Black Sea natural resources. General characteristics of the commercial resources of the Black Sea. Economic use of the Black Sea
In recent decades, mankind has shown an increasing interest in the oceans, dictated primarily by the continuously growing need for various types of resources - energy, mineral, chemical and biological. On a global scale, the issue of the depletion of land minerals is associated with the accelerated pace of world industrial production. Obviously, humanity is on the verge of a raw material “hunger”, which, according to economic forecasts, will begin to manifest itself more and more sharply in the capitalist countries at the end of the century. The proposals of some Western scientists to limit production to rates corresponding to the natural growth of minerals are, in essence, utopian and absurd. Among the possibilities for solving the problem of raw materials, in particular the problem of mineral and energy resources, the most promising possibility is the exploration of the ocean and seabed.Of course, it is necessary to approach this soberly scientifically, taking into account the mistakes made in mining on land.Any statements of the kind "the ocean is an inexhaustible source" are groundless. However, it is an undeniable fact that in our time, from the bottom of the sea, the extraction of oil, gas, ferromanganese nodules, sulfur, silt containing tin, zinc, copper, the development of underwater and coastal placers of mineral and building materials is continuously increasing.
It can be assumed that in the near future the issue of using the resources of the World Ocean will be legally regulated.
The Black Sea basin is a very interesting object for studying the geological origin of minerals. It is located on the border of two continents - Europe and Asia, surrounded by young folded mountain ranges of the Caucasus, Pontic Mountains, Crimea and Stara Planina. The nature of the subsidence and articulation of these structures on the seabed, as well as the Mizya platform in the west and the Russian platform in the north, is still insufficiently studied. These platforms make up the main part of the shelf, which in general occupies 24% of the area of the Black Sea bottom. Currently, this is the most promising part of the seabed for the search for oil and gas fields.
Under the shelf is meant "a relatively flat and relatively shallow part of the seabed, limiting the sea margin of the continents and characterized by a similar or close rheological structure of the land" (Leontiev). This definition suggests that the presence of minerals similar to those of the land can be expected on the shelf. Now 96 % of the world's offshore geological research and development work is carried out on the shelf.
ENERGETIC RESOURCES
The main types of fuel - coal, oil, gas - occupy an important part in the energy balance of Bulgaria. Recently, there has been a great interest in the search and exploration of oil and gas at the bottom of the oceans and seas. At present, 95 countries of the world carry out exploration work in the sea and produce 30% of the world's oil and gas production.
Particularly promising are the northern, northwestern, and western regions of the Black Sea shelf, that is, a continuation of the surrounding land. On the shelf, the sedimentary Meso-Cenozoic complex of the Mysian, Russian and Scythian platforms continues, which contains oil and gas to one degree or another. Favorable shelf conditions in comparison with land are expressed in an increase in the thickness of the layers and a change in their occurrence and in connection with the evolution of the Black Sea basin.
To localize an oil and gas field, it is necessary to determine the following conditions: 1) structure (anticline, monocline, etc.), 2) reservoirs with suitable reservoir properties (porosity, fracturing, voids), 3) screening reservoirs (virtually impermeable to liquids).
If the structure - the first necessary condition - can be determined relatively accurately, then the remaining two conditions, like the very presence of oil and gas, modern geophysical methods can only be estimated approximately. Therefore, the search for oil and gas deposits, especially in the sea, is often associated with a certain risk, not to mention the purely industrial difficulties that arise in this case.
As a result of early geophysical studies, it was found that the structure of the Black Sea shelf is more diverse and complex than the structure of the shelf. Structural layers (Paleozoic, Triassic, Cretaceous, etc.) determine the degree of manifestation of the structure, which is one of the main conditions for the localization of gas and oil deposits. In general, about 60 geological structures have been noted so far in the Black Sea shelf.
This optimistic assessment is based on the fact that in one of these structures (the Golitsin structure, located southeast of Odessa), in the Maikop (Oligocene) layers, in 1969, during the first sounding of the Black Sea, gas deposits were discovered. Since 1976, on the Romanian shelf east of Constanta, in one of the structures, identified from the Jurassic-Cretaceous layers, a second marine sounding has been carried out.
Relatively recently, geophysical research began on the Bulgarian shelf. Promising on it is the section from Cape Emine to the Bulgarian-Romanian border. At present, a number of structures have been identified from sediments, for example, the large Tyulenovskaya structure, as well as the Balchikskaya, Kranevskaya, Yuzhno-Kaliakra, etc.
In addition to the structures discovered from deposits, the oil and gas potential of which has been established on land (limestones and dolomites of the Tyulenovskoye field and Middle Triassic dolomites of the Dolnodybnikyskoye field), Paleogene and even Neogene structures are of particular interest on the shelf, due to the rapid increase in their thickness towards the open parts of the sea. According to geophysical studies, the thickness of the Paleogene-Neogene sedimentary complex on the Romanian shelf also increases significantly in the same direction, which already serves as a sufficient reason to consider it as an oil and gas bearing formation. However, small lenses of gas in the Oligocene deposits have been established near Bylgarevo, Tolbukhinsky District, and Staro-Oryakhovo, Varna District. Therefore, a particularly favorable structure (complemented mainly by Tertiary deposits) for the search for oil and gas on the Bulgarian shelf at the second stage will be the marine continuation of the Nizhnekamchia depression. Here one can count on the so-called gas-oil fields of a non-structural type.
