Design of lighting for industrial premises. Design of electric lighting for industrial premises. Technical component of design

Designing lighting for industrial premises is a time-consuming and costly technical task. Its implementation requires strict adherence to the established norms and requirements of the current legislation.

The organization of the supply and distribution of light covers workshops, administrative zones, warehouses, areas on the territory of the enterprise. Its competent implementation helps the successful functioning of the company, especially with a continuous cycle involving shift work of employees.

Proper planning of electrical networks and equipment ensures:

• security;
• compliance with hygiene and sanitary standards;
• the convenience of personnel, taking into account production specifics;
• improvement of the security system.

If the first three points correspond to the acts of SNiP, the directorate will not have further claims from the energy supervision service.

Norms and requirements

The complex of calculations, which is directly related to the choice of the number, modification and location of luminaires, is carried out only by specialists of the contracting organization who have a special permit and appropriate certification. Creating lighting projects for industrial enterprises, electricians perform a task that includes the main criteria:

• Ensure the quality of artificial light.
• Achieve energy savings.

Based on the relevant experience of industrial organizations, the state has created uniform standards for the development of plans for functioning facilities and those under construction:

• administrative buildings;
• domestic buildings;
• workshops.

Underground, construction and transport sites are not included in this category, since the principle of lighting is determined by other acts.

For the design of interior lighting, they rely on several SNiPs, instructions and GOSTs for the preparation of documentation and technical specifications at once.

Quality indicators and norms

A wide range of lighting products on the market includes:

• diodes;
• lamps;
• installations for industrial use.

Focusing on the requirements of the design documentation, select all items of equipment so that they have:

• resistance to mechanical damage;
• strength;
• economical consumption of electricity;
• long service life.

You should pay attention to:

• area of ​​the room;
• the presence of vibrations emanating during the production process;
• air pollution (with a large percentage of this indicator, the lamps will often become clogged, it will be necessary to allocate time and money to clean them);
• taking into account the features of natural lighting.

Such lamps are economical and pay off due to this in a short time. Sufficient illumination of workplaces implies:

• Increasing production.
• Reducing worker injuries.
• The comfort of the staff.

According to SNiP 23-05-95, electrification quality standards must meet the following requirements:

• uniform luminous flux;
• the absence of zones of possible glare;
• exclusion of flashing, which is harmful to the health of employees.

Types of lighting in enterprises

Each organization is equipped with several lighting systems that differ in purpose and technical features.

Mandatory electrical installations are divided into 2 types:

• Basic. They are used for arranging workplaces and setting up a continuous technical process.
• Emergency. Serve to ensure the same goals in the event of a power outage due to an emergency situation - a fire, an explosion and other emergencies with possible harm to health and a threat to people's lives. They are supplemented with other electrical networks and devices that are triggered during evacuation.

Light sources used in extraordinary circumstances are installed in premises that ensure the normal functioning of enterprises, and places for a quick opportunity to leave the building:

• in communication nodes;
• ventilation hatches;
• on the stairs;
• in control centers;
• tight corridors;
• where there is no natural light.

For these types of electrical systems, legislation allows uneven distribution of luminaires.

There is also an on-duty inclusion of light sources - it is used during non-working and dark hours. In this case, the norms are not prescribed, which makes it possible for the directorate to independently establish its quality indicators. In order to save money, many use evacuation electrical equipment for this.

Lighting part of the project

In addition to dividing by main types, lighting of industrial buildings and premises is classified according to systems that are strictly regulated by technical documentation. According to this, types are distinguished:

• General artificial. Assumes a uniform distribution of ceiling lamps in a checkerboard or rectangular pattern.
• Localized. This is a directed flow to a separate work surface. Lamps are either fixed or portable.
• Natural. It does not give the desired degree of illumination, but its use is welcome. Even large-sized windows will not be able to give the full quality of light to remote areas.

When developing a project, it is considered the best solution to correctly combine the natural flow of rays and electricity, creating a combined type.

