What is temperature inversion in geography. What is temperature inversion, where does it manifest itself? How to behave in case of receiving information about an unfavorable state of the atmosphere

With increasing height. Most often this applies to temperature inversion, that is, to an increase in temperature with height in a certain layer of the atmosphere instead of the usual decrease (see Earth's atmosphere).

There are two types of inversion:

• surface temperature inversions starting directly from the earth's surface (the thickness of the inversion layer is tens of meters)
• temperature inversions in the free atmosphere (the thickness of the inversion layer reaches hundreds of meters)

Temperature inversion prevents vertical movement of air and promotes the formation of haze, fog, smog, clouds, mirages. The inversion is highly dependent on local terrain features. The temperature increase in the inversion layer ranges from tenths of degrees to 15-20 °C and more. Surface temperature inversions in Eastern Siberia and Antarctica in winter are the most powerful.

Normal atmospheric conditions

Generally, in the lower atmosphere (troposphere), the air near the Earth's surface is warmer than the air above, because the atmosphere is mainly heated by solar radiation through the Earth's surface. As the altitude changes, the air temperature decreases, the average rate of decrease is 1 °C for every 160 m.

Causes and mechanisms of inversion

Under certain conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient changes in such a way that colder air is at the surface of the Earth. This can happen, for example, when a warm, less dense air mass moves over a cold, denser layer. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of warm fronts, as well as in areas of oceanic upwelling, such as off the coast of California. With sufficient moisture in the colder layer, fog is typically formed under the inversion "lid".

Consequences of temperature inversion

When the normal process of convection stops, the lower layer of the atmosphere is polluted. This causes problems in cities with high emissions. Inversion effects often occur in large cities such as

In the most general sense inversion - this is a violation of the usual course of things or order. Temperature inversion is an increase in air temperature with height in a certain layer of the atmosphere instead of the usual decrease.

It is known that a gradual decrease in temperature with height should be considered only a general property of the troposphere. Very often there is such a stratification of air, in which the temperature either does not decrease in the upward direction, or even increases. The increase in temperature with height above the earth's surface is called its inversion.

According to the thickness of the air layer in which an increase in temperature is observed, they distinguish a) ground inversions spanning several meters, and b) inversion of the free atmosphere extending up to three kilometers.

The temperature increment (or inversion value) can reach 10 0 C or more. At the same time, the atmosphere turns out to be as if stratified: one mass of air is separated from another mass by a layer of inversion.

By origin, surface inversions are divided into radiative, advective, orographic, and snow inversions.

Radiation inversions occur in summer when the weather is calm and cloudless. After sunset, the surface, and from it the lower layers of air, cool, while those lying above still retain the daily supply of heat. The thickness of such inversions ranges from 10 to 300 m, depending on the weather. Radiative inversions occur over ice surfaces at any time of the year when they lose heat by radiation.

Orographic inversions form in rough terrain in calm weather, when cold air flows down, and warmer air is retained on hills and mountain slopes.

Advective inversions occur when warm air moves into a cold area. Moreover, the lower layers of air are cooled from contact with a cold surface, while the upper ones remain warm for a while.

Snowy (spring) inversions observed in early spring over snowy surfaces. They are caused by the consumption of large amounts of heat by the air to melt the snow.

In the free atmosphere, the most common anticyclonic compression inversions and cyclonic frontal inversions .

Anticyclonic compression inversions are formed in anticyclones in winter and are observed at a height of 1-2 km. The temperature of the descending air in the middle troposphere rises, but near the earth's surface, where the horizontal spreading of air begins, it rises. This phenomenon is observed in the vast territories of the Arctic, Antarctic, Eastern Siberia, etc.

Cyclonic frontal inversions formed in cyclones due to the flow of warm air onto cold air.

The drop in temperature with height can be considered a normal state of affairs for the troposphere, and temperature inversions can be considered deviations from the normal state. True, temperature inversions in the troposphere are a frequent, almost daily occurrence. But they capture the air layers rather thin in comparison with the entire thickness of the troposphere.

The temperature inversion can be characterized by the height at which it is observed, the thickness of the layer in which there is an increase in temperature with height, and the temperature difference at the upper and lower boundaries of the inversion layer - a temperature jump. As a transitional case between the normal drop in temperature with height and inversion, the phenomenon of vertical isotherm is also observed, when the temperature in a certain layer does not change with height.

In terms of height, all tropospheric inversions can be divided into surface inversions and free atmosphere inversions.