Pay attention to geological structure of the Black Sea basin, the continental slope and the bottom of the basin are also considered especially promising. According to geophysical studies of the deep-water Black Sea Basin, it has been established that one thick sedimentary complex takes part in its structure. It is assumed that it is composed of limestones, mudstone sands, dolomites, etc., i.e., rocks similar to those that make up the surrounding land. Further clarification of the conditions of their occurrence is of undoubted interest. This, in turn, is connected with the creation of technical means for the exploration and exploitation of deposits at great depths. In 1975, the deep-water Black Sea Basin near the Bosphorus was probed from the American vessel Glomar Challenger.
MINERAL RESOURCES
The reserves of ferromanganese nodules in the World Ocean are estimated at about 900 billion tons. The first ferromanganese nodules in the Black Sea were discovered by N.I. Andrusov in 1890 during expeditions on the Chernomorets ship. Later, nodules were studied by K.O. Shevich, S. A. Zernov, A. G. Titov.The results of the research were summarized by N. M. Strakhov in 1968. Currently, three fields of nodules are known in the Black Sea: the first is south of Cape Tarkhankut (the western part of the Crimean Peninsula), the second , poorly studied, - west of the delta of the Rioni River, the third - on the Turkish part of the shelf and the continental slope east of Sinop.
The field of ferromanganese nodules, located near Cape Tarkhankut, is located in the upper two-meter layer of bottom silty-argillaceous deposits with inclusions of Modiola faseolina. There are three layers enriched in concretions, 30-40 cm thick: surface, Upper Dzhemetinsky and Dzhemetinsky. The diameter of nodules rarely exceeds 1–2 cm. The flat shape of the formations predominates due to the shape of the shells of Modiola faseolina, around which a soot-like (from dark to gray-brown or light brown) mass, composed of manganese hydroxides and carbonates, grows. The density of ferromanganese nodules in this field is, according to N. M. Strakhov, 2.5 kg per 1 m2. The chemical composition of nodules varies over a fairly wide range.
About 30 elements were discovered in them, the most important of them: iron-18.24 ^ 36.56%, manganese-1.45-13.95, phosphorus -1.1, titanium -0.095, organic carbon - 0.67% . In addition, nodules contain 14.45% silicon dioxide, 2.13% aluminum trioxide, 4.4% calcium oxide, 2.44% magnesium oxide, 0.14% sodium oxide, etc.
The presence of vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, tungsten was noted, and arsenic, barium, beryllium, scandium, lanthanum, yttrium, ytterbium were found during spectral analysis.
Black Sea ferromanganese nodules have some specific features that distinguish them from oceanic nodules. They appear due to different conditions of education.
According to N. M. Strakhov, the process of sedimentation of ore proceeds only with normal water exchange. This is the only way to explain the absence of ferromanganese nodules in the deep part of the Black Sea, where such a regime is impossible. The thickness of the layer enriched with ore elements is only a few centimeters. The concretions are located on the surface of sediments adjoining water. In order for a concretion to form, among other things, a natural core of crystallization is necessary. Shell fragments of Modiola faseolina and various terrigenous grains serve as such cores. In experiments with magnetite and other sands in the Karkinit Bay and the Sea of Azov, the annual increase in nodules was calculated.
At present, the ferromanganese nodules of the Black Sea bottom are only reserves, the intensity of research and use of which in the near future will depend on the needs of individual countries.
In recent years, the coast and the seabed are considered as the main places for the extraction of platinum, diamond, tin, titanium, and rare minerals. Now about 15% of the world's production of useful minerals from placers falls on the coastal parts of the seas and oceans. Their ever-increasing importance in industry depends on the development and improvement of technical means of exploitation. Most researchers define alluvial deposits as deposits containing grains or crystals of useful minerals that are resistant to weathering processes, which were formed under conditions of constant wave action. In most cases, such deposits are found in modern coastal terraces or on the seabed. The currently known placers in the Black Sea are located near the modern coastline. Given that the coastline was different in the Pleistocene and Holocene, there is reason to believe that alluvial deposits can occur on the shelf at great depths.
The concentration of heavy minerals on the Black Sea beaches is significant almost everywhere. In 1945, the exploitation of the Urek magnetite sands deposit in the USSR was started. Significant concentrations of heavy minerals have been found near the mouth of the Danube, on the beaches from the mouth of the Danube to Cape Burnas in the northwest.
The same applies to the Dnieper-Bug estuary and to the beaches of the Crimean peninsula.
On the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, the titanium-magnetite sands of the Burgas Bay are of considerable interest. In addition to titanium and magnetite, rutile, ilmenite and other minerals are also found here. Detailed geological and geophysical studies, conducted since 1973, revealed an increased concentration of ore minerals at a depth of 20-30 m, areas where sands contain approximately 3% magnetite were noted. One area is located between Nessebar and Pomorie (the mouth of the Aheloy River), the other is near Sarafovo. The increased concentration of ore in the first region is explained by erosion and the transporting activity of the Aheloy River, in the second - by the abrasion activity of the sea in the area of the Sarafov landslides, the initial content of magnetite in which is approximately 2%.