The intensity of illumination of working surfaces depends on the specifics of visual works. According to the size of the produced object, actions are divided into 8 categories:

• 1st - with the highest lighting needs, these are objects that do not exceed 0.15 mm.
• From the 1st to the 5th, the use of general lighting is prohibited, these include products of 0.15-5 mm.
• From the 5th to the 7th - larger parts.
• 8th - it includes only observations of the person responsible for the course of the process, so the source is chosen according to the level of complexity of visual work.

The quality of performance of tasks depends on the degree of comfort of employees, therefore the management of any enterprise is obliged to comply with the established standards prescribed in the lighting part of the project.

Technical component of design

Industrial lighting projects include the electrical part. In its development, information about the operating conditions of the equipment is used. To do this, collect data:

• on the presence of explosive, fire hazardous zones with an indication of the class;
• about the possibility of formation of explosive mixtures, gases, vapors with air, hazard category.

Depending on this, the appropriate electrical equipment is selected. One of the most difficult calculations is the calculation of voltage losses in networks, because the load is distributed along the entire length of the group.

Choice of light sources

For the correct selection of power plants, enterprises rely on the main technical requirements of regulatory documents - instructions, SNiP, GOSTs. They boil down to items that provide:

• employee safety;
• access of the repair team to the equipment;
• normalized level of illumination;
• compliance of electrical equipment with the principles of economy;
• quality of light, including uniformity of distribution, absence of glare, dark zones, pulsations;
• ease of mounting networks, their small length;
• special reliable fastening which prevents accidental fall of fixtures.

Compliance with the purpose of the power system at the enterprise is possible only taking into account the specification of production. These include:

• Working conditions in the workshop - dust, chemicals, humidity.
• Architectural features of the premises - height, area, reflective finishes.
• Availability of all types of light supply.

Luminaire placement and access methods

The technical documentation included in the project for lighting industrial premises and industrial buildings describes the norms for the height of lamps and spotlights. Such characteristics are due to the provision of safety, economy and ease of maintenance:

• access to devices should be provided freely, so they are placed at a height of no more than 5 meters;
• in rooms with a close location of thin-bearing walls - up to 2.1 m;
• over crane decks - 1.8 m;
• above the site - 2.2 m;
• they must be mounted on special supports, suspended on fixed cables;
• installation at ground level and below is allowed;
• it is forbidden to install searchlights at a distance of less than a meter from roads, near fire shields, on sidewalks;
• production sites, warehouses, overpasses can be connected to the internal network of an industrial facility;
• the security system is on a separate branch.

Hanging lamps should not be lowered more than 1.5 m. Overhangs are used to facilitate repair work.

The quality of light output depends on a well-designed project. To do this, experts use computer programs to help make the calculations as accurate as possible:

• Dialux.
• Calculux.
• NanoCAD Electro.
• AutoCAD.
• ZWCAD.
• Compass.
• Power supply ES/EM.

To get the highest performance, choose certified products.

Choosing software

The design of outdoor lighting for industrial enterprises, as well as networks in indoor areas, is carried out using effective software. ZWSOFT sells professional products for designers, engineers and other professionals. The flagship solution for the implementation of the most complex tasks is software, released in three versions:

• standard;
• classic;
• professional.

Versions of this software are available with paid and free upgrade options, so the price should be checked with the manager. In general, the purchase is available for any budget - owners of large businesses and for personal use. This is an analogue of the well-known ACAD from Autodesk, which has similar functionality, but is less expensive. To carry out calculations for the laying and installation of electrical networks, consider its capabilities:

• . The basis for three-dimensional modeling of the project is. This program is used to develop three-dimensional graphics, including the creation of scenes and objects in it, visualization (rendering) and processing / editing with a large arsenal of tools. With the help of the "CADprofi" application, it is possible to design electrical networks for both civil and industrial purposes. CADprofi also interacts with calculation programs, allowing you to automatically position the fixtures in accordance with the calculation results.
• The add-on is also used together with the main software - ZWCAD 2018 Pro. It is used to design power lines with a voltage of 10 and 0.4 kV. To get started, you need to specify certain supports on the drawing in order to create a specification. The advantages include storage of typical projects in the cloud, the availability of a local database for offline work, effective documentation in two languages, and the absence of platform fees.