Ground inversion starts from the underlying surface itself (soil, snow or ice). Over open water, such inversions are rare and not so significant. At the underlying surface, the temperature is the lowest; it increases with height, and this increase can extend to a layer of several tens and even hundreds of meters. Then the inversion is replaced by a normal drop in temperature with height.

Surface temperature inversions over the land surface or over the ocean ice cover are mostly due to nighttime radiative cooling of the underlying surface. Such inversions are called radiative. . The lower layers of air are cooled from the earth's surface more than the overlying ones. Therefore, near the earth's surface itself, the temperature drops most strongly and an increase in temperature with height is established.

An inversion in the free atmosphere is observed in a certain layer of air lying at a certain height above the earth's surface (Fig. 8). The base of an inversion can be at any level in the troposphere, but inversions are most frequent within the lower 2 km. The thickness of the inversion layer can also be very different - from a few tens to many hundreds of meters. Finally, the temperature jump at the inversion, i.e. the temperature difference at the upper and lower boundaries of the inversion layer can vary from 1° or less to 10-15° or more.

It happens that a surface inversion extending to a considerable height merges with an overlying inversion in the free atmosphere. Then the temperature increase starts from the earth's surface itself and continues to a great height, and the temperature jump turns out to be especially significant.

It also happens that the inversion directly passes into the overlying isotherm. Often, two (or more) inversions are observed in the free atmosphere over a particular region, separated by layers with a normal decrease in temperature.

Fig.8. Types of temperature distribution with altitude: a - ground inversion, b- ground isotherm, in - free atmosphere inversion

Inversions are not observed over individual points on the earth's surface. The inversion layer extends continuously over a large area, especially in the case of reversals in the free atmosphere.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There are two types of inversion:

• surface temperature inversions starting directly from the earth's surface (the thickness of the inversion layer is tens of meters)
• temperature inversions in the free atmosphere (the thickness of the inversion layer reaches hundreds of meters)

Temperature inversion prevents vertical air movement and contributes to the formation of haze, fog, smog, clouds, mirages. The inversion is highly dependent on local terrain features. The temperature increase in the inversion layer ranges from tenths of degrees to 15-20 °C and more. The surface temperature inversions in Eastern Siberia and Antarctica in winter are the most powerful.

Normal atmospheric conditions

Generally, in the lower atmosphere (troposphere), the air near the Earth's surface is warmer than the air above it, because the atmosphere is mainly heated by solar radiation through the Earth's surface. As the altitude changes, the air temperature decreases, the average rate of decrease is 1 °C for every 160 m.

Causes and mechanisms of inversion

Under certain conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient changes in such a way that colder air is at the surface of the Earth. This can happen, for example, when a warm, less dense air mass moves over a cold, denser layer. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of warm fronts, as well as in areas of oceanic upwelling, such as off the coast of California. With sufficient moisture in the colder layer, fog is typically formed under the inversion "lid".

Consequences of temperature inversion

When the normal process of convection stops, the lower layer of the atmosphere is polluted. This causes problems in cities with high emissions. Inversion effects often occur in large cities such as Mumbai (India), Los Angeles (USA), Mexico City (Mexico), Sao Paulo (Brazil), Santiago (Chile) and Tehran (Iran). Small cities such as Oslo (Norway) and Salt Lake City (USA), located in the valleys of hills and mountains, are also affected by the blocking inversion layer. With a strong inversion, air pollution can cause respiratory diseases. The great smog in 1952 in London is one of the most serious such events - more than 10 thousand people died because of it.

Temperature inversion poses a danger to take-off aircraft, as engine thrust is reduced when the aircraft enters the overlying layers of warmer air.

In winter, inversion can lead to dangerous natural phenomena, such as severe frosts in the anticyclone, freezing rain when the Atlantic and southern cyclones exit (especially when their warm fronts pass).

see also

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Notes

Links

• Temperature inversion // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• Khrgian A. H. Atmospheric physics M., 1969

Excerpt characterizing Inversion (meteorology)