On the beaches of the northwestern part of the Black Sea, individual diamonds 0.14-0.35 mm in size were found - colorless, yellow, gray. Diamonds in the considered coastal zone of the Black Sea were found in sedimentary rocks (Devonian, Permian, Cretaceous, Neogene). Small pieces of gold have been found in the northwestern part of the Black Sea and near the mouth of the Danube.
The coastal zone, where deposits of valuable minerals have been discovered, is also a zone of distribution of building materials. First of all, these are various sands. At present, only in England, about 150 million tons of high-quality sands are mined for construction and other needs, in the USA - about 60 million tons of sand and 80 million tons of small pebbles. In the Gulf of Mexico, San Francisco Bay, carbonate shell rock is mined from the seabed, which is used in the production of magnesium.
On the Black Sea shelf, the distribution and stocks of various building materials have not been sufficiently studied. Tourist and resort areas should not be included in mining zones; on the contrary, it is important to take measures in them to prevent phenomena that could upset the natural balance - landslides, abrasion, etc.
A huge deposit of building sands was discovered on the Odessa Bank. The mineral composition of the sands is very diverse. According to E.N. Nevessky, the sand bank was formed in the Neo-Euxinian time as a complex of bog and alluvial formations. Sands are also being developed in the Yalta Bay.
In the period 1968-1970. sand dredging was carried out in the Burgas Bay, but was subsequently suspended. It should be emphasized that the coastal zone reacts very subtly to changes in some of the factors that determine its balance. With the removal of a certain amount of sand, abrasion may increase, as a result of which the reduction or disappearance of the beach is likely.
Significant interest as a feedstock for the production of fire-resistant materials, perhaps in the near future, will be caused by silty soils found at depths of 20-70 m in practically inexhaustible reserves.
About one third of Turkey's coal reserves are under water and are in the process of exploitation. The sea boundary of this deposit has not yet been established.
Underwater deposits of iron ores Known in almost all marine areas. So-called Cimmerian iron ores have been discovered on the Soviet coast.
What is the significance of the Black Sea for people and in nature, you will learn by reading this article.
Importance of the Black Sea
The Black Sea belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin. It is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait and the Sea of Marmara by the Bosporus Strait. Even the ancient Greeks knew about it, and it was called Pont Aksinsky, that is, "inhospitable sea." This sea received its modern name in the 13th century, and scientists are still at a loss as to why it was named that one.
Economic use of the Black Sea
The Black Sea is rich in resources that are used by man. Near the coastlines and on the shelf there are large deposits of natural gas and oil, chemical and mineral raw materials.
The Black Sea is also famous for its biological resources: algae, fish, shellfish. They are widely used in the food industry. From algae, kelp and phyllophora are mined here, from which medicines are made. The stocks of cystoseira (brown algae) and zostera (sea grass) are used less.
Every year a person catches tons of shrimps and mussels, fish and even dolphins. All this goes to the food industry.
The types of economic activities of people associated with the Black Sea are not limited to fishing and oil production. Today, its pool is actively exploited by people. Its significance as a transport route is especially important: cargo transportation, transport corridors and ferry crossings are carried out every day on the Black Sea. It is also used as a recreational recreation area, which brings a good profit to the country washed by the sea during the season.
The most important ports of the Black Sea
Among the largest ports of the Black Sea are:
- Evpatoria, Sevastopol, Kerch, Yalta (Crimea)
- Sochi and Novorossiysk (Russia)
- Odessa, Ukraine)
- Varna (Bulgaria)
- Sukhum (Georgia)
- Trabzon and Samsun (Turkey)
- Constanta (Romania)
Environmental problems of the Black Sea
Human activity in the Black Sea has led to an unfavorable ecological situation. It is heavily polluted with oil products and waste products. Due to anthropogenic influence, the fauna of the sea has mutated.
Waste mostly comes with the waters of the Danube, Prut and Dnieper. The most pollution of the Black Sea with oil slick is observed near the Caucasian coast and the Crimean peninsula. Along the coast there are zones with an excess of toxic substances: cadmium, copper ions, lead and chromium.
Also in the Black Sea there is a process of blooming water due to lack of oxygen. With river waters, metals and pesticides, nitrogen and phosphorus get into it. Phytoplankton, absorbing these elements, multiplies too quickly and the water "blooms". In this case, bottom microorganisms die. When they rot, they cause hypoxia in mussels, sturgeon fry, squid, crabs, oysters.
The coast and the bottom of the coastal zones are polluted with household waste, which can decompose in salt water for decades, or even centuries. This releases toxic substances into the water.
We hope that from this article you have learned the importance in the nature of the Black Sea.
The Black Sea appeared more than 5.3 million years ago as a result of the separation of the Tethys Ocean.
Now the sea belongs to the basin of the Atlantic Ocean. A distinctive feature is that it is limited by banks on all sides.