Quality software is the way to create accurate and competent projects. Make the most of our products.

DESIGN OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES

For large and complex industrial complexes, buildings and structures, a lighting installation project is developed in two stages: a technical design and working drawings.

In the technical project, issues of the lighting and electrical parts of the lighting installation are resolved, assignments are issued for the design of power supply and basic construction solutions.

Working drawings are developed on the basis of the approved technical design.

The development of a technical design or working drawings should be carried out in accordance with the environmental conditions in the premises, in full accordance with the PUE, the groups and categories of the environment, data on the power sources of the lighting installation should be established. When designing, it is recommended to study in detail the technological process of the illuminated enterprise and to know the nature of the visual work performed in the premises.

On the plans of the supply network, the construction part of the buildings is shown in a simplified way, shields are depicted, which indicate the number and installed power, network lines are drawn indicating the grades and sections of cables and wires. On the plans of the main premises, the places for installing lamps and shields are fragmentarily outlined. Fixtures, shields and various equipment are calculated according to plans and a table of indicators.

Drawings of plans and sections contain basic information about lighting solutions and the electrical part of lighting installations.

When developing plans, it is necessary to use a set of symbols and requirements for the implementation of inscriptions and numbers specified in GOST 21-614-88.

Luminaires, main points, group shields, step-down transformers, supply and group networks, switches, socket outlets are applied to the plans, the names of the premises, the rated illumination from general lighting, the class of fire and explosion hazardous premises, types, installation height of lamps and lamp power are required , methods of wiring and sections of wires and cables of lighting networks (Fig. 2 a, b, c). The binding dimensions of the places for installing lamps, shields, marks for laying lighting networks are indicated in cases where it is necessary to accurately fix these places.

When designing buildings, a number of rooms of which have the same lighting solutions: lamps, a lighting network and other identical elements, it is recommended that all solutions be applied only for one room, for others they make an appropriate reference to it. On the general floor plan, only entrances to such premises are shown. Drawings of floor plans of all premises are carried out on a scale of 1: 100 or 1: 200.

In addition to drawings of plans and sections of illuminated premises with lighting schemes applied to them, the project documentation includes: custom specifications for electrical equipment and materials; construction buildings; remote control diagrams or other circuit diagrams, non-standard installation drawings.

The supply and group networks on the floor plans are applied with thicker lines than the building elements of the building and equipment, the number of wires in the group lines is indicated by the number of notches applied at an angle of 45 to the network line (Fig. 2)

The ubiquitous indication of groups is necessary to ensure uniform loading of the phases. On shields without factory numbering of groups, the phases of connection are indicated. The plans indicate the final data, network voltages, links to symbols, information about grounding.

Electric lighting is divided into working, emergency, evacuation (emergency lighting for evacuation), security. If necessary, some of the luminaires of one or another type of lighting can be used for emergency lighting (lighting during non-working hours). Artificial lighting is designed in two systems: general and combined, when local lighting is added to general lighting (workplace lighting).

Working lighting should be arranged in all premises of buildings, as well as for areas of territories where work is carried out, transport is moving.

The calculation of the lighting installation consists of two parts: lighting and electrical.

The lighting part contains: selection of light sources, normalized illumination, type and system of lighting, type of lamps, safety factors and additional illumination; calculation of the placement of fixtures (determining the height of the suspension, the distance from the walls and between the fixtures, the number of fixtures), the luminous flux and lamp power.

The electrical part of the project includes: choosing the location of the main and group shields, network routes and drawing up a power supply and lighting control scheme, the type of wiring and the way it is laid; calculation of the lighting network according to the permissible voltage loss, followed by checking the cross section for continuous current and mechanical strength, protection of the lighting network; recommendations for the installation of a lighting installation; protective measures against electric shock.

