place in snowy lairs on the ice. The seal gives birth to one, rarely two cubs. The first days of seals are yellow-green in color, after two weeks they are simply white, after a month and a half they are silver-gray. The seal is a valuable commercial animal that provides meat, fur, fat, and skin. Fur is especially valued, beautiful and exceptionally durable. The seal feeds on fish that are unpromising in terms of fishing, these are gobies, mainly golomyanka (96% of the diet), especially the small golomyanka. For many years, a seal was hunted with a gun, 40 percent of the wounded animals died during such extraction. Now seals are mainly caught with large-mesh nylon nets, a strictly defined amount. She lives in water, breathes atmospheric air, therefore, after 812 minutes, the seal rises to the surface, taking air into the lungs. In winter, when Baikal freezes over, she arranges for herself air-holes (holes in the ice) on thin ice. The seal makes such products in the place where there will be a gap in the winter; most often such cracks coincide with tectonic fissures at the bottom of Baikal. In mid-March, lambing takes place in snowy lairs on the ice. The seal gives birth to one, rarely two cubs. The first days of seals are yellow-green in color, after two weeks they are simply white, after a month and a half they are silver-gray. The seal is a valuable commercial animal that provides meat, fur, fat, and skin. Fur is especially valued, beautiful and exceptionally durable. The seal feeds on fish that are unpromising in terms of fishing, these are gobies, mainly golomyanka (96% of the diet), especially the small golomyanka.
Mikanovich Kira
The presentation "Lake Baikal" was created for the lesson of the surrounding world in grade 4 and contains 33 slides. The presentation reveals the beauty of Baikal, its originality and uniqueness, tells about the flora and fauna of the lake and its environs, about the peoples inhabiting this area, shows the ecological problems of Baikal.
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LAKE BAIKAL Mikanovich Kira MKOU "ASOSH with UIOP" 4 A class
Lake Baikal Scientists are still arguing about the origin of Lake Baikal. On the one hand, it is believed that it is 25-35 million years old, on the other hand, lakes do not live that long due to their silting
Baikal is not only the deepest lake on Earth, but also the largest storage of fresh water - about 19% of the world's reserves are concentrated in it.
Baikal is the sixth lake in the world in terms of the area of the water surface, surpassing Belgium in terms of territory with all its houses and factories.
There is more water in Baikal than in all the American Great Lakes combined.
336 rivers and streams flow into Baikal, and only one river flows out of it - the Angara.
There is a legend that once Baikal had many obedient children, and only the wayward Angara, having fallen in love with the young handsome Yenisei, went against the will of her father, who wanted to pass her off as old Irkut. One night, she ran away to her beloved, for which Baikal, in anger, threw a huge stone at her and cursed the fugitive.
Another feature of the lake is its amazing transparency - up to 40 meters!
There are 27 islands on Baikal, of which the largest is Olkhon (730 km²).
In the myths and legends of the Buryats, Olkhon is called the abode of the formidable spirits of Baikal. Here, according to legend, the chief of the khans, Khaan-Khute-baabay, sent to Earth by the higher gods, descended from the sky. Here lives in the form of a bald eagle-golden eagle his son named Khan Shubuu noyon, who was the first to receive a shamanic gift from the Tengris.
In 1996, Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The lake and coastal areas are distinguished by a unique diversity of flora and fauna. Their inhabitants are 2/3 endemic, that is, they live only in this reservoir.
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Animals of Baikal The flora and fauna of Baikal is unusually rich. Currently, 1550 species and varieties of animals, 1085 plant organisms are known.
Of the algae, the most numerous are diatoms, of animals - golomyanka-goby fish, amphipods. There are 848 species of endemic (i.e. unique) animals and 133 species of unique plants in Baikal.
The only representative of the Baikal mammals is the seal or the Baikal seal, which has a common ancestor with the northern seal. Scientists suggest that the seal entered Baikal from the Arctic Ocean along the Yenisei and Angara during the Ice Age. Its number is currently about 60 thousand heads. The seal lives for more than 50 years, during the life of the female can bring up to 2 dozen cubs.
Most of the seals appear in mid-March, they are born on ice, in a snowy lair, and while they feed on their mother's milk, they do not dive into the water. The cubs have white fur - this is their protective coloration. With the transition to feeding on fish, their color changes: silver-gray in 2-3-month-olds, brown-brown in older ones. A young seal is called a hubunk, and a molted animal for the first time is called a kumatkan. St. John's slaughter goes mainly on kumatkans.
o n d a t r a
A little about coastal nature. The taiga comes close to Baikal itself and therefore the animal world is quite diverse here. Of course, the main game animal is the sable. s o b o l
The appearance of a bear on the shores of Lake Baikal has the character of a mass, regularly repeating phenomenon. They can be seen here from the 2nd decade of June, depending on when the ice on Baikal disappears and the summer of caddisflies begins. Baikal attracts bears with a variety of different food, the lake throws out beetles, dragonflies, mollusks, dead gobies, golomyanok, and sometimes wounded seals.
On open, grassy areas of the mountains, bears also find a plentiful table - various types of umbrella and legumes. It is in these landscapes and only in strictly defined periods of the year that so many bears can be observed. The northern shores of Lake Baikal are unique and unique in this respect.
Siberian chipmunk
Wryneck
Redstart
European Hare Musk Deer
Przewalski's horse
Grouse capercaillie
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The population of the Baikal region The population along the shores of Lake Baikal consists of Russians and foreigners: Buryats and Tungus.
The most populated places are mainly those that are located near the routes leading to the cities: Irkutsk, Verkhneudinsk and Barguzin, closer to the postal routes (and now also to the railway). Thus, the southern half of Lake Baikal is more populated than the northern half, which contains only rare Tungus nomad camps and in some places Russian settlements, mainly from exiled peasants.
And now about the sad. In 1966, the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM) started operating, as a result of which the adjacent bottom areas of the lake began to degrade, and the state of the taiga around the BPPM worsened.
In September 2008, the plant had to be shut down. However, in January 2010, a resolution was adopted that actually allowed the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill to drain industrial effluents into Baikal, burn and store any waste on its shores.
On March 10, 2010, public organizations in Russia announced the creation of a coalition "For Baikal!" and the beginning of the collection of signatures under the appeal to UNESCO.
There is only one Baikal on the whole planet, Another is simply not given... We are all yours, my Baikal, children, And we are destined to live with you!
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