In the sea, already at a depth of 150-200 meters, it is almost impossible to detect signs of life due to the high concentration of hydrogen sulfide.
On the political map, you can see that it washes the shores of 7 countries: Abkhazia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.
The sea has a huge variety of organic world and natural resources. What else is rich in the Black Sea? How does a person affect his ecology?
Black Sea resources
The biological resources of the Black Sea are fish, plants, gas and oil.
What is mined
The animal world does not have as many species as in other seas. There are no starfish, corals, octopuses, cuttlefish. Fish are mainly represented by the following species:
There are also those that, through the fault of man, were listed in the Red Book: spike, Russian sturgeon,.
Invertebrates - mussels and oysters, crayfish and shrimps have become the object of the catch. In total, about 300,000 tons of seafood are mined per year.
Plants are mainly represented by unicellular and multicellular algae:
Minerals:
- There are oil and natural gas fields explored on the shelf. On the shelf, they are now being actively developed by the Chornomorneftegaz enterprise.
- Deposits of ferromanganese ores, and in the sea - reserves of gravel and building sands.
- The shallow water is rich in shell rock, used for glass production and construction.
Damage
Due to active human activity, there is a rapid reduction in the animal and plant world. Some species are now even on the verge of extinction! In order to prevent complete disappearance, reserves were created: Karadag, Danube, Black Sea.
Ecological state
The water of the Black Sea in recent years has become increasingly polluted with oil products, sewage and industrial waste. Unfortunately, the ecological state only worsens every year, although people are making every effort to correct the situation.
Conclusion
The Black Sea is one of the most amazing places on the planet Earth. It is at the same time an important deposit of natural resources, a transportation area, a tourist destination and a strategically important site. However, due to the ignorance of man and his negligent attitude towards the environment, the sea is going through hard times.
CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF THE NORTH-EASTERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA.
CHAPTER II. MATERIAL AND METHOD.
CHAPTER III. COMPOSITION OF THE FISH FAUNA OF THE BLACK SEA.
CHAPTER IV STATUS OF THE BASIC BIORERESOURCES IN THE NORTH-EASTERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA.
1. Ichthyoplankton of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the modern period.
2. Shark katran.
4. Black Sea sprat.
5. Black Sea whiting.
6. Mullet.
7. Black Sea horse mackerel.
8. Red mullet.
9. Black Sea flounder-Kalkan.
10. Other marine species.
CHAPTER V. DYNAMICS OF RESERVES AND FISHERIES.
1. Dynamics of stocks of biological resources in the northeastern part of the Black Sea.
2. Fishing.
CHAPTER VI. PROPOSALS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BIORESOURCES IN THE NORTH-EASTERN CHERNY
Recommended list of dissertations
Ecology of ichthyoplankton communities in the seas of the Mediterranean basin and the northern part of the Central-East Atlantic 2006, Doctor of Biological Sciences Arkhipov, Alexander Geraldovich
Ichthyoplankton of the Black Sea as an indicator of the ecological state of the shelf waters of Ukraine 2005, candidate of biological sciences Klimova, Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ichthyocenes of the western part of the Bering Sea: composition, commercial significance and state of stocks 2006, Doctor of Biological Sciences Balykin, Pavel Aleksandrovich
Current state and ecological and economic prospects for the development of fisheries in the West Caspian region of Russia 2004, Doctor of Biological Sciences Abdusamadov, Ahma Saidbegovich
Formation and use of the stock of semi-anadromous pikeperch Stizostedion lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) under the conditions of the changing regime of the Sea of Azov 2004, candidate of biological sciences Belousov, Vladimir Nikolaevich
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Structure and assessment of stocks of aquatic biological resources in the North-Eastern part of the Black Sea"
Of all the inland seas of Europe, the Black and Azov Seas are the most isolated from the oceans. Their connection with it is carried out through a system of straits and seas: the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. This circumstance, along with the consequences of geological evolution, low salinity and low water temperature in winter, contamination of the Black Sea depths with hydrogen sulfide, became the decisive factors that influenced the formation of flora and fauna.
The Black Sea drainage basin covers, in whole or in part, the territory of 22 countries of Europe and Asia Minor. In addition to the Black Sea states proper (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine), it covers the territories of another 16 countries of Central and Eastern Europe - Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Yugoslavia (Zaitsev, Mamaev, 1997). The water area of the Black Sea is formed by the waters of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of coastal countries, as well as a small enclave in the southwestern part of the reservoir.
Man, from the moment of his appearance on the shores of the sea and until the mid-50s of the last century, did not have a significant impact on the ecosystem of the sea and the rivers flowing into it. The turning point came when, in the 1950s and 1960s, as a result of economic activity, environmental conditions and the structure of biota in rivers and in the sea itself began to change dramatically (Zaitsev, 1998). Particularly significant changes in the Black Sea ecosystem have occurred in the last 30-40 years. Trying to transform the environment and resources of the sea for their own needs, Man violated the natural balance that had been developing for thousands of years, which, as a result, led to the restructuring of the entire ecosystem.