A project is an image of a future device or structure (system) presented in drawings, diagrams, tables, descriptions created on the basis of calculations and comparison of options.

For large and complex industrial complexes, buildings and structures, a lighting installation project is developed in two stages: a technical design and working drawings.

Technical design of electric lighting for industrial premises

In the technical project, issues of the lighting and electrical parts of the lighting installation are resolved, assignments are issued for the design of power supply and basic construction solutions.

Working drawings of electric lighting of industrial premises

Working drawings are developed on the basis of the approved technical design.

The development of a technical design or working drawings should be carried out in accordance with the environmental conditions in the premises, in full accordance with the groups and categories of the environment, data on the power sources of the lighting installation should be established. When designing, it is recommended to study in detail the technological process of the illuminated enterprise and to know the nature of the visual work performed in the premises.

On the plans of the supply network, the construction part of the buildings is shown in a simplified way, shields are depicted, which indicate the number and installed power, network lines are drawn indicating the grades and sections of cables and wires. On the plans of the main premises, the places for installing lamps and shields are fragmentarily outlined. Fixtures, shields and various equipment are calculated according to plans and a table of indicators.

Drawings of plans and sections contain basic information about lighting solutions and the electrical part of lighting installations.

When developing plans, it is necessary to use a set of symbols and requirements for the implementation of inscriptions and numbers specified in GOST 21-614-88.

Luminaires, main points, group shields, step-down transformers, supply and group networks, switches, socket outlets are applied to the plans, the names of the premises, the rated illumination from general lighting, the class of fire and explosion hazardous premises, types, installation height of lamps and lamp power are required , methods of wiring and sections of wires and cables of lighting networks. The binding dimensions of the places for installing lamps, shields, marks for laying lighting networks are indicated in cases where it is necessary to accurately fix these places.

When designing buildings, a number of rooms of which have the same lighting solutions: lamps, a lighting network and other identical elements, it is recommended that all solutions be applied only for one room, for others they make an appropriate reference to it. On the general floor plan, only entrances to such premises are shown. Drawings of floor plans of all premises are carried out on a scale of 1: 100 or 1: 200.

In addition to drawings of plans and sections of illuminated premises with lighting schemes applied to them, the project documentation includes: custom specifications for electrical equipment and materials; construction buildings; remote control diagrams or other circuit diagrams, non-standard installation drawings.

The supply and group networks on the floor plans are applied with thicker lines than the building elements of the building and equipment, the number of wires in the group lines is indicated by the number of notches applied at an angle of 45 ° to the network line.

The ubiquitous indication of groups is necessary to ensure uniform loading of the phases. On shields without factory numbering of groups, the phases of connection are indicated. The plans indicate the final data, network voltages, links to symbols, information about grounding.

Electric lighting is divided into working, emergency, evacuation (), security. If necessary, some of the luminaires of one or another type of lighting can be used for emergency lighting (lighting during non-working hours). Artificial lighting is designed in two systems: general and combined, when local lighting is added to general lighting (workplace lighting).

Working lighting should be arranged in all premises of buildings, as well as for areas of territories where work is carried out, transport is moving.

The calculation of the lighting installation consists of two parts: lighting and electrical.

The lighting part contains: selection of light sources, normalized illumination, type and system of lighting, type of lamps, safety factors and additional illumination; calculation of the placement of fixtures (determining the height of the suspension, the distance from the walls and between the fixtures, the number of fixtures), the luminous flux and lamp power.

Purpose of lighting calculations

Lighting calculations allow you to do the following:

a) determine the number and unit power of light sources of a lighting installation that provides the required illumination in the room (on the working surface);

b) for the existing (designed) lighting installation, calculate the illumination at any point on the surface of the illuminated room;

c) determine the quality indicators of the lighting installation (pulsation coefficient, cylindrical illumination, indicators of glare and discomfort).