“And in order not to ruin the land that we left to the enemy,” Prince Andrei said angrily and mockingly. – It is very thorough; it is impossible to allow to plunder the region and accustom the troops to looting. Well, in Smolensk, he also correctly judged that the French could get around us and that they had more forces. But he could not understand this, - Prince Andrei suddenly cried out in a thin voice, as if escaping, - but he could not understand that for the first time we fought there for the Russian land, that there was such a spirit in the troops that I had never seen, that we fought off the French for two days in a row, and that this success multiplied our strength tenfold. He ordered a retreat, and all the efforts and losses were in vain. He did not think about betrayal, he tried to do everything as best as possible, he thought everything over; but that doesn't make him any good. He is no good now precisely because he thinks everything over very thoroughly and carefully, as every German should. How can I tell you ... Well, your father has a German footman, and he is an excellent footman and will satisfy all his needs better than you, and let him serve; but if your father is ill at death, you will drive away the footman and with your unaccustomed, clumsy hands you will begin to follow your father and calm him better than a skilled, but a stranger. That's what they did with Barclay. While Russia was healthy, a stranger could serve her, and there was a wonderful minister, but as soon as she was in danger; you need your own person. And in your club they invented that he was a traitor! By being slandered as a traitor, they will only do what later, ashamed of their false reprimand, they will suddenly make a hero or a genius out of traitors, which will be even more unfair. He is an honest and very accurate German...
“However, they say he is a skilled commander,” said Pierre.
“I don’t understand what a skilled commander means,” Prince Andrei said with a sneer.
“A skillful commander,” said Pierre, “well, one who foresaw all accidents ... well, guessed the thoughts of the enemy.
“Yes, it’s impossible,” said Prince Andrei, as if about a long-decided matter.
Pierre looked at him in surprise.
“However,” he said, “they say war is like a game of chess.
“Yes,” said Prince Andrei, “with the only slight difference that in chess you can think as much as you like about each step, that you are there outside the conditions of time, and with the difference that a knight is always stronger than a pawn and two pawns are always stronger.” one, and in war one battalion is sometimes stronger than a division, and sometimes weaker than a company. The relative strength of the troops cannot be known to anyone. Believe me,” he said, “that if anything depended on the orders of the headquarters, then I would be there and make orders, but instead I have the honor to serve here in the regiment with these gentlemen, and I think that we really tomorrow will depend, and not on them ... Success has never depended and will not depend either on position, or on weapons, or even on numbers; and least of all from the position.
- And from what?
“From the feeling that is in me, in him,” he pointed to Timokhin, “in every soldier.
Prince Andrei glanced at Timokhin, who looked at his commander in fright and bewilderment. In contrast to his former restrained silence, Prince Andrei now seemed agitated. He apparently could not refrain from expressing those thoughts that suddenly came to him.
The battle will be won by the one who is determined to win it. Why did we lose the battle near Austerlitz? Our loss was almost equal to that of the French, but we told ourselves very early that we had lost the battle—and we did. And we said this because we had no reason to fight there: we wanted to leave the battlefield as soon as possible. “We lost - well, run like that!” - we ran. If we had not said this before evening, God knows what would have happened. We won't say that tomorrow. You say: our position, the left flank is weak, the right flank is extended,” he continued, “all this is nonsense, there is nothing of it. And what do we have tomorrow? One hundred million of the most varied accidents that will be solved instantly by the fact that they or ours ran or run, that they kill one, kill another; and what is being done now is all fun. The fact is that those with whom you traveled around the position not only do not contribute to the general course of affairs, but interfere with it. They are only concerned with their little interests.
- At a moment like this? Pierre said reproachfully.
“At such a moment,” Prince Andrei repeated, “for them, this is only such a moment in which you can dig under the enemy and get an extra cross or ribbon. For me, this is what tomorrow is: a hundred thousand Russian and a hundred thousand French troops have come together to fight, and the fact is that these two hundred thousand are fighting, and whoever fights more viciously and feels less sorry for himself will win. And if you want, I'll tell you that no matter what happens, no matter what is confused up there, we will win the battle tomorrow. Tomorrow, whatever it is, we will win the battle!

Abnormal increase in TEMPERATURE with height. Normally, air temperature decreases with increasing altitude above ground level. The average rate of decrease is 1 °C for every 160 m. Under certain weather conditions, the opposite situation is observed. On a clear, still night with an anticyclone, cold air can roll down the slopes and collect in the valleys, and the air temperature will be lower near the bottom of the valley than 100 or 200 m higher. Above the cold layer there will be warmer air, which is likely to form a cloud or light fog. becomes clear in the example of smoke rising from a fire. The smoke will rise vertically and then, when it reaches the "inversion layer", bend horizontally. If this situation is created on a large scale, the dust and dirt that rises into the atmosphere stays there and accumulates, leading to serious pollution.

Watch value Temperature Inversion in other dictionaries

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Sleep Inversion- see Perversion of sleep.
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Mutation Temperature- see Temperature-sensitive mutation.
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Practical Temperature Scale— see International Practical Temperature Scale.
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Inversion- change in the usual order of things, rearrangement; sexual inversion means homosexuality.
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Inversion- change in the usual order of things, rearrangement; sexual inversion means homosexuality.(