The intensification of agriculture and industry, the growth of the urban population in all countries of the basin led to an increase in pollution by organic, synthetic and mineral substances carried by rivers into the sea, causing, among other things, its eutrophication. The amount of nutrients entering the sea in the 1970s and 1980s was dozens of times higher than the level of the 1950s (Zaitsev et al., 1987), resulting in an outbreak of phytoplankton, some zooplankton species, including jellyfish. At the same time, the abundance of large feeding zooplankton began to decline (Zaitsev, 1992a). Another important consequence of eutrophication was a decrease in water transparency due to the intensive development of planktonic organisms, which in turn led to a decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis of bottom algae and plants, which began to receive less sunlight. A typical example of this and other negative processes is the degradation of “Zernov's phyllophora field” (Zaitsev and Alexandrov, 1998).
Despite the growth in the abundance of some species of zooplankton phyto- and detritivores, a huge amount of dead phytoplankton began to settle in the shelf zone. Its decomposition due to dissolved oxygen caused hypoxia, and in some cases, asphyxia in the bottom layers of water. The kill zone was first noted in August-September 1973 on an area of 30 km2 between the mouths of the Danube and the Dniester (Zaitsev, 1977). Subsequently, the freeze zones began to be celebrated annually. The area and duration of their existence depend on the meteorological, hydrological, hydrochemical and biological features of each summer season. Biological losses due to hypoxia on the northwestern shelf for the period 1973-1990 amounted, according to modern estimates, to 60 million tons of aquatic biological resources, including 5 million tons. fish of commercial and non-commercial species (Zaitsev, 1993).
The transformation and erosion of the shores, the use of bottom trawls and the industrial removal of sand leads to siltation of vast areas of the bottom and the deterioration of the habitat of phyto- and zoobenthos, resulting in a decrease in the number and biomass, and a reduction in the biodiversity of bottom organisms (Zaitsev, 1998).
No less significant is the impact of other industries and economy. In this regard, shipping should be mentioned as a factor in the unforeseen, undesirable introduction of exotic species. Currently, more than 85 organisms have been brought into the Azov-Black Sea basin with the ballast water of ships, of which the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi caused a real ecological crisis, caused losses only due to a decrease and deterioration in fish catches estimated at 240-340 million US dollars per year (FAO ., 1993).
Under the jurisdiction of Russia is a relatively small part of the Black Sea in its northeastern region. Here, except for Novorossiysk, there are practically no large industrial centers, including fishery centers, as well as rivers with a significant flow. That is why the negative anthropogenic impact here on the sea from the catchment area and the coastal area is much lower than in the western and northwestern parts of the reservoir. However, in the surface layers of water, even in this area, there are clear signs of eutrophication, significant pollution by various types of pollutants of all priority classes, the appearance of numerous exotic invaders and the transformation of biota (Report 2001). In general, the concentrations of pollutants in the northeastern part of the Black Sea are significantly lower than those in its other regions, especially the western and northwestern ones. The ongoing negative environmental processes could not but affect the functioning and structure of the fishery industry in the basin, especially in the Russian region. The latter was facilitated by the destructive processes that accompanied the collapse of the USSR and destroyed the unified fishery complex of the basin. In this context, the main negative causes of the fisheries crisis in the Russian Azov-Black Sea region in the 1990s should be called a significant decrease in fish stocks, caused mainly by the development of the population of the invader - the comb jelly Mnemiopsis. Being a food competitor of pelagic zooplankton feeders and a consumer of ichthyoplankton, for more than 10 years Mnemiopsis caused the stocks of many fish species to be extremely low, and caused other negative consequences in the ecosystem (Grebnevik., 2000).
The current state of the biological resources of the Black Sea is determined by its geopolitical past, geographical location, abiotic and biotic conditions, as well as human economic activity. Despite these negative processes, they are still significant. The most complete list of taxa forming the aquatic biological resources of the Black Sea includes 3774 species of plants and animals (Zaitsev and Mamaev, 1997). The flora is represented by 1619 species of algae, fungi and higher plants, and the fauna is represented by 1983 species of invertebrates, 168 species of fish and 4 species of marine mammals (excluding amphibians, reptiles and birds). In addition, there is still a huge amount of bacteria and microorganisms in the sea, a number of lower invertebrates that are not included in this list due to their poor knowledge, especially in taxonomic terms.
For a long time, Man has known about the existence of various representatives of the flora and fauna of the Black Sea and clearly distinguished commercial species. The period of empirical knowledge lasted for thousands of years. However, the beginning of the period of scientific knowledge can be attributed to the end of the 18th century, when members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences conducted research on the shores of the Black Sea. This is, first of all, S.G. Gmelin and K.I. Gablits, who worked from 1768 to 1785 and described several types of seaweed, as well as P.S. Pallas, who described 94 species of fish in the Black and Azov Seas. Subsequently, several more scientific expeditions and trips were made to the basin of the Black and Azov Seas. Professor A.D. Nordmann was a participant in one of them; in 1840 he published an atlas of color drawings, which included 134 species of Black Sea fish, 24 of which were described for the first time.
In the second half of the 19th century, the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Geographical Society organized a large expedition to study fish and fisheries in Russia under the leadership of Academician K.M. Baer. The detachment of this expedition, led by N.Ya Danilevsky, conducted research in the Azov-Black Sea basin in the middle of the 19th century, which became the basis for scientific and commercial research in order to develop the principles of rational fisheries management in this region.