The main lighting calculation of lighting consists in solving problems according to the above points a) and b). For this purpose, apply: method of utilization of the luminous flux and.

Classification of lighting methods for calculating lighting

Luminous Flux Utilization Method used to calculate the overall uniform illumination of horizontal surfaces, mainly to calculate the luminous flux of the light source(s). This method also makes it possible to calculate the average illumination of a horizontal surface, taking into account all the fluxes incident on it, both direct and reflected. It is not applicable for uneven placement of fixtures, calculation of illumination at characteristic points of both non-horizontal and horizontal surfaces.

A simplified form of the luminous flux utilization factor method is specific power method per unit of illuminated area. This method is used for approximate calculations of general uniform illumination. The maximum calculation error for the specific power method is ±20%.

The point method for calculating lighting allows you to determine the illumination at any point on the surface of the illuminated room with any uniform or uneven placement of luminaires. It is often used as a verification method for calculating illumination at characteristic points on a surface. Using the point method, it is possible to analyze the distribution of illumination throughout the room, determine the minimum illumination not only on a horizontal, but also on an inclined surface, and calculate emergency and local lighting.

The main disadvantage of the point calculation method is that it does not take into account the reflected light flux from the walls, ceiling and working surface of the room.

In cases where none of the above methods can be applied, for example, when calculating uneven illumination of a room with significant reflective properties of walls, ceiling and work surface, then both methods are used, acting in a combined way.

The electrical part of the project contains: the choice of locations for the main and group shields, the route of the network and compilation, the type of wiring and the method of laying it; calculation of the lighting network according to the permissible voltage loss, followed by checking the cross section for continuous current and mechanical strength, protection of the lighting network; recommendations for the installation of a lighting installation; protective measures against electric shock.

Working lighting is carried out in all rooms, as well as in those parts of the territory where any work is carried out at night or there is movement of people and vehicles. Indoor and outdoor lighting have separate control. The normal voltage of working lighting networks is 380/220 V.

Emergency lighting should be carried out in the main premises and in those workplaces where interruptions in the work of operating personnel are unacceptable. Normal emergency and working lighting together provide the illumination of rooms and workplaces required by the standards. Power is supplied to them from a common power source. In the event of an accident, the working lighting goes out, and the emergency lighting automatically switches to an independent power source (battery, generator with an automatically started internal combustion engine). Thus, emergency lighting must have an electrical network separate from the working lighting network.

Additional lighting is provided in those places where work is underway to repair and inspect equipment. Additional lighting is supplied from the working lighting network using portable transformers with a secondary voltage of 36 or 12 V, included in sockets. Along the outer fence of the substation, amplification of the lighting of the security strip is arranged with its power supply from the working lighting network.

Lighting calculation of lighting installations

We will calculate the lighting installations for the industrial premises of the TMH building.

1. Transformer.

E n \u003d 50 lux, h \u003d 4 m, S \u003d 44 m 2.

We choose a lamp for incandescent lamps of the "U-200" type:

h p =4-0.5=3.5 (m)

where h c is the height of the light.

Luminous intensity curve K (concentrated) l e \u003d 0.6

Distance between lamps of one row:

L a \u003d 0.6 * 3.5 \u003d 2.1 (m)

2l a \u003d 8-2.1 * 3 \u003d 1.7 (m)\u003e l a \u003d 0.85 m

l B \u003d 1.45 m, L B \u003d 2.6 m

L a / L B \u003d 2.1 / 2.6 \u003d 0.8< 1,5

Determine the room index:

with n =50%, with c =30%, with p =10% s=41%

Estimated luminous flux:

where K s - safety factor, taking into account the decrease in illumination during operation.

z-correction factor, which is the ratio of the average illumination to the minimum illumination.

z=1.15 for LN and DRL

z=1.1 for l.l.

N is the number of fixtures.

We accept for installation a general-purpose incandescent lamp of the B-220-100 type, F n \u003d 1320 lm, R \u003d 100 W.