Subsequently, K.F. did a lot for the knowledge of the fish of the sea. Kessler, who often visited the basins of the southern seas, and, on the basis of these studies, confirmed the hypothesis put forward by P.S. Dallas, about the unity of the origin of the flora and fauna of the Caspian, Black and Azov seas, as well as about the common geological past of these seas. For the first time, this researcher gave an ecological classification of fish, he divided them into marine, anadromous, semi-anadromous, brackish, mixed water and freshwater.
In addition to the ichthyofauna, during this period, other forms of life in the Black Sea are being studied. The study of zooplankton and zoobenthos is carried out by Makgauzen I.A., Chernyavsky V.I., Borbetsky N.B., Kovalevsky A.O., Korchagin N.A., Repyakhov V.M., Sovinsky V.K. Pereyaslovtseva S.M. In the same period, the first biological station was opened in the Black Sea basin, which was subsequently transformed into the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, which is located in the city of Sevastopol.
A deep-measuring expedition, carried out at the end of the 19th century, discovered the hydrogen sulfide layer and confirmed that only surface horizons are inhabited in the Black Sea. A member of this expedition, A.A. Ostroumov in 1896 published the first guide to the fish of the Azov and Black Seas, containing a description of 150 species.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first faunistic and zoogeographic stage in the study of the sea was completed. The summary of V.K. Sovinsky combined all the previously obtained information about the fauna of the Black Sea. At this stage, a qualitative understanding of the collected material takes place, and the foundations for further ecological and biocenotic research are developed. The main work during this period on the study of the Black and Azov Seas is carried out on the basis of the Sevastopol Biological Station, the distribution of life forms in the coastal strip and the main factors affecting it are being studied. The ten-year work of the employees resulted in a monograph edited by S.A. Zernov (1913) "On the issue of studying the life of the Black Sea", which determined the directions for further research.
The current stage in the study of the Black Sea began with the organization of regular studies of bioresources. In the 20s of the last century, the Azov-Black Sea scientific and fishing expedition began work in the basin under the leadership of Professor N.M. Knipovich. By the mid-1930s, several research institutes and biological stations were already operating in the Black Sea. During this period, the distribution of biological resources was studied. In the postwar years, a period of generalization of the obtained data began. In 1957, a catalog of fauna was published, prepared by A. Valkanov, and in the early 60s. in the USSR monograph JI.A. Zenkevich "Biology of the seas of the USSR" and A.N. Svetovidov "Fish of the Black Sea", many special thematic publications of various research institutes. In these studies, considerable attention was paid to the condition and diversity of resources. But special studies of bioresources only now in the Russian zone of the Black Sea have not been carried out. Subsequently, on the basis of previously collected and analyzed data, books and articles on the biology of the flora and fauna of the sea are published in all the Black Sea countries.
In the Soviet Union, the main studies of the biological resources of the Black Sea were carried out by the institutes of the InBYuM, AzCherNIRO and their branches, the Novorossiysk Biological Station and the Georgian Branch of VNIRO. After the collapse of the USSR, the materials of these studies became inaccessible to Russia, and it became necessary to obtain their own data on the bioresources of the northeastern part of the sea, to clarify their stocks, and to regulate the fishery. Since 1992, this work has been entrusted to AzNIIRKh.
Management of stocks of aquatic biological resources in the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the modern period is carried out on the basis of scientifically based rationing of the magnitude, selectivity, time and place of fishing impact on the fished population, i.e. by regulating fisheries (Babayan, 1997). After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the scientific system of fishing practically ceased to operate in the basins of the southern seas, and the fishery became poorly managed. Before the fisheries of the Russian Federation in the southern seas, the issue of putting things in order in the use of federal property, which are aquatic biological resources, on the basis of modern and representative scientific data, has become acute. All of the above necessitated research to assess the state, distribution of the structure and stocks of aquatic biological resources, develop methods for their forecast and collect extensive cadastral information as a scientific basis for fishery management. This is what confirms the relevance of our research.
This paper summarizes our studies of the bioresources of the northeastern part of the Black Sea for 1993-2002, when the mentioned significant changes occurred in the ecosystem of the sea and in the state of bioresources, when it was necessary to find quick solutions to acute issues aimed at assessing and rational use of aquatic biological resources.
Purpose of the study. Assess the composition and condition of the ichthyofauna, commercial stocks in the northeastern part of the Black Sea and develop recommendations for the rational use of raw materials. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:
1. Clarify the species composition and status of fish found in various commercial fishing gear;
2. To identify the volumes of existing commercial bioresources and assess the impact of abiotic factors on them;
3. Investigate the biological state of exploited populations: sprat, whiting, katran sharks, rays, flounders, mullets, goatfish, horse mackerels, mullets, etc. (size-mass, age, sex and spatial structures);
4. Conduct an analysis of the catches of various commercial fishing gear and determine the amount of by-catch for each of them;
5. To clarify the methodology for predicting the state of stocks of populations: sprat, whiting, flounder-kalkan, red mullet, horse mackerel;
6. Develop proposals for the rational exploitation of aquatic biological resources.
Scientific novelty. For the first time, the analysis of the composition of catches of various commercial fishing gear in the Russian zone of the Black Sea was carried out and the species found in them were determined, the value of the by-catch of commercial fish was estimated for each commercial type of fishing gear, fishing area, different seasons of the year and the main types of bioresources harvested.
The stocks of commercial bioresources during the period of significant ecological successions were determined. The analysis of the reasons influencing the dynamics of the abundance of each of the most important commercial fish species in the study period was carried out. The relationship between the composition and abundance of ichthyoplankton of the Black Sea species and the time of onset and duration of development of ctenophores populations - Mnemiopsis and Beroe was revealed. The methodology for forecasting the state of stocks and possible catches of the main commercial fish has been refined. Proposals for the rational exploitation of aquatic biological resources have been developed.
Practical significance. In the process of preparing the work, proposals were developed for the "Rules of industrial fishing in the Black Sea" regulating the fishing of valuable commercial fish species, some of which are already being applied in practice. Proposals have been developed for the most complete development of the Black Sea sprat reserves on the shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of Russia. By-catches of fish are calculated by gear, areas, objects of fishing and seasons of the year, which can be used in determining "blocked" and "balanced" quotas. The methodology for forecasting the state of stocks and possible catches of individual commercial bioresources in the northeastern part of the Black Sea for a 1-2 year perspective has been refined, annual forecasts have been developed for the main commercial species of biological resources.
Basic provisions for defense.
1. Assessment of the species composition of fish in different commercial fishing gear in the northeastern part of the Black Sea;
2. Characteristics of the state of stocks of populations of commercial bioresources and factors determining them;
3. The concept of using sprat stocks on the shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Russia, which consists in rationalizing the opening of new fishing areas;
4. Methodology for determining the amount of by-catch in multi-species fisheries;
Approbation of the results of the work. The results of scientific research annually (1993-2002) were considered at the reporting sessions, the Scientific Council of the AzNIIRH, the Scientific and Commercial Council for Fisheries in the Azov-Black Sea Basin and the Branch Council for Forecasting. The main provisions of the dissertation were reported at the First Congress of Ichthyologists of Russia (Astrakhan, 1997); VII All-Russian conference on problems of commercial forecasting (Murmansk, 1998); XI All-Russian Conference on Commercial Oceanology (Kaliningrad, 1999); International Conference on Biological Resources of Marginal and Inland Seas of Russia (Rostov-on-Don, 2000).
Research structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 6 chapters, a conclusion, a list of references. The volume of work is 170 pages, of which 152 pages of the main text, which includes 87 tables, 27 figures. The list of sources used includes 163 titles, including 18 in foreign languages.
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Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Biological resources", Nadolinsky, Viktor Petrovich
CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSIONS
In 1993-2002, in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea, 102 fish species were repeatedly noted in the catches of commercial fishing gear, of which two species are endangered: thorn and Atlantic sturgeon, another 8 species are vulnerable, i.e. species with declining numbers in catches of commercial fishing gear: beluga, Russian sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, Black Sea salmon, Don and Azov herring, Azov shad, gurnard. In addition, several species of pelagic predators are included in the composition of the ichthyofauna, after a 10-15-year break in the catches of commercial fishing gear: Atlantic mackerel, bonito and bluefish. The remaining 89 species were constantly present in the catches of commercial fishing gear during our studies. The state of stocks of populations of commercial fish species in the Russian territorial sea in 1993-2002 can be characterized as unstable. A significant decrease in the stocks of bottom fish species: sea otter, sea fox and fur cat, were associated with overfishing during the period of poorly managed fishing (1993-1999), and mass pelagic and bottom species: sprat, horse mackerel, red mullet, Black Sea anchovy, etc. - introduction of Mnemiopsis ctenophores into the basin. The decrease in the number of katran is an indirect influence of this comb jelly, through a decrease in the number of main food objects for this species (anchovy, horse mackerel, red mullet). After the appearance of a new invader, the comb jelly Beroe, a trend appeared to restore the stocks of mass commercial fish and stabilize them in pelagic predators.
The fishery in the Russian territorial sea is multi-species with all fishing gear, however, only the main species is taken into account in statistics, and by-catch, at best, goes under the name of the main species, and at worst, it is thrown overboard. The use of blocking and balanced quotas in the modern period, when fees begin to be charged for quotas, can contribute to a more complete development of the biological resources of the sea and a balanced fishery.
Management of stocks of biological resources must be carried out on the basis of knowledge of their biology. An important part of such management is the creation of conditions for their most effective reproduction. One of the valuable commercial objects in the north-eastern part of the sea is the Kalkan flounder. Its most effective spawning is observed in the shallow part of the shelf, with depths of 20-50 m. During the period of mass spawning of flounder, a ban on fishing has always been introduced to ensure its reproduction. However, the 10-15-day ban was probably of an administrative nature and was not supported by the biological characteristics of the species. Biologically justified is the duration of the ban on fishing with all types of large-mesh fixed nets for 1.5 months, because the duration of reproduction of one female is 1.5-2 months. In addition, the start of mass spawning of the Kalkan along the coast of Russia does not occur simultaneously, based on the time of the mass entry of females into the breeding season (50% + 1 individual), three sites were identified: the Kerch-Taman region (within the jurisdiction of Russia), Novorossiysk - Tuapse and area of Greater Sochi. The difference in the beginning of mass spawning in these areas is two weeks. The increase in the duration of the ban on net fishing to one and a half months and its phasing for the entire Russian coast, introduced since 2000, as well as the closure of the prohibited area of the Anapa Bank for net fishing throughout the year, contributed to the emergence of several generations of sea otter with increased numbers.