Actual Illumination:

E n<Е ф на 12,2%, что удовлетворяет требованию (-10%:20%)

Total power of all lamps:

P total \u003d 100 * 8 \u003d 800 (W)

Specific lighting power:

2. Boiler room.

E n \u003d 50 lux, h \u003d 4 m, S \u003d 33 m 2

h p =4-0.5=3.5 (m)

L a \u003d 0.6 * 3.5 \u003d 2.1 (m)

l a \u003d (6-2.1 * 2) / 2 \u003d 0.9 (m)

l B \u003d 1.75 m, L B \u003d 2 m

L a / L B \u003d 1.05< 1,5

Number of lamps 6 pieces.

with n =50%, with c =30%, with p =10% s=0.38

We accept LN type B-220-100, R=100 W

E n<Е ф на 5,76%, что в пределах (-10%:20%)

P total \u003d 100 * 6 \u003d 600 (W)

3. Workshop

E n \u003d 50 lux, h \u003d 4 m, S \u003d 85.5 m 2

We accept U-200 lamps for installation

h p \u003d 4-0.5-0.8 \u003d 2.7 (m)

where h pn \u003d 0.8 is the height of the working surface.

Number of fixtures 15 pieces (3 rows of 5 pieces)

L a \u003d 0.6 * 2.7 \u003d 1.62 (m)

accept L a \u003d 2.5 m, n rows \u003d 3

2l a \u003d 12-2.5 * 4 \u003d 2 (m)\u003e l a \u003d 1 m

l B \u003d 1.175 m, L B \u003d 2.4 m

with n =50%, with c =30%, with p =10% s=0.52

We accept LN type B-220-100-235

F n \u003d 1000 lm, R \u003d 100 W

E n<Е ф на 5,4%, что в пределах (-10%:20%)

P total \u003d 100 * 15 \u003d 1500 (W)

4. Repair department.

E n \u003d 50 lux, h \u003d 4 m, S \u003d 82.5 m 2

We accept U-200 lamps for installation

h p \u003d 4-0.5 \u003d 3.5 (m)

L a \u003d 0.6 * 3.5 \u003d 2.1 (m)

Number of lamps 14 pieces (2 rows of 7 pieces)

l B \u003d 1.7 m, L B \u003d 2.1 m

L a / L B \u003d 2.1 / 2.1 \u003d 1< 1,5

with n =50%, with c =30%, with p =10% s=0.47

We accept LN type B-220-235-100

F n \u003d 1000 lm

E n<Е ф на -7,4%, что в пределах (-10%:20%)

P total \u003d 100 * 14 \u003d 1400 (W)

5. San. node

E n \u003d 50 lux, h \u003d 4 m, S \u003d 16.5 m 2

We accept U-200 lamps for installation

h p \u003d 4-0.5 \u003d 3.5 (m)

L a \u003d 0.6 * 3.5 \u003d 2.1 (m)

We accept L a \u003d 1.9 m, l a \u003d 0.85 (m)

One row with 3 lights

with n =70%, with c =50%, with p =30% s=34%

We accept LN type B-220-100

F n \u003d 1320 lm, R \u003d 100 W

E n<Е ф на -5,4%, что в пределах (-10%:20%)

P total \u003d 100 * 3 \u003d 300 (W)

6. Pumping.

E n \u003d 50 lux, h \u003d 4 m, S \u003d 44 m 2

We accept U-200 lamps for installation

L a \u003d 0.6 * 3.5 \u003d 2.1 (m)

two rows of 4 lamps

A production shop, a warehouse, a conveyor - none of these facilities can work without lighting, which in this context is commonly called industrial. Luminaires of various types increase productivity, reduce staff fatigue and ensure the safety of the work process. Accordingly, the design of lighting for industrial buildings and indoor workplaces is subject to increased requirements for reliability and functionality.

Difficulties with the choice of lamps?