When managing stocks of biological resources, it is necessary to proceed from the obligation of their long-term, sustainable and multi-species use without prejudice to populations of all species. The narrow coastal zone of the shelf, up to a depth of 30-35 meters, in the northeastern part of the Black Sea is the most favorable for the reproduction and feeding of most fish and their juveniles, including vulnerable and endangered species. The setting of large-mesh fixed nets at these depths leads to a large by-catch of juveniles, not only of commercial species, but also of species with declining numbers and endangered ones.
The introduction since 2000 of a ban on fishing with this fishing gear in the narrow coastal zone contributes to the conservation of vulnerable and endangered species in the Russian sea zone, as well as the rational exploitation of commercial fish stocks.
In addition to restrictive and preventive measures, bioresource management also implies the most efficient use of stocks that are in good condition. At present, sprat reserves are at a fairly high level and allow extraction of up to 50,000 tons per year, but their full development is difficult in summer. At this time of the year, the main concentrations of sprat are distributed in the Kerch-Taman region, where the area allowed and suitable for trawl fishing is less than 200 km2. On such a small area (10x20 km), the effective work of the bulk of the Russian fleet in the sprat fishery is not possible. At the same time, there are also 2 sites suitable for trawl fishing, but not currently used for various reasons. The first one is located in the Kerch fore-strait beyond the territorial waters of Russia. A significant simplification of entry into the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone would add a 600 km (20x30 km) fishing area. The second site is located in the deep-water part, beyond the 50 m isobath, the restricted area of the Anapa Bank, where significant commercial concentrations of sprat are observed only in July-August. The opening of this section for the indicated period of the year for vessels with a trawling speed of at least 3.0 knots (SCHS, MRST, MRTK, PC, MRTR) will allow adding another 300 km of fishing area and bringing it up to 1100 km2 in summer. On such an area, it is possible to fish for a large number of vessels and make the most full use of the available biological resources. The use of mid-depth trawls in the Black Sea when fishing for the Azov anchovy also contributes to the most complete development of existing bioresources.
Conducted by us in 1993-2002. Studies in the northeastern part of the Black Sea allow us to draw the following main conclusions:
1. Aquatic biological resources of the region are represented by fish, molluscs, aquatic plants and algae, with a total reserve of 3000 thousand tons, TAC - 420 thousand tons
Fig. 2. The composition of the ichthyofauna according to the analysis of catches of various commercial fishing gear in the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the period from 1993 to 2002. 102 species and subspecies of fish were noted, of which 11% were mass species, 39% common, 38% rare, 8% vulnerable and 2% endangered (thorn and Atlantic sturgeon) and random (silver carp and mosquito fish).
3. The reserves of commercial bioresources change under the influence of environmental factors (especially in the last decade - under the influence of the gelatinous invader - Mnemiopsis), sometimes also by irrational fishing. In general, changing reserves (for the development of TAC) are underutilized and there are reserves of 400 thousand tons in the region.
4. The decline in the stocks of bottom fish species (plaice-kalkan, sea fox ray, sea cat ray) was associated with overfishing during the period of poorly managed fisheries from 1993 to 1999. Fluctuations in the stocks of mass pelagic and demersal species (sprat, horse mackerel, red mullet, Black Sea anchovy, etc.) were the result of the successive introduction of two species of exotic ctenophores, Mnemiopsis and Beroe. The decrease in the number of katran sharks is the result of the indirect influence of Mnemiopsis, through a decrease in the number of the main food objects for this species (anchovy, horse mackerel, red mullet).
5. Currently, sprat reserves are at a fairly high level and allow extraction of up to 50 thousand tons per year, however, their development is currently difficult due to the limited fishing area (about 180 km2) in the Kerch-Taman region, where in the summer the bulk of the population is distributed. The expansion of the fishing area will ensure efficient search and fishing for a large number of vessels and will allow the fullest use of available biological resources.
6. Fishing in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea is multi-species by all fishing gear used, but only the main commercial species is taken into account in statistics. We have developed and are proposing a simple method for calculating "blocked" and "balanced" quotas, the use of which should ensure the most complete development of the sea's biological resources.
7. Management of bioresources should be based on their long-term, sustainable and multi-species use based on knowledge of their biology, without harming populations of all species. An important part of such management is the creation of conditions for their effective reproduction and preservation of replenishment. For this purpose, recommendations are given on a significant extension of the period of the ban on setting large-mesh fixed nets during the period of mass spawning of the wild otter, and their installation is completely prohibited at depths of less than 30 meters.
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