We will prepare a full calculation of the cost, the necessary equipment and 3D visualization for lighting your facility. It's FREE - even before the purchase and conclusion of the contract, you will be able to evaluate:
"How much will it cost?", "What will it look like?", "How much will the counter wind?".

Types of industrial lighting

In industrial production, such types of lighting as natural, artificial and emergency are used. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Daylight

It means the sun, the rays of which directly or in a reflected form fall on the illuminated object. There are several types of natural lighting in the building: overhead, side and combined. In the first case, light enters the room through openings in the ceilings. When lateral, it penetrates through openings in the walls. Both options combine combined lighting.

artificial lighting

The need for it in production arose due to the inconstancy of the natural source - the sun. Working and duty (the second is used after hours) provides visibility in the workplace. For this purpose, luminaires with fluorescent, high-pressure gas discharge lamps or LED sources are installed in buildings.

Emergency lighting

It is used in emergency situations and is divided into two types: for evacuation and for safety. The first provides the proper conditions for the rapid evacuation of people from the building and is a device with inscriptions and pointers. They are installed at exits or points of location of fire safety equipment. Lighting of industrial premises for safety purposes is required when the main source is turned off leading to a dangerous situation: fire, poisoning, disruption of the process.

One of the varieties of artificial working lighting is LED. Industrial LED luminaires are economical and ergonomic. They can be used in conditions of high humidity, at high and low temperatures, in dusty buildings. This is achieved due to the special design of the case, which minimizes the external impact on them and eliminates overheating. The latter problem is solved by using radiators to remove heat.

LED elements are used in manufacturing plants and large buildings. They are able to reduce electricity costs by 4-7 times in comparison with luminescent and traditional sources. LED luminaires are durable and do not require special care or maintenance. They have a high margin of safety, as the flask is made of polymer material, and therefore are suitable for difficult operating conditions. Even when broken, toxic substances are not released from them, as is the case with luminescent ones, so they do not pose a health threat to people present in the room.

Dome lights

These pendant devices are designed for large industrial facilities (workshops, warehouse complexes, hangars) and other buildings with ceilings over 4 m high. In addition to the dome design, they are characterized by convenient mounting with the function of reflector rotation. The configuration of the dome determines at what angle of dispersion the rays will propagate. Dome models have a dust- and moisture-proof housing (IP57 and higher), operate in a temperature range from -40 to +50 ° C and work on average about 75 thousand hours.

Spotlights are installed not indoors, but also outside them. They create a stream of rays and form its transmission at a certain slope, depending on the design features of the body, installed lenses and reflectors. Optical solutions are common, giving a beam of light at an angle of 15, 30, 45, 60 or 90 °.

Ceiling lamps

Ceiling lamps are fixed directly to the ceiling and create diffused rather than directional light, evenly illuminating the entire workshop, warehouse or other building. They are built-in or overhead. Ceiling lights are easy to maintain, economical and are also used for organizing emergency lighting.

Individual backlight

It is used to maximize the workspace of employees, focus on details or ensure compliance with safety regulations. It makes sense to equip the operator's seat on the conveyor belt or behind the machine with it. Spot LED-lamps with a bright directional beam that falls on the workplace of one or two or three workers will be appropriate here.

Lighting for workshops and warehouses

To solve this problem, LED solutions are widely used. They have performed well in the industrial field for a number of reasons.

• Demonstrate economic efficiency. They are 4-7 times more economical than halogen and luminescent analogues and do not need regular replacement of starters.
• They serve at least 50,000 hours. In practice, this figure reaches 75,000 and even 100,000 hours, which corresponds to 4-8 years of continuous operation.
• Payback within 6-12 months. This takes into account their service life, energy efficiency and it is assumed that they will be on 24 hours a day.
• They produce a luminous flux with different characteristics. Depending on the needs of production, the optimal values ​​​​of the spectrum, power, directivity are selected.
• Practical and reliable. Not only the service life of LED elements plays a role, but also the strength of the structure. They are not fragile, are not afraid of vibration and weigh little. They are not afraid of frequent switching on and off, dusty and damp rooms.

If the workshop, warehouse or other building has an elongated shape, it is reasonable to install linear ceiling fixtures in it. Dome solutions are suitable for organizing a local light flux. If natural light enters the production room, the work of the artificial source must be adjusted to it. This problem is solved by manually switching on and off lighting fixtures or using sensors and timers that work automatically over the entire area or in individual sectors.

The impact of industrial lighting on human performance

Artificial light affects the biological processes in the human body. It determines the visibility of objects in the workplace and affects the emotional state, endocrine and immune systems, metabolic rate and other vital processes. The natural light of the sun is a priority for the human body. In order for artificial analogues to be able to replace it, it is necessary to match the spectral compositions of the radiation. Otherwise, visual discomfort leads to the following consequences:

• Fatigue
• Decreased concentration
• The onset of a headache
• Difficulties in recognizing objects

Requirements and standards for lighting industrial premises

Industrial facilities are designed in accordance with approved standards. The current standards allow organizing comfortable and safe workplaces. The requirements and norms are listed in the set of rules SP52.13330.2011 (formerly SNiP 23-05-95) "Natural and artificial lighting". Engineers are also guided by SP 2.2.1.1312-03 “Hygienic requirements for the design of newly built and reconstructed industrial enterprises”, GOST 15597-82 “Lights for industrial buildings. General specifications” and industry standards. Here is a brief formulation of the basic design rules set forth in these standards.

• The level of illumination in an industrial workshop or other structure corresponds to the category of work that is performed in it.
• The brightness is the same throughout the room. This is achieved by painting walls and ceilings in light shades.
• The luminaires used have spectral characteristics that provide the correct color reproduction.
• There are no objects with pronounced reflective surfaces in the human field of view. This avoids the occurrence of direct and reflected glare and thus eliminates the possibility of glare.
• The room is evenly lit throughout the working shifts.
• The possibility of sharp and dynamic shadows in the workplace, which lead to an increase in injuries, is excluded.
• Lamps, wires, shields, transformers are located in places that are safe for the surroundings.

Calculation of lighting of a production facility

Ergonomically correct lighting design creates a comfortable and safe working environment. When choosing lighting sources for a workshop, it is customary to rely on three evaluation criteria:

• The amount of light flux. Based on this parameter, the illumination required for a building or a separate sector is calculated and the number of sources to provide it is determined. At the same time, the type and purpose of the room, the area and height of the ceilings are taken into account, building rules and regulations, including industry ones, are taken into account.
• Colorful temperature. Determines the intensity of the light emission and its color - from warm yellow to cool white.
• Operating conditions. Here it is important to take into account the average temperature in the production room, the level of humidity, dust, vibration and other factors.

According to the regulations, if workers do not perform visual tasks, the brightness is 150 lm per 1 m2. If an average visual load is meant, this indicator rises to 500 lm per 1 m2. In those rooms where they work with parts with a diameter of up to 10 mm, the level of the luminous flux is at least 1,000 lm per 1 m2. To get a luminous flux equal to 400-450 lm, you will need a 40 W halogen lamp, 8 W fluorescent lamp or 4 W LED.

At the workplace, the color temperature is brought closer to the parameters of natural light. This is from 4,000 to 4,5000 K. If regular reading of the documentation is expected, the color temperature is increased towards cold white, but not more than 6,000 K.

The power of the luminous flux is affected by the features of the installation of the device (the higher it is located, the less lumens it gives out), the presence or absence of a diffuser, the degree of transparency of the glass. When choosing a specific light source, it is also customary to focus on the stability of the luminous flux, the efficiency of the selected product, its electrical parameters and safety requirements.

findings

Management companies and business owners in Moscow and beyond are increasingly using LED solutions for industrial and other facilities. LED light sources have declared themselves as economical, durable, easy to maintain, comfortable for the eyes and safe from the standpoint of constant exposure to the human body.